WESTERN WESTERN IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM

1880-19141880-1914

Key QuestionsKey Questions What role did nationalism play in the European What role did nationalism play in the European

imperialism of the late 19th and early 20th imperialism of the late 19th and early 20th centuries?centuries?

What impact did Social Darwinism have on What impact did Social Darwinism have on western (European) imperialism?western (European) imperialism?

What does the text say about western What does the text say about western missionaries and their involvement in the missionaries and their involvement in the colonial world?colonial world?

On what grounds did the English economist, J.S. On what grounds did the English economist, J.S. Hobson attack imperialism?Hobson attack imperialism?

What was the political, social, economic, and What was the political, social, economic, and cultural impact of European colonialism? cultural impact of European colonialism?

IMAGES OF EUROPEAN IMAGES OF EUROPEAN IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM

The British Empire The British Empire

AFRICA BEFORE 1880AFRICA BEFORE 1880

BRITAIN’S BRITAIN’S “JEWEL IN THE CROWN“JEWEL IN THE CROWN””

CECIL RHODES AND HIS INFLUENCE OVER CECIL RHODES AND HIS INFLUENCE OVER EAST AFRICAEAST AFRICA

KING LEOPOLD OF BELGIUMKING LEOPOLD OF BELGIUMTHE BELGIAN CONGOTHE BELGIAN CONGO

The Belgian’s The Belgian’s

method of control.method of control.

EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN CHINAEUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN CHINA

BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND

MAJOR ISSUES MAJOR ISSUES

INDUSTRIALIZATION INDUSTRIALIZATION

INDUSTRIALIZATION CREATED A INDUSTRIALIZATION CREATED A GAP (ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL) GAP (ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL) BETWEEN THE INDUSTRIALZIED BETWEEN THE INDUSTRIALZIED WEST AND THE WEST AND THE

NON-INDUSTRIALIZED REGIONS OF NON-INDUSTRIALIZED REGIONS OF • ASIAASIA• AFRICAAFRICA• LATIN AMERICALATIN AMERICA

INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATION MANY EUROPEANS WANTED TO EXPAND MANY EUROPEANS WANTED TO EXPAND

INTO NEW MARKETS FOR WESTERN GOODSINTO NEW MARKETS FOR WESTERN GOODS• MOST COLONIES, HOWEVER, OFFERED LIMITED MOST COLONIES, HOWEVER, OFFERED LIMITED

MARKETS – MARKETS – POPULATION DID NOT HAVE ENOUGH EXPENDIBLE POPULATION DID NOT HAVE ENOUGH EXPENDIBLE

INCOME TO PURHCASE EUROPEAN GOODS INCOME TO PURHCASE EUROPEAN GOODS • BRITAIN PLACED RESTRICITONS ON ITS BRITAIN PLACED RESTRICITONS ON ITS

COLONIES – COLONIES – BRITISH COLONIES COULD NOT RAISE PROTECTIVE BRITISH COLONIES COULD NOT RAISE PROTECTIVE

TARIFFS ON THEIR GOODS TO PROTECT THEM TARIFFS ON THEIR GOODS TO PROTECT THEM THERE WERE INCREASED LABOR DEMANDS THERE WERE INCREASED LABOR DEMANDS

– NEED FOR MORE WORKERS – NEED FOR MORE WORKERS INCREASED NEED FOR RAW MATERIALS INCREASED NEED FOR RAW MATERIALS

FOR INDUSTRY AND DEVELOPMENT FOR INDUSTRY AND DEVELOPMENT

TEA PLANTATIONS IN ASIATEA PLANTATIONS IN ASIA

HAVRESTING TEA LEAVES HAVRESTING TEA LEAVES

COFFEE PLANTATIONS IN AFRICACOFFEE PLANTATIONS IN AFRICA

RUBBER PLANTATIONS IN ASIARUBBER PLANTATIONS IN ASIA

HARVESTING RUBBERHARVESTING RUBBER

MOVING TOWARD A GLOBAL MOVING TOWARD A GLOBAL ECONOMYECONOMY

THE LATE 19THE LATE 19THTH CENTURY SAW AN CENTURY SAW AN EXPANSION OF TRADE GLOBALLYEXPANSION OF TRADE GLOBALLY

ADVANCES IN TRANSPORTATION ADVANCES IN TRANSPORTATION ENCOURAGED TRADE ENCOURAGED TRADE • STEAM SHIPSSTEAM SHIPS• REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION • RAILROADSRAILROADS• SUEZ AND PANAMA CANALSSUEZ AND PANAMA CANALS

EARLY STEAM SHIPSEARLY STEAM SHIPS

PANAMA CANALPANAMA CANAL

PANAMA CANALPANAMA CANAL

SUEZ CANAL SUEZ CANAL

OPENING OF SUEZ CANALOPENING OF SUEZ CANAL

NATIONALISMNATIONALISM

BERLIN CONFERENCE BERLIN CONFERENCE 1884-18851884-1885

REQUIRED THAT FOR A EUROPEAN REQUIRED THAT FOR A EUROPEAN POWER TO CLAIM A COLONY IN POWER TO CLAIM A COLONY IN AFRICAAFRICA IT HAD TO IT HAD TO OCCUPY THE OCCUPY THE COLONY MILITARILYCOLONY MILITARILY

THE CONFERENCE ALSO STIPULATED THE CONFERENCE ALSO STIPULATED THAT THAT NO SINGLE EUROPEAN POWER NO SINGLE EUROPEAN POWER COULD LAY CLAIM TO THE ENTIRE COULD LAY CLAIM TO THE ENTIRE AFRICAN CONTINENTAFRICAN CONTINENT

NATIONALISM NATIONALISM

NATIONALISTIC COMPETITIONNATIONALISTIC COMPETITION AMONG AMONG THE MAJOR EUROPEAN POWERS GREWTHE MAJOR EUROPEAN POWERS GREW

EXPANSION OF TERRITORY AND EXPANSION OF TERRITORY AND INFLUENCE GLOBALLYINFLUENCE GLOBALLY

DESIRE FOR INTERNATIONAL PRESTIGEDESIRE FOR INTERNATIONAL PRESTIGE NATIONAL SECURITY CONCERNSNATIONAL SECURITY CONCERNS

• MILITARISMMILITARISM CONCERNS OVER BALANCE OF POWER CONCERNS OVER BALANCE OF POWER

ISSUESISSUES

NEW TECHNOLOGIES GAVE NEW TECHNOLOGIES GAVE EUROPEANS AN ADVANTAGEEUROPEANS AN ADVANTAGE

NEW MILITARY TECHNOLOGIESNEW MILITARY TECHNOLOGIES

(MACHINE GUNS)(MACHINE GUNS)

INTERNATIONAL TELEGRAPH INTERNATIONAL TELEGRAPH

(IMPROVED COMMUNICATION)(IMPROVED COMMUNICATION)

STEAM SHIPSSTEAM SHIPS

IMPROVED MEDICINES FOR TROPICAL IMPROVED MEDICINES FOR TROPICAL DISEASESDISEASES

POPULATION POPULATION PRESSURESPRESSURES

MIGRATIONMIGRATION

POPULATION GROWTH IN EUROPE POPULATION GROWTH IN EUROPE • BETTER HEALTH CAREBETTER HEALTH CARE• INCREASE FOOD SUPPLYINCREASE FOOD SUPPLY• DECLINE IN WARDECLINE IN WAR• GROWING GROWING ANTI-SEMITISM- ZIONISMANTI-SEMITISM- ZIONISM• 60 MILLION EUROPEANS LEFT EUROPE 60 MILLION EUROPEANS LEFT EUROPE

DURING THE PERIOD BETWEEN 1815-1932 DURING THE PERIOD BETWEEN 1815-1932

ZIONISM – a Jewish homelandZIONISM – a Jewish homeland

JUSTIFICATION FOR JUSTIFICATION FOR IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM

““WHITE MAN’S BURDEN” WHITE MAN’S BURDEN”

THE DUTY TO “CIVILIZE” THE THE DUTY TO “CIVILIZE” THE REST OF THE WORLD REST OF THE WORLD

MANY SAW WESTERN MANY SAW WESTERN IMPERIALISM AS PART OF THE IMPERIALISM AS PART OF THE NATURAL PATH OF PROGRESSNATURAL PATH OF PROGRESS

SOCIAL DARWINISMSOCIAL DARWINISM – – • ““SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST” SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST” • ““NATURAL SELECTION” NATURAL SELECTION”

““THE STRONGEST NATION HAS THE STRONGEST NATION HAS ALWAYS BEEN CONQUERING THE ALWAYS BEEN CONQUERING THE WEAKER…AND THE STRONGEST WEAKER…AND THE STRONGEST TEND TO BE THE BEST.”TEND TO BE THE BEST.”

““CIVILIZING” CIVILIZING” INFLUENCEINFLUENCE

RUDYARD KIPLING RUDYARD KIPLING BRITISH POET AND WRITERBRITISH POET AND WRITER

Take up the White Man's burden--Take up the White Man's burden--Send forth the best ye breed--Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileGo bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives' need;To serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness,To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.Half-devil and half-child.

RUDYARD KIPLING RUDYARD KIPLING

COLONIAL SCHOOLSCOLONIAL SCHOOLS

MEDICAL CAREMEDICAL CARE

MEDICAL STAFFMEDICAL STAFF

LEPER COLONIESLEPER COLONIES

SPECIAL INTEREST SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPSGROUPS

EXPLORERSEXPLORERS

CHRISTIAN CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIESMISSIONARIES

DAVID LIVINGSTONEDAVID LIVINGSTONEMISSIONARY AND EXPLORERMISSIONARY AND EXPLORER

AFRICAAFRICA

VICTORIA FALLSVICTORIA FALLS

ALBERT SCHWEITZERALBERT SCHWEITZERAFRICAAFRICA

HUDSON TAYLORHUDSON TAYLORMISSIONARY TO CHINAMISSIONARY TO CHINA

AMY CARMICHAELAMY CARMICHAELMISSIONARY TO INDIAMISSIONARY TO INDIA

EUROPEAN SETTLERS EUROPEAN SETTLERS

LANDLAND

FARMINGFARMING

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIESBUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES

CECIL RHODESCECIL RHODES

RHODES BAGAN THE DEBEERS RHODES BAGAN THE DEBEERS DIAMOND COMPANYDIAMOND COMPANY

RHODESIA RHODESIA NAMED FOR RHODESNAMED FOR RHODES

CRITICS OF EUROPEAN CRITICS OF EUROPEAN IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM

J.A. HOBSONJ.A. HOBSON

BRITISH ECONOMISTBRITISH ECONOMIST BELIEVED THAT IMPERIALISM WAS BELIEVED THAT IMPERIALISM WAS

SIMPLY A REFLECTION OF SIMPLY A REFLECTION OF • GREEDGREED

• UNREGULATED CAPITALISMUNREGULATED CAPITALISM

• CHALLENGED THE NOTION THAT COLONIES CHALLENGED THE NOTION THAT COLONIES WERE A FINANCIAL BENEFIT TO EITHER THE WERE A FINANCIAL BENEFIT TO EITHER THE NATION OR THE COLONYNATION OR THE COLONY

• MOST WERE UNCONVINCED BY THIS NOTIONMOST WERE UNCONVINCED BY THIS NOTION

MORAL ISSUESMORAL ISSUES

MANY CHALLENGED THE NOTION OF MANY CHALLENGED THE NOTION OF RACIAL AND CULTURAL SUPERIORITY RACIAL AND CULTURAL SUPERIORITY ASSOCIATED WITH SOCIAL DARWINISMASSOCIATED WITH SOCIAL DARWINISM

SOME ALSO CHALLENGED THE PRACTICE SOME ALSO CHALLENGED THE PRACTICE OF MOVING TOWARD POLITICAL OF MOVING TOWARD POLITICAL LIBERTIES AND EQUALITY AT HOME LIBERTIES AND EQUALITY AT HOME WHILE IMPOSING MILITARY WHILE IMPOSING MILITARY DICTATORSHIPS AND DISCRIMINATORY DICTATORSHIPS AND DISCRIMINATORY PRACTICES IN THE COLONIESPRACTICES IN THE COLONIES

MORE EUROPEANS REJECTED MORE EUROPEANS REJECTED IMPERIALISM ON MORAL GROUNDSIMPERIALISM ON MORAL GROUNDS

BRITISH OPIUM TRADE WAS BRITISH OPIUM TRADE WAS CRITICIZED BY MANYCRITICIZED BY MANY

RACISM AND DESCRIMINATIONRACISM AND DESCRIMINATION

IMPACT OF EUROPEAN IMPACT OF EUROPEAN (WESTERN) (WESTERN)

IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM

A CHALLENGE TO TRADITIONAL A CHALLENGE TO TRADITIONAL CULTURES AND SOCIETAL CULTURES AND SOCIETAL PRACTICESPRACTICES• LANGUAGELANGUAGE• CUSTOMSCUSTOMS• DRESSDRESS• RELIGION RELIGION

LOSS OF TRADITIONAL TRIBAL LOSS OF TRADITIONAL TRIBAL BOUNDARIES BOUNDARIES

TRIBAL CONFLICTS IN SOME TRIBAL CONFLICTS IN SOME REGIONS REGIONS • EXAMPLE: RWANDA AND BURUNDIEXAMPLE: RWANDA AND BURUNDI• CONGOCONGO

MANY COLONIES BEGAN TO PRESS FOR MANY COLONIES BEGAN TO PRESS FOR INDEPENDENCE FROM COLONIAL RULEINDEPENDENCE FROM COLONIAL RULE• INDIAINDIA• PARTS OF AFRICA, MIDDLE EAST, ASIAPARTS OF AFRICA, MIDDLE EAST, ASIA

MOVE TOWARD EQUALITY AND NATIONAL MOVE TOWARD EQUALITY AND NATIONAL SELF-DETERMINATIONSELF-DETERMINATION• Major focus of the Versailles Peace talks – Wilson Major focus of the Versailles Peace talks – Wilson

THIS HAS BEEN AN ON GOING ISSUE IN THIS HAS BEEN AN ON GOING ISSUE IN MUCH OF THE WORLD ONCE DOMINATED MUCH OF THE WORLD ONCE DOMINATED BY EUROPEAN (WESTERN) POWERSBY EUROPEAN (WESTERN) POWERS

CHANGES WERE ALSO BROUGHT CHANGES WERE ALSO BROUGHT ABOUT IN ABOUT IN • ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

BUSINESS AND TRADEBUSINESS AND TRADE

• HEALTH CAREHEALTH CARE• EDUCATIONEDUCATION• SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITYSPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY• INTRODUCTION OF MORE DEMOCRATIC INTRODUCTION OF MORE DEMOCRATIC

FORMS OF GOVERNMENTFORMS OF GOVERNMENT

EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM WOULD BE EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM WOULD BE ONE FACTOR IN INCREASING ONE FACTOR IN INCREASING TENSIONS BETWEEN THE MAJOR TENSIONS BETWEEN THE MAJOR EUROPEAN POWERS AT THE TURN OF EUROPEAN POWERS AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY AND LEADING UP TO THE CENTURY AND LEADING UP TO WORLD WAR I.WORLD WAR I.