Donea.

Wanted to understand the language of philosophy; metaphilosphyi.Galileo popularized the Copernican theoryb.

Rational Regular universec.

Mathematical Arguments seemed irrefutablei.Mathematical relationships with everythingd.

Galileo Galilei Argues for a Universe of Mathematical LawsVII.

How did the planets move was a big question.a.

Isaac Newton (1642- 1727) addressed this question

Inertia and Gravity explained how the planets moves1)Or Principia Mathematicai.

The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687)b.

Newton was an expert in explaining things with math but he was also an empiricist in explaining things

c.

Isaac Newton Discovers the Laws of GravitationVIII.

Scientists were also philosophers- but they were metaphilosphersa.Philosophy Responds to Changing ScienceIX.

Mechanism-when a single idea informed the philosophers in different ways. Explained in mechanical metaphors

a.

Some underestimated God as a watchmaker who made the earth- Deism

Natural Knowledgei.This caused philosophers to look for symbolic meaningb.

Nature as MechanismX.

The father of empiricism - experimentation in sciencei.Bacon (1561 -1626) Renaissance mana.

All said that the truth was already discovered and needed only to be explained.

i.

The Advancement of Learning (1605) and Novum Oraganum (1620) and New Atlantis (1627)

b.

Practical view on philoc.

Bacon said he was the pioneer to new intellectual discovery- arrogancei.He was all for New Knowledged.

Many believed knowledge lied in the past while bacon was excited about the future.

e.

Francis Bacon: The Empirical TheoryXI.

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Natural KnowledgeA.Genuinely new knowledge was still to be discovered according to them1.

Leviathan by Locke- protested the way schools teachA.Discourse on Method by Descartes- critical of the things people told him2.

Medical facilities wanted new knowledge3.

So they got debates,A.Royal Society of London (1660) and a bunch of other institutions for learning and experimentation.B.

This lead to the need for sharing information4.

High class citizens were considered reputable sources for witnessing experiments5.Experiments became a fun thing to do6.

Projectors were people that marketed their ideas and inventions for profitA.But it also served the goals of gov and economy and military and stuff7.

This was the dawning of the Age of Enlightenment8.

The New Institutions of Expanding Natural KnowledgeI.

Women in the World of the Scientific RevolutionII.

Science vs Goda.The New Science and Religious FaithI.

Condemnation of Galileo was a big martyr eventa.Roman Catholics were at a bad point in time. Council of Trent: They wanted to decided what the religion should be but that was obviously not happening

b.

The church censored him and Copernicusi.Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina 1616 Galileo's interpretation of the biblec.

It described copernicus views in a condescending way to the churchi.Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems 1632d.

The Case of GalileoII.

He compromised dogma and intellectual religion very well in Pensees (Thoughts)i.Pascal 1623-1662a.

He was a Janesistb.He came up with the argument that there was nothing to lose in living a life with Godc.

Blaise Pascal: Reason and FaithIII.

They both had the same authori.Thought that a rational creator of nature must have rational basis in the bible tooii.

Bacon said there were two books of religion, the bible and nature.a.

Arguments for god were leading away from just philosophical reasoningi.That later became known as physico- physchologyb.

By John Ray said that god made people to learn and understand and with that they will make practical use of their knowledge

i.The Wisdom of God Manifested in his Works of Creationc.

The English Approach to Science and ReligionIV.

Preoccupation with sin, the devil, and deatha.Continuing SuperstitionV.

1400-1700 accusing of witchcraft and wizadry. They were accused of having orgies with the a.

Witch hunts and Panic Pg437VI.

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1400-1700 accusing of witchcraft and wizadry. They were accused of having orgies with the devil.

a.

Caused by religious divisionsb.

"cunning folk"a.Village originsVII.

They believed in magical stuffa.Church said that its magic was the only good magicb.Blac.

Influence of the ClergyVIII.

Most of them women over forty.a.

Women healers and herbalists were accused of witchcraft They were set up for thati.

Exemplified the divisions of genders.b.

Who were the Witches?IX.

Scientific pov gave an end to the witch huntsa.End of the Witch huntsX.

Baroque Art Pg 438XI.

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Old Regime the economic, social, and political, relationships with the nobles and stuffa.The regime of hierarchy and stuffb.

IntroI.

Aristocrats have inherited privilegesa.They ran their own churchesb.Guiled labor forcec.Rural peasantry pay high taxesd.

Major Features of life in the Old RegimeII.

Especially the social relationships among classesi.

Many things were changing List on pg 446a.

Economy was "traditional" however.b.

Maintenance of TraditionIII.

The hierarchy became more strict and rigida.

No individual rights, only community rightsi.Rich people lived with eachother and poors likewiseii.

States were divided into communitiesb.

Hierarchy and privilegeIV.

They had the most influence- politicallyi.They were 1-5% of the population but the wealthiest.a.

The Aristocracy 447V.

Family=powera.Varieties of Aristocratic PrivilegeVI.

In the House of Lordsi.And House of Commonsii.

Great Brit had the best aristocracya.British NobilityVII.

Nobles of the sword and nobles of the robea.

Hobereaux- provincial nobilityi.Again divided in those who favour the versailles palace and those who di dnotb.

French nobles did not have to pay land tax called taillec.They only had to pay vingtieme which was a land taxd.

Nobility were exempt from thisi.Corvees- forced labour on public workse.

French NobilityVIII.

Exempt from all taxi.Szlachta- polish nobilitya.

One of them owned 10 million acres of landb.In prussia Junker nobles were getting really powerfulc.Russia under Peter the Great had the system of the table of ranksd.

Eastern European NobilitiesIX.

Aristocratic Resurgence- this was a movement by the nobility in protection of their awesome power

a.

They wanted it exclusive so they made it hard to become a nobleb.They tried to use existing governments against the monarchies (parlements)c.They tried to get more money by cheating on their taxesd.

Aristocratic resurgenceX.

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They tried to get more money by cheating on their taxesd.

Peasants lived on the landi.Land was the sign of wealtha.

The Land and Its TillersXI.

Bound to particular plot of landi.Free serfs and slave servantsa.

Peasants and serfsXII.

Corvee- forced labouri.Laws required the peasants to do service to the lord called robotii.

Landlords were very powerful they were called seigneursa.

Barshchina- six days of labour a weeki.Being a surf in Russia suckedb.

Ottoman landlords were called ciftsc.Everyone needed the workforced.

Obligations of PeasantsXIII.

Sometimes monarchs gave landlords land in exchange for stuff they wanted- it pissed of peasants

a.

Peasant Rebellions Pg. 450XIV.

English legislation of huntinga.

Serfs and people who rented couldn’t because it was thought it would undermine their work habits

i.

Peasants weren't allowed to have funii.

Only landowners could huntb.

Violators were thought as poachers and could be punished for huntingc.Peasants needed food man!d.There was a black market for trading animalse.Bla blaf.

Aristocratic Domination of the Countryside: The English Game LawsXV.

Family economy- the household family is the workforcei.Household family was the workforcea.

Family Structures and the Family EconomyXVI.

Yesa.HouseholdsXVII.

Mom dad and some teenagers- only nuclear family lived with each othera.Kids moved out in their teensb.neolocalism- moving away from familyc.Servants were not like slaves, just like maids, they were not looked down upond.

Northwestern EuropeXVIII.

Kids had young parents in europe or somethinga.Polish landlords didn’t like let their peasants marryb.

Eastern EuropeXIX.

Household was the basic unit of production and consumptiona.Everyone in the house workedb.There were artisan familiesc.Death of the father was disastrousd.Since the life expectancy there were lots of second families (step children etc)e.

The Family EconomyXX.

Marriage was economically necessary for a womana.Women start their womanly work very early (seven)b.

They needed to save money by having less kids so they practices coitus interruptus-removal of the penis before ejaculation

i.Artisans taught their kids everything about their tradec.

The women took over the farm when the man leftd.

Women and the Family EconomyXXI.

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The women took over the farm when the man leftd.

Disabilities SUCKEDi.But they had lots of jobse.

Diseasesi.Wet nursing was quite the businessii.

Child bearing was dangerousa.

Increase in illegitimate births.b.Poor parents would kill the childrenc.Hospitals were formed to take care of these kinds of kidsd.10% of abandoned children lived to be ten; Poor kidse.The Kids were put in school to learn to read and stufff.

Children and the World of the Family Economy Pg. 454XXII.

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Hobbes vs locke

Hobbes15881631 was the popularization of hobbes

Locke

Two treatise of civil government1690-Critisized the school in /an essay concerning human understanding

History of the penepolesioan war by thucydides

Leviathan - men were naturally evilMan in constant state of war- state of natureEqual rights led to competitionMen must give up rights to let the monarch rule

Of liberty and necessity

An essay concerning human understandingBlank slate tabula rasaSecond treaty of government

Hobbes and Locke Presentation notesThursday, September 23, 201010:12 AM

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The Social Contract-Describes relationship between man and societySince everyone is not born equal we need to make them legally equal.

Rousseau was a deist, tabula rasa guy, and democracy.Balanced power between people and gov- today's gov.

Monarchy is the best way to govern a large nation.

Rousseau PresentationMonday, September 27, 20109:00 AM

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Was mozart baroque artist? No he wasn't.

Church music/ organs- pomp and ceremony- ornate and intricateA.baroque was the zeitgeist of the 18th centuryB.Baroque was extravaganceC.Bach was super baroque- jimi hendrix of the organ.D.

Baroque was to praise god and was glitteryClassical was for entertainment- had a climax and resoultion

Baroque and Classical compare and contrastTuesday, September 28, 20109:00 AM

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William Robertson (1721-1793)i.They wanted intolerance and religion without fanaticismii.Reason triumphs- they thought that reason and religion could be combines to form Deism

iii.

Enlightened people do not oppose all religiona.

By john Tolandi.Natural and rational vs supernatural and mysticalii.Deists believed that god pressed the start buttoniii.

Christianity not mysterious (1696) one of the first diest worksb.

Belief in god -> because the world is here it must have a creatori.Rational moralityii.

Two main points of deismc.

Deists were humanists in the sense of doing things for the betterment of mankind (morals)d.They wanted to compete with the christianse.Deists were strongly anti clericalf.

DeismI.

Letter Concerning Toleration 1689 by lockea.

Catholics killed Jean Calas because he was a hugenot. They strangled him in public-martyr

i.Toleration was the primary way to a virtuous lifeb.

This sparked locke to right Letter Concerning Toleration 1689c.Gotthold Lessing wrote Nathan the wise which called for greater tolerationd.

TolerationII.

It was against miracles because no empirical evidence supported them.i.

Humerously points out the bad parts of the bible.1)Philosophical Dictionary 1764 by Voltaireii.

David Hume 1711-1776 wrote Inquiry into Human Nature 1748a.

Immanual Kant Religion with the Limits of ReasonAlone 1793i.

Some were really extreme like Baron Holbach and Offray Mettrie who were materialistic atheists!

b.

Radical Enlightenment Criticism of ChristianityIII.

Enlightened people were tolerant but they had negative sentiments to jewsa.

He set the example for secularized judaismi.Baruch Spinoza- important jewish writerb.

Spinoza looked for reason tooc.

People said that he oversimplified God and was condemned for iti.He got excommunicated by his own synagogue!ii.

Ethics Spinoza's most famous workd.

Jewish thinkers in the Age of EnlightenmentIV.

People were hostile to islam and therefore did not no much about them- ignorancea.

Portrayed Islam as a pagan bad religion1)Pensees- By Pascali.

Islam vs Christianityb.

They also ignored Muhammad and all his great worksc.

Bibliotheque Orientale (Oriental Library) and other books showed how little christians new about islam.

i.Christians thought islam was to fanaticald.

Voltaire had a play called fanaticism which showed the bad parts of islam. Al-Qaida e.

Islam in Enlightenment ThoughtV.

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Voltaire had a play called fanaticism which showed the bad parts of islam. Al-Qaida Christians were just another form of fanaticism.

e.

Contrariwise, John Toland argues that Christianity derived from Islam!f.

Thus created the political reasons to rebuke islam1)Was a document against European societyi.

Written by montisqueii.Spirit of the Laws (1748) also by montisqueiii.

The Persian Letters (1721)g.

By a woman named Lady Mary Wortley Montagui.She was very positive about islamii.

Turkish Embassy Lettersh.

Rejection of muhammed and qurani.The Enlightenment and SocietyVI.

It was just like an encyclopedia I thinki.Encyclopedia by Dennis Diderot- one of the most important prints of the enlightenmenta.

Actually is it s a cry for religious freedomb.Wanted to secularize learningc.

The Encylcopedia: Freedom and economic improvementVII.

Social sciences originated in enlightenmenta.

Philosophei.Published On Crimes and Punishments analyzed crime and punishments and their effectiveness

ii.

Marquis Cesare Beccaria 1738-1794b.

Beccaria and Reform of Criminal LawVIII.

Physiocrats- people who wanted to reform mercatilist economics in during the enlightenment

a.

They believed the role of government was to protect the property of peopleb.

The Physiocrats and Economic freedomIX.

Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 1776a.This was anti mercantilist- he wanted free tradeb.He thought that nature's resources were limitless.c.Adam smith was the creator of Laissez-faire The government has a limited role in traded.

Hunters and gatherersi.Herdingii.Agriculturaliii.Commercialiv.

The Wealth of Nations and the four stage theorye.

Europeans had the highest form which was commercial of coursef.

Adam Smith on Economic Growth and Social ProgressX.

Most of them were against the mana.Political thought of the PhilosophesXI.

Montisquieu 1689-1755 member of parlementa.He saw that things needed reformingb.

His thesis that one form of government is not good enough to govern all people and instead there were many political variables to a custom government

i.Spirit of the Laws 1748c.

He was up for a form of monarchial governmentd.Parlement checking monarche.He came up with the three branches of governmentf.Limiting the monarch's powerg.

Montisquieu and Spirit of LawsXII.

Rosseau 1712 - 1778a.He was antisocial and hated the world and societyb.

Rousseau: A Radical Critique of Modern SocietyXIII.

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1750 Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciencesi.He believed that inequality was the basis for all problemsii.

He was antisocial and hated the world and societyb.

Other philosophes thought that if you enjoy life you get the fruits but he said that the joys of life could be regarded as materialist.

i.Rousseau was immaterialist c.

It was about politicsi.IT was his design for the governmentii.

The Social Contract 1762d.

"All men are born free, but everywhere they are in chains." - Rousseaue.Society and community as a whole was more important than the individualf.He believed that freedom was following laws but only if they were just laws that were set by the community.

g.

Adam smith wanted people to be prosperous and rousseau wanted them to be good.h.His ideas were radical democracyi.

They compared themselves with other nations but ultimately declared themselves better than other nations

a.

Diderot and Kant said that some were bad because of their selfish imperialism to America and the way they treat the natives there.

b.

Blac.

Cultural relativismi.He wanted their cultures to be respected rather than assimilated.d.

Cultures were too complicated to be comparede.New world slaveryf.

Enlightened critics of European EmpiresXIV.

They used the celebrity status of the philosophes as a means for advertising their businesses.

i.French women especially promoted philosophesa.

Philosophes wante education for womenb.They still believed the sexes were not equal thoughc.Women were inferior The Encyclopedia said so and so did the Persian Lettersd.Rousseau was really radical about women; he said we train them to be inferior and stay subordinate to men

e.

Women in the thought and practice of the enlightenmentXV.

Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in 18th century artXVI.

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Neoclassicism was the return to Old Regime Renaissancei.Rococo- light hearted decorationa.

They were decorated places with cool paintings in themi.Rich french aristocrats built houses called hotelsb.

Imperial hall called Kaisarsaal in Bavaria was very rococo. c.Rococo was elegant and aristocratic. And sexual.d.The carelessness and freedom of the rococo caused hostility with the Old regime of political elites

e.

He compared new art to old regime art in these books.i.

Thoughts on the Imitation of the Greek Works in Painting and Sculpture by Wincklelmann and The history of ancient Art

f.

The Grand Tour was a movement which brought many artists to Romeg.Neoclassical art was boring and didn't move.h.They depicted heroes for moral lessonsi.Some people used paintings to model their feelings against the church or monarch. Jacques David

j.

The philosophes were the subjects of the paintings,k.Monuments like Pantheonl.

Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth Century Art Pg 530I.

Very monarchist1)

Voltaire wrote History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great which declared Peter was born and Russian was formed.

i.

Philosophes were looking to the already existing monarchies to govern them instead of monarchies

a.

Philosophes were not opposed to the monarchy if they could be a part of it somehow.b.Enlightened absolutism- when the monarch governs with a philosophical basis that is good.c.Fred II wrote books and criticisms just like a philosopher. What a cool guyd.

They favored ideals that gave them more military power.i.There was a certain relationship that the ruler shared with the philosopherse.

Enlightened AbsolutismII.

He didn't leave any social classes out.i.He was the most enlightened.a.

Frederick the Great of Prussia Pg. 535III.

His own ideas were subordinate to the ideas of the statei.

He said that people had to earn powerful jobs through merit. No more Simony.ii.

Fred II said he was the first servant of the statea.

Nobles got their positions through merit.b.All the professors liked Fredc.Nobles had to go to school to be noblesd.

Promotion through MeritIV.

Fred was super tolerant of all religions. Even Islama.

Religious Toleration Pg. 536V.

He wanted to streamline the governmenta.He imported workers to work for his agriculture.b.

Administrative and Economic ReformsVI.

Joseph II of AustriaVII.

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He was s cynic who genuinely wanted to improve people's lives.i.Mysterious man who ate boiled beef and slept on strawa.

Joseph II of AustriaVII.

Centralization of AuthorityVIII.

Joseph II sought ot control the churcha.He was a tolerant catholic I thinkb.He combined church and state- church under royal powerc.

Ecclesiastical PoliciesIX.

He wanted good economy and got rid of internal tariffs and many infrastructure works to make money

a.

He appealed to them the mosti.He gave lots of rights to rural farm workersb.

He tried to make landowning easier for serfsc.

Economic and Agrarian Reform 537X.

Catherine the Great of RussiaXI.

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1789- Political turmoil in Francea.Villages were in a bunch of troubleb.

IntroI.

Government could not impose enough taxes to sustain itself.a.The Crisis of the French MonarchyII.

They couldn't tax the nobles Why?1)

France was a rich nation with an impoverished governmenti.Seven years war put them in debta.

Constant power struggle between parlement and monarchb.French were thinking of ways to tax the nobles without pissing them off but it was hard for them.

c.

He abolished parlemnentsi.Louis XV hired Rene Maupeou as chancellord.

Parlements were dominated by aristocracye.

Louis XV sexual scandalsi.Monarchy couldn't unite because everyone thought it was sketchy.f.

George in Britian was highly regardedg.

The Monarchy Seeks New TaxesIII.

Jacques Necker 1732-1804 published an economic report that made the problem seem less bad (Whats the word for that?)

i.

Parallel to Hamilton!ii.

France was in a hole for helping out America in the American Revolution and now they had to pay for it

a.Neckers ReportIV.

Was the financial planner for francei.Wanted to get rid of gabelle (the tax on salt) and reform corveeii.New land taxiii.

Charlie Alex Calonne- 1734-1802a.

They brought back Necker I thinki.Monarchy wasn’t doing well and needed money.b.

Calonne's Reform Plan and the Assembly of the NotablesV.

The economy was bad according to himi.Don gratuit- voluntary contributionii.

Calonne got replaced by Charlie Briennea.

Parlements wanted their power backb.

Deadlock and the Calling of the Estates GeneralVI.

The Revolution of 1789VII.The Estates General Becomes the National AssemblyVIII.

The Clergyi.The Nobilityii.

Represented by rich middle class1)The Third Estate- everyone elseiii.

Three main estates in opposition to each othera.

Third estate reps everyone. It is nothing. It wants to be something.b.

Monarchy vs aristocratsIX.

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Third estate reps everyone. It is nothing. It wants to be something.b.Debate over Organization and VotingX.

Third and second estates had similar interests but were regarded as separate.

a.

Others wanted to limit the power of the third estate

Because the third estate smells!XI.

They eventually decided that the third estate was important so they strengthened it.

a.Doubling the ThirdXII.

Cahiers de doleances- a list of grievances by the local electors given to the king- critisized the monarchy

a.

Cahiers were a type of nobility I thinkb.

The Cahiers de DoleancesXIII.

Voting system was bad I guessa.The Third Estate Creates the National AssemblyXIV.

The members agreed to sit until France got a constitutioni.

They got locked out of their usual meeting place so they went to an indoor tennis court

a.

Louis XVI was getting frustrated so he called a meeting where they could all talk

b.

The Tennis Court OathXV.

Militarilyi.He wanted to attack the assemblyii.

Louis XVI is trying to get power again.a.

Paris had 600,000 people Is that a lot?b.

Louis was gonna attack paris so they got all the people armed and prepared.

c.

Gave assistance to Marquis de Lafayette (1757-1834)i.Cockade- the new badgeii.

Militia of Paris- called the national guardd.

Fall of bastille meant the end of the assemblyi.Journees- attacks on the bastillee.

Fall of the Bastille 552XVI.

They burned legal documentsi.The great fear was a mass peasant rebelliona.

Aug 4th, 1789- Emotional event where the aristocracy publically relinquished their upper class "rights" like hunting rights

b.

Louis XIV underestimated the fall of the bastille but it was bigc.Blad.

The "Great Fear" and the Night of August 4thXVII.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen- came before the Constitution that they would right

a.

Natural rights of liberty, property, security, and the resistance to oppression

i.

Inviolable and sacred right. Mirrored unalieanble rightsii.

It declared that all men were born and remain free and equal in rightsb.

Popular sovereignty and civil liberties1)Most important ideas werei.

It was originally for the french government but it spread as inspiration elsewhere

c.

Gender spheres, no womend.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and CitizenXVIII.

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Gender spheres, no womend.Blae.

Led to suspicioni.Louis hesitated when signing the declaration of rightsa.

National Constituent Assembly moved to Parisb.

The Parisian Women's March on VersaillesXIX.

The Reconstruction of FranceXX.

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Baroque 1600-1750Classical The Enlightenment- 18th centuryAll happening in Vienna

vs

Extravagant•Bach•Pipe organ•Church and monarchs•Pompus•Handel•Vivaldi•

Climax•Secular•Focus on skill•Filler orchestra•Symphonies - three parts•Haydn•Delicate•Sonata•Orchestras•Concerto is three movements•Piano•Bourgeois people on it•

Catherine

Enlightened ones○

Monarchs•

Will lead to Romanticism

Music- baroque and classicalThursday, September 30, 20109:39 AM

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Anti clericismi.National Constituent Assembly wanted to reorganize francea.

The Reconstruction of FranceI.

Constitution on 1791 established a constitutional monarchya.Political ReorganizationII.

Only men paying annual taxes could participatei.Indirect elections under the constitutiona.

This power was changing from birth to propertyb.

Active and Passive CitizensIII.

Olympe de Gouges composed the declaration of the rights of women which was just like the declaration of the rights of men except the word man was replaced with woman.

a.Olympe de Gouges's Declaration of the Rights of WomenIV.

Further divided into districts, cantons, then communes (where the word community is derived.)

i.Departements! Instead of provinces; had a range of geographical featuresa.

No more torture by courtsb.

Departments Replace ProvincesV.

Suppression of guilds; METRIC SYSTEM!a.Economic PolicyVI.

Chaplier Law- banned unions (called workers organizations)i.New policies disappointed peasants and urban workersa.

Workers' Organizations ForbiddenVII.

The assembly did not ignore the third estate; they get clerical land -peasants get it.a.Confiscation of Church LandsVIII.

Had something to do with Selling church landi.Assembly authorized the assignats- which were government bondsa.

The AssignatsIX.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy- Transformed Roman Catholic church to a secular branch of government

i.Ecclesiastical reconstructiona.

It turned out to be a bad idea and only half of the church agreed to it.b.

They had protests against it.i.

BAD IDEA1)Pope Pius condemned the civil constitution AND the declaration of the rights of manii.

Refractory priests- those oppposed to itc.

The Civil Constitution of the ClergyX.

Aristocrats leave France to Dutch I think- called emigresa.Counterrevolutionary ActivityXI.

Louis and his family fled Paris disguised as servantsa.He got caught and they sent him backb.

Fligth to VarnnesXII.

Leopold II, king of prussia issued the Declaration of Phillnitz which stated that he would protect the royal family in France

a.Declaration of PhillnitzXIII.

Blaa.

The End of The Monarchy: A Second RevolutionXIV.

Jacobins- Organization of the third estae who wanted a Republic rather than constitutional a.Emergence of the JacobinsXV.

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Rousseau kind of guysi.

Jacobins- Organization of the third estae who wanted a Republic rather than constitutional monarchy

a.

Factionalism in the Legislative assemblyb.Giroondists- sub category of Jacobins who wanted to declare war on Prussia.c.They thought it would get them their republic and it made Louis think he was gonna get to keep his constitutional monarchy

d.

Women and the war and stuffe.The country was like, ef this and made paris its own political force against the prussiansf.

The Convention and the Role of the Sans culottesXVI.

Paris killed everyone in the jailsa.

Turning point! When paris becomes republic1)The Convention Declared france a republic in 1792i.

Paris Communueb.

The September MassacresXVII.

They were working classi.

Sans culottes "Without breeches" because they did not wear the pants that the aristocrats wore

a.

They wanted bread prices to come downb.Anti monarch; strong republicans; they wanted direct democracyc.

Goals of the Sans culottesXVIII.

Jacobins were republicans who wanted representational governmentsa.The Policies of the JacobinsXIX.

Jocobins brought Louis to trial and they executed him for conspiring against the liberties of the people

a.

After, convention declared war on Grat Britianb.

Execution of Louis XVIXX.

No one cared about France until they started becoming offensivea.

Europe at War With the RevolutionXXI.

Against France and predicted France's future problemsi.Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in Francea.

Response to burke in defense of revolutionary principlesi.Thomas Paine The Rights of Manb.

Edmund Burke Attacks the RevolutionXXII.

William Pitt in England is suppressing freedom of speecha.Suppression of Reform in BritianXXIII.

Polish people wanted reforms for a stronger country to prevent a revolutioin I think.a.Russian Army was quick to attack Polandb.Blac.

The Second and Third Partitions of Poland 1793 1759XXIV.

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The Reign of TerrorI.

France invaded Dutch which caused hostilities to pop up all over Europea.

Government took a huge role in protecting themselves which impeded on the people (9/11)i.Reign of Terror marked a time of super militaary mobilixation of europe.ii.

Protections of national bordersb.

War with EuropeII.

Committees for fightinga.The Republic DefendedIII.

Save the revolution from mortal enemiesa.The Committee Of Public SafetyIV.

Drafti.A military requisition on the whole populatoina.

After this the convention established a ceiling on pricesb.

The Levee en MasseV.

Republic of Virtue- Locke's idea of the social contract would replace selfish aritocratic personal gain and monarchial corruption

a.

Committee for public safetyi.Favored republicii.

Maximilien de Robespierreb.

Seclusion of women; dechristianization of francec.

The Republic of Virtue and Robespierre's Justification of TerrorVI.

Repression of the Society of Revolutionary Republican WomenVII.

They tried to change the calendar for every tenth day to be Sunday. They wanted to change a church into a temple of reason

a.

Deputies sent by the legislation forced churches to close and killing preists and nunsb.

De-ChristianizationVIII.

Those who endangered republican virtue were the enemya.Guillotine was the instrument of the timeb.Marie Antoinette was of the first victims of the reign of terrorc.

Revolutionary TribunalsIX.

The End of the Reign of TerrorX.

Enrages- extreme sans culottes leaders; I dunno leaders killing leaders I thinka.Revolutionaries Turn Against ThemselvesXI.

He saw that worship of reason was too abstract so he used the Cult of the Supreme being. To induce morality in citizens

a.

He was arrestedi.He made a speech in convention accusing others of conspiring against himb.

Fall of RobespierreXII.

Turning poitna.

Named after the events of 9 thermidori.Thermidorian Reaction Was a new revolutionb.

Jacobins were allowed to come backc.The white terror- execution of former terrorists people involved in reign of terror were killed-ironic

d.

Dress of sans culottes disappearede.Women could have a divorce nowf.

The Thermidorian ReactionXIII.

Establishment of the DirectoryXIV.

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Democratic Constitution of 1793 was abandoneda.Instead, they had a constitution of the year III- they rejected constitutional monarchy and democracy

b.

Thermidor- political reactionc.Power by propertyd.

Destruction of artistoracy and power to the peasantsi.Thermidor did not undo thise.

Establishment of the DirectoryXIV.

This was the most reactionary movement of the thermidorsa.Treaties of Baselb.Bla blac.Blad.

Removal of the Sans Culottes from political lifeXV.

French Revolution most important political movement in european historya.Nobility vs Estatesb.Third estate demanded say in govc.Nobility gave up their pompous powerd.De christianization of france; taken land from clergy; Peasant landownerse.Thousands die in the reign of terrorf.

This Chapter

In PerspectiveXVI.

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Chapter 19 The Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism

General Napoleon would fix thati.Frnch wanted stabilitya.

Napoleon consolidated power and had an empireb.Romanticism spread during Napoleonc.

IntroI.

He was the threat to existing directorya.Coup d'etat to prevent the republic from dying 1797b.Napoleon was born poor; he was in favor of the revolution and a jacobinc.

The Rise of Napoleon BonaparteII.

Treaty of Campo Formio- declared his victory over austriai.He beat Austriansa.

He had a unique strategy to attack britian through mediterraneanb.This was the first assault on the ottoman empirec.

Early Military VictoriesIII.

What is the Third estate? Abbe Sieyes wanted a government based on "confidence from below, power from above"

a.

This caused a division in power however and made it easier for Napoleonb.

Constitution of the Year VIIIIV.

Everyone was happy with the results of the revolutioni.Consulate ended the revolution in Francea.

The Consilate in FranceV.

Bonaparte made peace with france's enemies to calm the peoplea.He also fixed domestic instability made peaceb.He was very suppressive to opposition however.c.He used the law in his favor; very machiavelliand.

Suppressinf Foreign Enemies and Domestic OpinionVI.

They drove pope pius into exilei.Napoleons armies were very anti churcha.

Church gave up claims to propertyb.

Clergy had to take oath to the statei.Organic Articles of 1802- gave state supreme powerc.

Concordant with the Roman Catholic ChurchVII.

Napoleonic Code or Civil code of 1804- his reform of french lawi.Napoleon was granted complete power by a plebiscite in 1802a.

Safeguarded property and kept the idea that you weren't born into powerb.

Workers have less rightsi.No women rightsii.Divorce difficultiii.

Primogeniture was abolishedc.

Napoleonic CodeVIII.

(1804) Napoleon wanted to make a dynasty so he dida.Ha, Napoleon crowned himself.b.

Establishing a DynastyIX.

Napoleon's Empire 1804-1814X.

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He would go on to conquer most of Europea.Nationalism was his tool which made people want to be in his armyb.

Napoleon's Empire 1804-1814X.

Peace of Amiens 1802 was a truce between France and great Britiana.He Retook control of Haitib.

Conquering and EmpireXI.

Britian declared war on France in 1803 because Napoleon wouldn't cooperatea.Battle of Trafalgar- Britian beats spanish and France navvy combinedb.

British Naval SupremecyXII.

Napoleon was good at fighting on land; he defeated austrians from italy and was declared king of italt

What were austrians doing at italy?a.

He also gained control in Germanyb.Prussia screwed up their nuetrality and went to war with france and of course lostc.

Napoleonic Victories in Central EuropeXIII.

Prussia could not sustain damage and tsar Alex I decided to negotiate a surrendera.Satellite statesb.Napoleon gave his step son italy and his brothers other parts of europe. Napoleon family ruled europe.

c.

Treaty of TilsitXIV.

Napoleon's biggest goal was to beat Britsa.Britian was doing well evonomicallyb.

The Continental SystemXV.

Napoleonic code spread wherever he went- getting rid of hereditary and social distinctions and no serfdom

a.

European Response to the EmpireXVI.

He had unified germany for the first timea.Through nationalismb.Germans said to resist Napoleon for the sake of German nationalismc.Prussia was the only one not to fall under Napoleon nationalismd.Prussian reform under Baron vom Steine.He broke junker monopoly and serfdomf.Prussians abolished military tortureg.This allowed prussia to regain its former powerh.

German Nationalism and Prussian ReformXVII.

The Wars of LiberationXVIII.

Spain social roots to france nationalism resistancea.Lower class were the ones to resist napoleonb.

SpainXIX.

They renewed their war in 1809a.Blab.

AustriaXX.

Napoleon's marriage alliances faileda.

Grand Army of Napoleoni.The Russians were a big threat that he needed to suppress themb.

Napoleon got beat by the russians!c.Russians burned his stuff so he was out.d.

The Invasion of RussiaXXI.

He licked his wounds and everyone had second thoughts about fighting him again.a.His armies were tired and not confidentb.He was tired too but he managed to win some war anyway.c.

European CoalitionXXII.

The Congress of Vienna and the European SetlementXXIII.

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Committee for public safety1.

No more family power Law of suspects Suspend the habeus corpus2.

De christianization- when they get rid of all the churches and consolidate church and state

3.

Robespierre promotes reign of terror

Robespierre makes the mistake of forgetting to name the corrupt people in the assembly so they kill him

4.

Mini quiz

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Napoleon born in Italy•Went to French military school•Napoleon was 27 when he took over french army•He took the role of pope in knighting himself•Recognized catholics and protestants in france- tolerant guy•Meritocracy•

Central bank in 1800 Bank of France Bourgeoisie love him sans culotte don’t.•

Concordant of 1801- super religious toleration- to make up for civil constitution of clergy•

Open to everyone (merit)○

First public school○

Lycee system of education•

Badges purple hearts etc○

Napoleon invents legion of honour•

Napoleonic Domestic Policy PresentationWednesday, October 06, 20108:17 AM

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Creates National identity○

Archeology is bling bling of the time. Rosetta stone•

Trafalgar○

Admiral Nelson publishes Napoleon's cheating letter○

Admiral Nelson beats him twice•

Napoleon declares himself first consul of triumvirate and did away with assembly•

Class notes on NapoleonThursday, October 07, 20109:58 AM

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Art of the enlightenmenta.Reverting to greco Roman valuesb.Order civic dutyc.

Political art1.

Beethoven's third symphony is the last neoclassical music 2.

Pantheon alsoa.And everything in the washington mallb.Secular valuesc.

Napoleon's tomb is an example of neoclassical architecture3.

Treaty of Tilsit.4.Know about his wices5.The Spanish Ulcer 6.

Neo-classical ArtThursday, October 07, 201010:06 AM

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Preserving the german identitya.What is the fatherlandb.Scandanavia, angle saxon/celtic, church all influence germansc.

What influenc germanyI.

Lieder, Richard Wagnera.German cinderellab.Neuschwanstein castle- cinderella disney castlec.Johann Gottfried Herder and Fichte- fathers of german nationalismd.

Volk traditionII.

German Volk PresentationThursday, October 07, 201010:29 AM

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This gave France back to Bourbans1)Brought the signing of the treaty of Chaumont (1814)i.

Britian, Austria, Russia, and Prussia all allies.ii.

Robert Stewart was quick to take over Napoleon after he finisheda.

The Congress of Vienna and the European SettlementI.

It was the four powers all thinking about how to keep france from controlling all of europe.

i.Congress of Vienna 1814a.

They also prevented france from expanding any more.b.Blac.

Territorial AdjustmentsII.

Napoleon returned to France and promised liberal constitutiona.Alexander was getting in the way.b.The quad alliance was to keep peace and to suppress Framcec.Framework of stability as opposed to punishing franced.France accepted the treaty- monarch and state treatye.All anyone wanted was peace.f.

The Hundred Days and the Quadruple AllianceIII.

Revival of Christianityi.Folklore, fairy tales, medieval time literature.ii.We are the music makers, we are the dreamers of dreams.iii.

Romanticism- a reaction against the enlightenmenta.

The Romantic MovementIV.

Germans reject french rationalismi.Sturm und Drang- "storm and stress"a.

Romantic Questioning of the Supremacy of ReasonV.

Roussuea liked parts of the enlightenmenta.

It talks about how children should be able to grow up free from influence and learn from their mistakes.

i.Emilie (1762)- said that man could learn to live an uncorrupt lifeb.

He advocated an education that was unobstrusive of the child's own will.c.

Rousseau and EducationVI.

Wrote The Critique of Pure Reason 1781i.And the Critique of Practical Reason 1788ii.Subjective character of human knowledgeiii.Something aboout man's sensory experience and preceptioniv.

Immanuel Kanta.

Categorical imperative- all human beings possess an innate sence of moral dutyi.Pure reason in a noumenal world; practical reasonb.

Kantian philosophy- intuitionc.

Kant and ReasonVII.

The word romantic was used to describe a sentimental piece of literature during neoclaccisim

a.

Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literatureb.Peak romanticism in germanyc.

Romantic LiteratureVIII.

Poetry was a creative impulse of the minda.The English Romantic WritersIX.

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Poetry was a creative impulse of the minda.Exampleb.

Will Wadsworth- lyrical Ballads (1798)a.

The Prelude 1850i.Childhood was the peak of creative imaginationb.

WadsworthX.

Very skepticali.Rebel of romaticsa.

Lord ByronXI.

The rage in Placid Lakei.William Lovell- first romantic novela.

The German Romantic WritersXII.

Argued that women were not just sex and cleaning machinesi.Fred Schlegel wrote Lucinde 1799a.

SchlegelXIII.

Love story1)The sorrows of young werther 1774i.

Johann Wolfgang van goethe greatest germne writera.

long dramatic poemi.Guy sells his soul to the devil for knowledgeii.

Faust 1808b.

In the end he devotes himself to the betterment of mankindc.

GoetheXIV.

Postcard perfect nature scenesi.Medieval life in romantic arta.

Romantic ArtXV.

John Constablea.Idealization of rural lifeb.

Best neogothic structurei.Castle of Neuschwansteinc.

The Cult of the Middle Ages and Neo GothicismXVI.

They wanted to portray sublime nature- postcard perfecta.Nature overwhelms manb.

No detail but lots of movement1)Rain, Steam, and speedi.

Joe Mallord Will Turnerc.

Blad.

Nature and the SublimeXVII.

Romantics derived religion from the inner emotions of mankind.a.

Religion in the Romantic PeriodXVIII.

MethodismXIX.

Leader was John Wesleya.He had a group called the Holy Club.b.They practiced in towns of western englandc.Methodism stresses inward heartfelt religiond.Emotional experiencee.

Originated in the mid eighteenth century.XX.

Thermidorian Reactioni.

The bible of the romaticsi.The Genius of Christianity 1802a.

God was in natureb.

Speeched on religion to its Cultured Despisersi.Friedrich Schleimacher c.

New Directions in Continental ReligionXXI.

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Speeched on religion to its Cultured Despisersi.He believed religion was a way to explain the infinite in a finite world in all culturesii.

Glorification of individual people and culturesa.

Romantic Views of Nationalism and HistoryXXII.

Johann Herder was a leader of Germans who copied texts of different culturesa.Herder advocated the revival of German folk cultureb.

Herder and CultureXXIII.

Georg Hegela.

First the Theses- an idea or suppositioni.Challenged by an antithesis- opposing the thesisii.Concluded with a synthesis- a combination of the theses. iii.

He believed that ideas arrived in evolutionary fashionb.

Each stage in history was crucial to the advancement to the next.c.

Hegel and HistoryXXIV.

Blaa.Necessary conflict between christianity and islamb.Blac.

Arabian Nightsi.The Thousand and One Nightsd.

Historical force being wasted for fillingse.Thomas Carlyle historian; On heroes and hero worshipf.

Egyptian expediitioni.Napoleon reshaped islam the mostg.

Islam, the middle east, and RomanticismXXV.

Cultural nationalism turned into a political creedi.Romanticism brought up nationalism which was a major force of the nineteenth centurya.

France showed their muscles todayb.

THIS CHAPTER

In PerspectiveXXVI.

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Growing population creates a demand for thisa.Jethro Tull- first to endorse experience for farmingb.Charles Turnip Townsend- how to cultivate sandy soilc.Robert Bakewell- he knew about getting the most out of animalsd.

New Crops and New MethodsI.

They used the animals on the three field system for fertilizaiona.Enclosures were taken from the common land- pissed people off who wanted to cultivate all the land

b.

The enclosures made more food I guess.c.But they did not make a labor force for the industrial revolutiond.

Enclosures Replaces Open Field MethodII.

Enclosures were restricted to protect the peoplea.Prussia, austria, poland and russia did not innovateb.

Limited improvements in Eastern EuropeIII.

Population boom, no plagues to even it outa.Statisticsb.Hygiene, less wars, less death rates all elements for disasterc.Food supply upd.Blae.

Expansion of the PopulationIV.

Industrial Revolution- sustaining of economic growth in europea.More things being made needs more workers- cycleb.Implcatoins for future societyc.

The Inndustrial Revolution of the Eighteenth CenturyV.

Consumersa.Supply of stuff was created by the demand for homegoodsb.Josiah Wedgwood charges rich people a lot for porcelain and middle calss less.

c.

Institutionalization of the process- new stufff is better than old.d.All members of society were aware of the luxuriouse.Critics because of christian wthicsf.

A Revolution in ConsumptionVI.

Great britian started the industrai lrevolutiona.Consumer revolution expanding the demand for consumer goodsb.

And they had lots of coali.Britian was also the largest free trade nationc.

And they had a mobile social hierarchyd.

Industrial Leadership of Great BritianVII.

Textile was key to industrializationa.This allowed for the industrailization to reach rural areas. (farming cotton)

b.

System of textile production They wove stuff into finished products. Or something

i.Domestic- the putting outc.

This also produced a family economyd.

New Methods of TextileVIII.

The had all the suppplies but they couldn't make thread fast enougha.The Spinning JennyIX.

Agricultural Revolution- innovations in farm production

Look up things to do in Chicago fro Monday

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The had all the suppplies but they couldn't make thread fast enougha.James Hargreaves invented the spinning Jennyb.

Also allowd to pruduction of clothes of pure cottoni.

Richard Awkright invented the water frame which was a water powered spinning jenny which allowed to use in in the factories

a.

Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom b.

The Water FrameX.

The steam engine was the main driving force of industrializationa.Thomas Newcomen invented the first practical engineb.James Watthe made a better enginec.Watt didn’t release his patent rights for a while so they couldn’t use it

d.

The Steam EngineXI.

Iron is the building block of the industrializationa.The only thing I need to know about this is the Bessemer processb.

Iron ProductionXII.

Women became useless because of the industrializationa.Women becane farmers insteadb.They couldn't earn money anymorec.They became at home spinnersd.Many became domestic servantse.Wakefieldf.This defamation of women workersg.

The Impact of Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions on Working WomenXIII.

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They wanted to keep monarchies and aristocracyi.They were against he nationalistsii.Liberals were the moderates I supposeiii.

Conservative forces ruled after the congress of viennaa.

Conservatives were successful everywhere but latin Americab.

IntroI.

Conservatismi.Liberalismii.Nationalismiii.Communismiv.Socialismv.Republicanismvi.

The age of the ismsa.The Challenges of Nationalism and LiberalismII.

The assumption that people are joined together through culture, language, customs, etc (united)

i.Nationalism- most powerful political ideology in europea.

The Emergence of NationalismIII.

Nationalists protested multi national statesa.They believed in popular sovereigntyb.

Opposition to the Vienna SettlementIV.

They were a group on their own of historiansi.Nationalists created nationsa.

Language was also a big topic. Which one to settle as universalb.

Same language in schoolas and work and stuffi.

The fixation of language was a big corner stone for the foundation of nationalism

c.

Creating NationsV.

Meaning of NationhoodVI.

Liberal- one that challenged the social, political, or religious values of the time

a.Early Nineteenth Century Political LiberalismVII.

Declaration of rights of man and citizeni.They got their ideas from the enlighenmenta.

Ministers responsible rather than a monarchb.Cabinet ministers were responsible to the monarch thoughc.Liberals were often educated and upperd.They wanted more politicla participation but not a democracy yete.Divisiaon of classes!f.

Political GoalsVIII.

Different social classes had different economic goalsa.Liberals wanted free trade and everyone to use their own skillsb.

Napoleonic code; principles of 1789i.Specific things were different from place to placec.

German speaking europe was changingd.

Economic GoalsIX.

Chapter 20 The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform (1815-1832)

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German speaking europe was changingd.They wanted power over the monarchy and stuffe.

Nationalism was not really linked to liberalism, it was opposed to liberalism

a.

They were similar but not identicalb.

Relationship of Nationalism to LiberalismX.

Conservatives had the domestic influencea.Conservative Government: The Domestic Political OrderXI.

Conservatism- included monarchies, aristrocracies, and chrchesa.Edmund Burke and Hegel were conservativesb.Churches only liked movemnets towards their own revivalasc.Conservatives saw everyone as the enemyd.Wartime and belligerent governmentse.

Conservative OutlooksXII.

Metternich epitomized conservatisma.Liberalism and Nationalism Resisted in Austria and the GermaniesXIII.

Austrians could not accept the new political forcesa.They wanted to protect the empire and to do this they had to suppress the liberalism and nationalism stuff

b.

Dynastic Integrity of the Habsburg EmpireXIV.

Willaim III made a new council of state which gave something of a constitutional government

a.

He made them into reform suppressing governments I thinkb.

Defeat of Prussian ReformXV.

After 1815 they gave constitiutions everywhere but they were all stipulated by the monarch

a.

Universities made clubs that advocated a more enlgihtened wayb.1817 one in Jena where a bunch of people all sang and danced and protested and stuff

c.

Burschendaft movementd.

Carlsbad Decrees-dissolved burschedaft

Nationalistic frats for independent germany; they were the leaders of the germanic states for independence; nationliast liberal and romantic

Carl Sand was a martyr for nationalism.e.

Student Nationalism and the Carlsbad DecreesXVI.

Metternich is machivellian. Machivellianism is known as realists

ALT- what conservatives want

AristocracyLandThrone

Carlsbad decrees- Similar to the six acts

Censorship; network of secret police Ottoman empire face same problem as the other thing; "sick man"

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1819-20 were conservatives!a.Postwar Repression in Great BritianI.

Combination Acts - 1799

Tory ministry sought to protect the aristocracy; corn law in 1815 was to maintain high price for the corn

a.

They wanted the reform of parliamentb.Political Registrar by William Cobbettc.They needed to suppress this so they enacted the coercion acts in 1817d.

Lord Liverpool's Ministry and Popular UnrestII.

A massacre occurred when some soldiers attackedi.

No right to assemble1)Fines for sedition and libel2)Speed trials for political agitators3)Newpaper taxes4)No military training5)Search and seizure is allowed6)

Parliament passed six acts afterii.

In 1819 a meeting in Saint peter's fields for the formers and stuffa.

Cato street conspiracy- when they tried to blow up the cabinetb.

Peterloo and the Six ActsIII.

Under the charteri.Louis XVIII assumed monarch of france in absence of napoleona.

Bourbon Restoration in FranceIV.

Hereditary monarchy and bicam legislaturea.

Charter gave back the declaration of rights of man and citizeni.Chamber of peers and house of lordsb.

The CharterV.

Royalists wanted revenge against the monarcha.They murdered some guysb.Liberals were being suppressedc.

Ultra royalismVI.

They met with eachother to discuss the problems of Europei.Concert Of Europe- the arrangemnet that sought to solve the mutual foreign policy issues in europe

ii.

Its main goal was to maintain peaceiii.

Congress of Vienna had Russia, Austria, Prussia and Britsa.

Congress system- mutual cooperationi.France was readmitted into good standingii.Tsar Alex I suggested the quad allianceiii.

The Congress Systemb.

The Conservative National OrderVII.

Ferdinand VII os spain said he would be a just ruler but lied and was tyrannical so his soldiers rebelled on him

a.

Italians were cool.b.Protocol of Trappau- governments could intervene in revolutionsc.

Spanish Revolution of 1820VIII.

Congress of Vienna had Russia, Austria, Prussia and Britsa.

The Conservative National OrderIX.

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They met with eachother to discuss the problems of Europei.Concert Of Europe- the arrangemnet that sought to solve the mutual foreign policy issues in europe

ii.

Its main goal was to maintain peaceiii.

Congress of Vienna had Russia, Austria, Prussia and Britsa.

Congress system- mutual cooperationi.France was readmitted into good standingii.4+-Tsar Alex I suggested the quad alliance

The Congress Systemb.

-742*1ong great powers was preventeda.The brits and stuff were more interested in trade for the latin american placesb.

Revolt Against Ottoman Rule in the BalkansX.

Greek revolution was important because it had many writers backing it up.a.The eastern question: what should the euro powers do about the ottomans incompetance.b.They were interested in their land for economicsc.Eventually britian france and russia recognized greece as no threat and left them alone.d.

The Greek Revolution of 1821XI.

Kara George led guerilla attacks against the ottomans for independencea.In 1830 ottoman sultan declares servian independentb.Russia stepped in to protect them.c.

Serbian IndependenceXII.

Everyone was leaving control of the countriesi.Latin American countries wanted to get independence tooa.

The Wars of Independence in Latin AmericaXIII.

In 1804 haiti is independent- this showed that slaves have the ability to overthrow their masters

a.

Haiti was where slavery was brutalb.In 1791 full throttle slave rebellion- lots of bloodc.Overture was the leader and he became something of a monarch of haitid.This was the first slave rebellion- precedente.

Revolution in HaitiXIV.

Creole revolutions were more common than slave onesa.Wars of Independence on the South American ContinentXV.

Creole wantes free trade in north americaa.Peninsulares were the white people in spain. They were jealous of them because they got more provilege

b.

The last straw was when napoleon made his brother king of spaini.Creoles were enlightenedc.

Juntas- political committeesi.They feared reform in mama country would economically effect themd.

Creole DiscontentXVI.

There were liberating left and righta.Jose San Martin was the leader of the rio dela plata forces- he became the protector of peru.

b.

San Martin in Rio de la PlataXVII.

Ivic war in venezualai.Llaneras- venezuelan cowboysii.

He was the liberator of the northa.

San martin believed in monarchy and bolivar was republics. This is divisionb.

Simon Bolivar's Liberation of VenezualaXVIII.

Miguel Hidalgo- called for rebellion of native americansa.This united conservative groups in mexicao creole and spanish.b.

Independence in New SpainXIX.

Brazilian independenceXX.

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Dom Pedro or somethingi.

Came simply; expanding of brazil trade and the made it a kingdom so it wouldn’t be just a colony anymore.

a.

Blab.

Brazilian independenceXX.

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Conservatism triumphed everywhere but Greek revolution and Latim aMericaa.

The Conservative Order Shaken in EuropeI.

Tsar Alex Ia.Russia: The Decembrist Revolt of 1825II.

Republic and no serfdomi.The Southern Society- Pesteli.

More moderatei.Northern societyii.

People were exposed to enlightenment and made secret societies to revolt against Alex's suppression

a.Unrest in the ArmyIII.

Alex died unexpectedly and his brother became heir.a.Nicholas was his brother; Constantine was the brother of Alex who wa supposed to be tsar but Nick ended up tsar

b.

People rebelled nick and wanted constatntinec.This was decembrist revolt; it failed.d.

Dynastic CrisisIV.

So he decided not to change anythingi.

He knew change was necessary but he didn’t want to abolish serfdom because the nobles woul get pissed at him

a.The Autocracy of Nicholas IV.

"orthodoxy, autocracy, and nationalism."i.Church basis of mpralityii.Autocracy gave tsar all poweriii.They saw it all as normal because of nationalismiv.

In replace of reforma.Official NationalityVI.

Nicolas gave power to his power; together they broke constitutionsa.

Issued Organic Statute declaring poland a part of the russian empirei.Insurrection is warsawtsar repressed the revoltb.

Revolt and Repression in PolandVII.

New king Charles X is divine right rulera.Revolution in FranceVIII.

Middle class bond holders lost money because of something he dida.In 1827 liberals got mad enough to petition him to be less conservativceb.

The Reactionary Policies of Charles XIX.

French got a colony in north africai.

Restricted freedom of speechi.No more chamber of deputiesii.Wealthiest could only do franchiseiii.New electionsiv.

Chalres issues Four Ordinances which was a coup de'etatii.

Liberals won some election againts charlesa.

Liberal news papers got started agaisnt him anywayb.Moderates and liberals overthrew the governmentc.

The July RevolutionX.

Tri colour flagi.July Monarchy the new regime under the liberalsa.

Monarchy under Louis PhilippeXI.

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Tri colour flagi.Socially conservative movement howeverb.No sympathy for lower classc.

Many moved therei.They also liked controlling algiers in africad.

Belgium also wanted to be independent like francea.Provisional government of property owners to suppress insurrectionb.Russia preoccupied with polish revoltc.Lord Palmerston told london to recognixe belgium as independentd.Belgium and serbia got independence in 1839e.

Belgium Becomes Independent 1830XII.

Great Reform Billi.House of commons wants to reform parliament in 1830a.

The Great Reform Bill in Britain 1832XIII.

No country could do anything without upsettting britain economicallya.Accomodation of somethingb.

Political and Economic ReformXIV.

England wanted to maintain a relationship with irelanda.Protestant noncomformistsb.

To preserve connection with irelandi.Catholic emancipationc.

Catholic Emancipation ActXV.

Jouse of commons defeated the billi.Whigs wanted reformsa.

The Great Reform Bill expanded sixe of enlgish electorateb.Changes the voting requirementsc.It was s uccessd.It gave some more people representation and it prevented a revolutione.

Legislation ChangeXVI.

Decembrist revolt failedi.

Wars of indeoendencei.Only real reform was in Latin americaii.

Inroads to conservative executive orderiii.

Via Congress system the Vienna settlement was conclucded without wara.

Comercia reasons they favoured latim americab.

This Chapter

In PerspectiveXVII.

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Rest of Europe was catching up with industrialization.a.People were wary and aware and afraid of the trade cycle of recession and golden periodsb.

IntroI.

Latin America wars allowed us to step in and take advantage for tradei.British textile was worlwide industry; lucrativeii.

New technology and food supply and such alllowed for social mobillitya.

Other nations like germany, france, and belgium were catching up with the era of steam engines.

b.

Called the continent.c.

Toward an Industrial SocietyII.

Eastern europe remained rural however.i.Population of Europe is increasing rapidlya.

Disease, conditions, garbage etci.Population increases put lots of stress on citiesb.

It was not better in rural areas because of enclosuresc.The ability to migrate was different in different parts of Europed.The potato famine in Ireland put stress on the peoplee.

Population and MigrationIII.

1830s and 1840s was a time of RR building; all over europea.This allowed people to move around a lot more.b.RR were the embodiment of the industrial erac.

RailwaysIV.

Factory workers, craftspeople, servants, peddlers etci.Laboring poor- ones who worked for poverty wagesii.

Large varietya.

The textile industry was the most stableb.

The Labor ForceV.

Proletarianization - the emergence of a paid working classa.Workers had to submit to factory discipline that was unpopularb.Factory workers in textile industries made good working because the ones at home couldn't keep up with the power looms

c.

The machines that replaced workers gave way for new jobs like fixing the machined.A euro town had a group of artisans working for a master.e.Life was harder for artisans because there was less use for themf.Confection- when shoes and stuff are sold in standard sizes instead of customzed for the customer so they can sell more faster to keep up with the compeition of the machines

g.

This made a division of labor- assembly line kind of thing- job specializationh.

The Emergence of a Wage-Labor ForceVI.

How cant he artisans protect their economic interests?a.

Universal male suffrage1)Annual election of the House of Commons2)Secret ballot3)Equal electoral districts4)No more property qualifications for members of the house of commons5)

They wanted six parts in their charter for workersi.Chartism was the answer. (1836) William Lovett- London's Working Men Associationb.

Working Class Political Action: The Example of British ChartismVII.

Chapter 21 Economic Advance and Social Unrest (1830-1850)

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No more property qualifications for members of the house of commons5)And the payment to members of the house of commons6)

They had a newspaper called the northern star.i.Chartism failedii.

Charists gave it to parliament but they said noc.

Chartism was the first movement of the working classd.

Industrialization did not affect peasant familiesa.Blab.

Family Structures and the Industrial RevolutionVIII.

Machines did not destroy the working class familya.Home and economic life were the same for children learning to work in home; this prepared kids for working in the factories as adults

b.

Women and children came to factories to serve as attendants to watch over machinesc.Fathers got paid more so they could send their kids to schoold.

The Family in the early Factory SystemIX.

English Factory Act 1833- said that nine and under could not be employed and that they had to get education for two hours a day and limited the amount tof time they could work

i.Parents could not discipline kids at the factorya.

This caused the adults want to try and get better working conditions for themselves too.b.

Concern for Child LabourX.

The family was botht eh unit of production and the unit of consumptiona.Chhildren were moving farther away from home because wages could be sent long distances or something.

b.

Changing Economic Role for the FamilyXI.

Families lived on the wages of the mail spousea.

Women in the Early Industrial RevolutionXII.

Women were in all stages of productiona.Opportunities and Exploitation in EmploymentXIII.

This was incentive to get marriedi.Unmarried women worked in factoriesa.

Single, young , or widows; They didn't like hiring women because they got pregnantb.

Women in FactoriesXIV.

They all got low wages and low skillsi.Working on the land was the norm for women though- half of them dida.

The factory bosses gave them raises for having sex with themi.Sometimes they became prostitutes because they wanted moneyb.

Work on the Land and in the HomeXV.

Marrying meant that the women left the workforce to be with their husbandsi.Moving to cities gave women more opportunities to marry and succeeda.

Domestic service was the most likely professionb.Life was different for women in the citiesc.Marriage was becoming less of an economic partnership because the husband made the money

d.

Women worked their ass off at homee.

Changing Expectations in the Working- Class MarriageXVI.

Problems of Crime and OrderXVII.

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This was because everyone was moving to the cities which caused an increase in crimei.Social order was threatening to go bad; they though it would interfere with libertya.

Definition of criminal activity was different- nuanceb.

Problems of Crime and OrderI.

Police and prison reform; they were actually getting a police forcea.They started makingu7 public works stuff- police, street cleaning, garbage truck etcb.The first police were called bobbies.c.Police were considered protectors and sometimes with suspiciond.

New Police ForcesII.

Prison ships- hulks; there was no separaition by demographic or by seriousness of crime.a.Transportation was the worst sentence you could get. It was alternative to capital punishment. They dumped all the criminals in Australia

b.

John Howard and Elizabeth Fry were prison reformers to make them nicerc.

Auburn system- separated at night and they could talk during the dayi.Philadelphia system- separation all the timeii.

Experiments on prisonsd.

Pentonville system did not allow ANY interaction. They wore masks when they went outside. The would eventually mentally collapse

e.

Isolation was common themef.Sometimes it didn’t work so they sent them to Devil's Island never to returng.This showed the concern for peace and orderh.

Prison ReformIII.

There was a division between laize faire (Adma smith)people and mercantile peoplea.

Classical EconomicsIV.

He said that population would eventually outstrip the food supply1)Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)i.

The industrial revolution was bad because it made more peopleii.

Thomas Malthus-Nothing could be done to improve the condition of the working classa.Malthus on PopulationV.

He said we should lower wages so that there will be less kidsi.Principles on Wages 1817a.

Ricardo on WagesVI.

The July Monarchy- public works projectsa.

It was a free trade unioni.German made the Zollverein in 1834b.

Jeremy Benthami.

Greatest happiness for the greatest numbera)Explained utility1)

Fragment on Governmentii.

Utilitarianismc.

"War on poverty"i.1834 The poor law passed by house of commonsd.

Repeal of Corn Laws in 1846e.Needed to feed the peoplef.

Government Policies Based on Classical EconomicsVII.

Communism was the new thing in europea.They liked industrialism but not free marketb.

Early SocialismVIII.

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They liked industrialism but not free marketb.

Had visionary ideas built on a capitalistic frameworki.Utopian socialistsa.

Utopian SocialismIX.

Father of technocracyi.Redistribution of wealthii.

Henry Simon- writera.

Advocated sexuality outside marriageb.

Saint SimonianismX.

Robert Owena.Environmentalist- if people were put in the right environment, they would become better.b.He made a nice little town that followed his ideology- pleasantvillec.He failedd.

OwenismXI.

Charlie Fourier- opposite of owena.Phalanxes- communities where people could work and fuck freelyb.It never caught onc.

FourierismXII.

Anarchists rejected both industry and governmenta.

Attacked banks. He wanted poor to participate tooi.Pierre Proudhon- What is Property?b.

AnarchismXIII.

Marxism- the biggest socialist movementa.It spread all over europe; demanded reformb.Karl Marxc.

MarxismXIV.

Outright abolition of private property1)The Communist Manifestoi.

Marx met Engels who published the condition of the workin class in Englanda.Partnership with the EngelsXV.

Got most of his stuff from Hegelianisma.The fate of the proletariatb.

Sources of Marx's IdeasXVI.

He said that the formation of social classes in economics would cause a revolution inevitably.

a.

Industrailization was killing the proletariati.Proletariat revolutionii.

"class conflict"b.

Proletarianization of the working class.c.

END

Revolution Through Class ConflictXVII.

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This year was a year of liberal revolutionsa.Caused by famine?b.They pushed their stuff through representationc.Nationalism was a large factor to the revolutions tood.

Conservatives prevailedi.The results were profounde.

1848: Year of RevolutionsI.

The working class were hungry poor and mad so they naturally got on to the ideai.These revolutions started in parisa.

France: The Second Republic and Louis NapoleonII.

Alphonse de Lamartine was the leader of a provisional government?i.Louis Blanc demanded representation in cabineta.

New election resulted in moderates and conservatives ruling overb.Artisans and government soldiers clashedc.

The National Assembly and Paris WorkersIII.

The nephew of the big napoleon became the president of the conservativesa.He was called little napoleon and was the first to assume power through instability in europe.

b.

People supported his actionsc.

Emergence of Louis Napoleon Incumbents always win the electionsIV.

There were clubs; Vesuvians claimed women were going to erupt like a volcanoi.Feminist time!a.

The Women's Voice was a woman newspaperb.They claimed that women were central to society and therefor they needed to be respectedc.They were defeated however. Of coursed.They wanted to organize working women- Jeanne Deroin was a leader who was arrested for it and shipped to algiers

e.

Frenchwoman in 1848V.

They were vulnerable to revolutiona.The Hapsburg Empire: Nationalism ResistedVI.

Kossuth called for the independence of Hugarya.Ten days later some students pushed a revolutionb.The hapsburgs feared a serf uprising the mostc.

The Vienna UprisingVII.

They were liberls supported by nobles- magyarsa.

Annex transylvaniai.Count Joseph Jellachicii.

Separate hungarian stateb.

The Magyar RevoltVIII.

Congress of slavsi.Federation of slavic states in europeii.Pan Slavism- tool to gain support of nationalist minoritiesiii.

Czech nationalist wanted an autonomous slavic statea.

Insurrection in Pragueb.

Czech NationalismIX.

Austria held its position in northern italy; blaa.The imperial gov decided to reasert through francis josephb.

Rebellion in Northern ItalyX.

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The imperial gov decided to reasert through francis josephb.Magyar's last attempt at revolt; The enemies were so divided that they were able to succeedc.

Pope Pius IX led people to nationalismi.Defeat of peidmont was a big fail for italian revolutionaiesa.

Unite italy under repub governmentb.

French wanted to prevent unified south statei.In 1849 renewal of war against austriac.

Pius IX renounced his liberalism and became a conservatived.

Italy: Republicanism DefeatedXI.

Major revo in prussiaa.Germany: Liberalism FrustratedXII.

Fred Will IV didn't wan to attack rioters in berlina.They were panicking so they decided to write a constitutionb.Fred will made an assembly of liberals but the real assembly ignored itc.People voted according to classesd.

Revolution in PrussiaXIII.

They wanted to write a liberal paperi.In 1848- a bunch of german states get together to revise the german confederation papersa.

They brought soldiers to suppress readical insurrectionsb.Large german solution: grossduetschc.And the small German solution" kleindeustchd.The first one favored Austria included in germany and the second excluded ite.They finished the constitution but Fred Will IV rejected it because he said that he ruled by divine right

f.

The liberals proved themselves to be losersg.

The Frankfurt ParliamentXIV.

Industrial economyi.RRsii.Consumer goodsiii.Urbanizationiv.The urban working classv.

Lots of social changea.

Nationalists were more hard headedi.Political strife in 1848b.

They were more concerned of protecting their property from socialistsi.

European middle class was no longer revolutionary afer 1848 Why?c.

They wanted to remain dominant over europei.

This Chaper

Conservatism has changedd.

In PerspectiveXV.

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Revolutions of 1848 were a triumph for conservativesHabspurg empire accepted constiutional monarchyHungary had emancipated serfs

Russians claimed to have religious control over them but the ottomans said that ehy had control overthemselves

i.Russia wanted control over ottomansa.

Russians saw the ottomans in decline and wanted to capitalizxe on itb.France and britain war on russia because of alliance with ottomansc.This was crimean ward.

The Crimean War 1853-1856I.

Russian surrenders land at the mouth of the danubei.Treaty of Paris 1856a.

Concert of Europe is goneb.Less focus on vienna settlementc.

Peace Settlement and Long Term ResultsII.

Religious Equalityi.Tanzimat era 1839- 1876 was the time for change in the ottoman empirea.

1856 muslins get more rights; schools and stuffb.Wanted loyalty of Christiansc.Ottomans couldn't get political strengthd.

They needed infrastructurei.They tried to get a parliament but the sultan said noii.Reformers called the young Turksiii.

Exemplified in Balkan warse.

Secularization of governmentf.

Reforms in the Ottoman EmpireIII.

They wanted to unitea.

Italian UnificationIV.

Carbonari- charcoal burners; the most famous groupi.Romantic republicanisma.

Mazzini was a leader of it; he was nationalistb.

Led insurrectionsi.And Garibaldic.

Moderates were scared of these extremistsd.They ended up with constitutional monarchy.e.

Romntic RepublicansV.

Victor Emmanuel I; the new monarch of somethingi.Piedmont? Buffer states?a.

Cavour was an enlightened nationalist; and a monarcchistb.

He started a Nationalist Societyi.He liked free tradec.

Cavour's PolicyVI.

Cavour brought italy into politicsa.Cavour and Napoleon III agreed to make war on italy so that they could get austriab.

French SympathiesVII.

Piedmont mobilized on Austrians and wona.War with AustriaVIII.

Chapter 22 The Age of Nation States

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Piedmont mobilized on Austrians and wona.Blab.

He prevented a republican italyi.Carvour wanted unification stilla.

Garibaldi's CampaignIX.

Joining the north and south was hard because they were both very differenti.Victor Emmanuel II 1861 king of italya.

Not a vigorous parliamenti.Conservative constitutional monarch had two houses a senate and a chamber of deputiesb.

Papacy stayed in vatican and didn't like the rest of italyi.Venetia and rome should be addedc.

Italia irredenta- unredeemed italyd.

The New Italian StateX.

German UnificationXI.

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Germany was conservativei.German unification was the single most important political development in europea.

Zollverein- tariff unioni.Two strongest countries were austria and prussiab.

He was nationalist reactionary1)Brother will assumed poweri.

Fred will IV went insane in 1858c.

German UnificationI.

German unificationi.Reactionaryii.

Otto von Bismarck was a jukner noblea.

He wanted industrialized prussia and germanyi.He eventually mellowed to a conservativeb.

He was offensive conservativei.It was about tax spendingii.

He became prime minister in 1862c.

BismarckII.

Language prevented unificationa.Mix of german and danesb.Bismarck defeated danish and it helped his imagec.

The Danish War 1864III.

Bismarck told prussians to be obnoxious to austriansi.Seven Weeks Warii.

Austro prussian conflict was commona.

Treaty of Prague ended the war- favorable to austriansb.

The Austro-Prussian War 1866IV.

Anti austriani.

Federal council- bundesrat1)Reishstag - lower house2)

Legislature of two housesii.

In 1867 prussia annexes hannovera.

It represented people more democraticvally1)Reichstag had little poweri.

Bismarck great conservative chancellorb.

Bismarck unification was winningi.And he won in the end tooii.

Liberalism vs unificationc.

The Franco-Prussian War and the German Empire 1870 1871d.Bismarck got imperialist and wanted to add to germanye.

Benedetti was the french amassadori.They would accomplish it via spainf.

French declared war against bismarck germanyg.German empire was proclaimed in the house of mirrors at versaillesh.It was the hot new powerful countryi.Germany and italy were unified niwj.

The North German ConfederationV.

Because of Napoleon IIIi.Year of division of liberal and authoritarian is 1860a.

Nap;oleon made freeer debate treaty with britsb.Napoleon was losing control of diplomacy with italyc.The Second Empire ended with the Battle of Sedan. 1870d.Caused republic in paris and government of national defense is createde.

France: From liberal Empire to Third RepublicVI.

Barricades.a.CommunardsI.

This was a symbol of ancien regime which they wanna burn

a.Burning of the Tuileres palaceII.

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Nap;oleon made freeer debate treaty with britsb.Napoleon was losing control of diplomacy with italyc.The Second Empire ended with the Battle of Sedan. 1870d.Caused republic in paris and government of national defense is createde.

Adolphe Thiers- negotiated settlement with prussiai.Division in paris provincesa.

Caused insurrection of government- troops killed a bunch of inhabitantsi.New government called the paris commune in response to betrayal of monarchb.

More anarchy than marx's class conflicti.Proletariat government was suppressed by french bourgeoisc.

The Paris CommuneVII.

They kept the tri colour flagi.Republic formed in the national assemblya.

McMahon got elected for president of france to restore monarchy, universal male suffrage and indirectrly votes senated

i.Indemnities got paid and prussians leftb.

He resigned thoughc.The third republic was strong it survived bad leadersd.

The Third RepublicVIII.

This was the greatest drama of the 3rd republic. a.

The evidence against him was forgedi.

Guy called dreyfus was committing treason with germany He was a captainb.

They dropped charges the it was really controversialc.

Everyone said he was guilty. Like michael jackson Emile Zola defended him- J'Accuse

He got convicted but then pardoned Too late because it led to antisemitism- social darwinismd.

The Dreyfus AffairIX.

Was a threat to europea.Habsburg places stayed middle ages sty;eb.Vienna government abolished internal tariffs in the empirec.Austria refused to suport russiad.

The Habsburg EmpireX.

Francis Joseph in 1860 issued the Octovber Diploma which created federation amond states ofj the empirea.Then the february patent which set up a different governemnt; magyars wouldn’t cooperate with this governemtn

b.

Ausgleich or compromise of 1867 transformed habsburg empire into dual monarchy known as austria -hungary

c.

Francis joseph was king of hungaryd.

Formation of the Dual MonarchyXI.

Compromise of 1867 brought two legit rulersa.

Favored a policy of trialismi.Francis joseph accepted thisii.

National groupsb.

Czech nationalism increasedc.Magyars exercised political supremecyd.

Source of political instabilityi.Nationalism became strongere.

Some wanted a new german empiref.

It affected germany russia austria and ottomansi.Nationalist unrest in the habsburg empire is super important even to world historyg.

Unrest of NationalitiesXII.

Russia was changing a lota.

Russia: Emancipation and Revolutionary StirringsXIII.

They reconsidered domestic policti.Russia defeat in crimean wara.

Reforms of Alex IIXIV.

The cultural gap was most evident in serfdoma.Aboliton of serfdomXV.

Barricades.a.

This was a symbol of ancien regime which they wanna burn

a.

Communards took over educationb.Massacre was the end of journeec.

Burning of the Tuileres palaceII.

Antisemitism

Zionist movement- Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State) 1896

Ferry laws secular education

Wspu womenChalking-write in chalkChaining- chain yourself to something and protest

Oxford streetdDaily sketch emily davidson- martyr- there is footage! Lots went ot her funeral

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They reconsidered domestic policti.Russia defeat in crimean wara.

Alex wanted to abolish serfdom Why?i.

The cultural gap was most evident in serfdoma.

Morally wrong tooi.Nobility didn’t want to end it but he did anyway in 1861ii.

Because serfdom was economically inefficientb.

It was a lose though because freedom meant no land for the free serfsc.

You can't just declare someone free, you have to let them exercise it.i.They still were waiting for real emancipatoind.

Aboliton of serfdomXV.

This wouldn’t do so he introduced new forms of fair trials and studdi.Landlords became the governors of placesa.

Reform of Local Government and the Judicial SystemXVI.

Oxford streetdDaily sketch emily davidson- martyr- there is footage! Lots went ot her funeral

WWI stops everyone from getting what they want

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They reformed the army so that serfs served in them I thinka.Military reformI.

Poland was treated as a russian provincea.Alex's reforms only affected russia so poland got no benefits from it.b.

Repression in PolandII.

They started the movement called populismi.The wanted a communal lifeii.Their society was called Land of Freedomiii.

Alexander Herzen published the news paper THE BELL it was about reforma.

They wanted to go and appeal to the peasants to organize an uprisingb.They were terrorists!c.

The People's will- wanted to over throw autocracyi.I dunno what the other group wasii.

They split into two groupsd.

Alexander III made it worse Slavophile; reactionarye.

RevolutionariesIII.

Britain was the confident liberal statea.

Great Britain: Toward DemocracyIV.

Reform league by john bright agitated parliament actiona.Conservative ministry by ben disraelib.Gave votes to any more peoplec.

He was conservatifei.Gladstone became prime minister thoguh which was bad because he suckedii.

He wanted to embrace democracyd.

The Second Reform Act 1867V.

Birth of british liberalsima.

This was the first time government took an active role in educationi.Through fundingii.

Education act of 1870b.

Gladstone's Great ministry 1868-1874VI.

Disraeli became prime minister after him and he changed stuffa.Disraeli was conservative and gladstone was liberalb.He wasn't very good at his job thoughc.Blad.

Disraeli in Office 1874- 1880VII.

Home rule: irish control of local governmenta.

And he disestablished the church of irelandi.He gave compensation to farmers that got kicked off their landii.Irish land leagueiii.Land was the biggest issue for irelandiv.

Gladstone came back by the way. b.

Parnell organized a house of commons party that votes blocc.Home rule issued the split liberal partyd.

The Irish QuestionVIII.

Political systems had been drawn out now. They solved the problems that europe had. Nation states. Citizens were the main factor for a governments' success. Nationalism was unity.

a.

In PerspectiveIX.

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unity.Labor is the next big problemb.

THIS CHAPTER

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Age of the car plane and bike refridge telephone, radio typewriter light bulbi.Gold standardii.

Europe was becoming more productive.a.

Political partiesi.Nation statesii.

Labor force into trade unionsb.

Europe became on foreign resourcesc.

IntroI.

Population was growinga.

This made opportunity more availablei.Migration too with the RRsb.

Population Trends and MigrationII.

Growth of german industrya.The Second Industrial RevolutionIII.

New industries was the second industrial revoltioni.Expansion of the third quartera.

Steal was cheap in large qtsi.Henry Bessemer and the Bessemer processb.

Chemical industry; oilc.Electrician application to manufacturing was also very important.d.

And the assembly linei.Henry Ford and his car was appealable to everyonee.

New IndustriesIV.

Smooth economic growtha.

Refrigerated shipsi.New farmind industries in latin americab.

Rate of capital investment slowedi.Unemploymentii.Led to trade unionsiii.

Bank failures!c.

For people that lived in citiesi.Consumer goods and demandsd.

Economic DifficultiesV.

Age of the middle class described the time before the WWIa.The Middle Classes in AscendancyVI.

Middle class was more diversea.Few but more families gained wealthb.Professions were becoming overcrowdedc.

Social Distinctions Within the Middle ClassesVII.

Europe was becoming more urbanizeda.Migrants to the cities were generally poorb.

Late Nineteenth CenturyVIII.

The city planners divided cities by job so that all the business were organized with eachothera.The Redesign of CitiesIX.

The city was very crowdedi.This change was most prominent in parisa.

Wide vistasi.Napoleon III wanted to redesign parisb.

All these public works projects also made jobs on Parisc.

And sacred heart cathedrali.In 1889 the eiffel tower was born!d.

The New ParisX.

Commercail development and slum disappearncea.This resulted in suburbs being built around citiesb.Expansion of RRs subways; home and work were being connectedc.

Development of SuburbsXI.

This was an increasing concerna.Urban SanitationXII.

Poop was everywherea.

About the grossness of urbanizationi.Edwin Chadwick- Report on the Sanitary condition of labouring populationb.

Impact of CholeraXIII.

Sewer system in paris was cool by haussmani.New water systems were constructed slowlya.

New Water and Sewer systemsXIV.

Expanded Government Involvement in Public HealthXV.

Chapter 23 The Building of European Supremacy: Society and Politics to World War I

Haussman's cityHausman builds parksRich people live in the city and poor lives in the suburbsLa bom marche was a department storeChicago art institute has the best impressionist paintingsPotter PalmeraAll the leaders in chicago were protestant who hated catholicsBertha- patron of art

French stuffBoulanger affair- he is selling medals of meritPanama canal scandal- Ferdinand de lesseps- he finished the suez canalHe lied about how much his company was in debt

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About the grossness of urbanizationi.

Sewer system in paris was cool by haussmani.New water systems were constructed slowlya.

New Water and Sewer systemsXIV.

Melun Act of 1851i.These werwe building inspectors stuff and styffii.

Public Health Act of 1848a.

Louis Pasteur and pasteurization!b.

Expanded Government Involvement in Public HealthXV.

a whole block of people shared the same toileti.Dwelling of the poor suckeda.

Housing reform was how you solved thisb.

To provide everyone with adequate housingi.Jules Simon led the wayc.

Philanthropy helped out with the caused.Housing was a political issue for migration to the citiese.Providing houses with all the workers was the goalf.

Housing Reform and Middle Class ValuesXVI.

Varieties of Late Nineteenth Century Women's ExperiencesXVII.

French stuffBoulanger affair- he is selling medals of meritPanama canal scandal- Ferdinand de lesseps- he finished the suez canalHe lied about how much his company was in debt

z

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Social rank was your life women were lowa.

Varieties of Late Nineteenth Century Women's ExperiencesI.

Property rights, family law, and education were the big three parts that women were challenged ina.Women's Social DisabilitiesII.

Legal identities were that of the man'si.The male owned her stuffii.

Married women could not own propertya.

In 1882 they got the Married Women's Property Acti.They wanted reform of women's property rightsb.

Women and PropertyIII.

Divorece was difficult; court of matrimonial causesi.Adultey and abuse was the only reason for divorceii.Husbans had supreme control of the children but the delegated it to womeniii.Contraception and abortion are illegal.iv.

Women were required by code to give the man the obediencea.Family LawIV.

More illiterate women than men.a.

Some cool women got into unis thoughi.Universities were for menb.

There was no public option for educationc.Gender roles and stuffd.Elementary school teaching was womens worke.Some women in gov positions like civil servatns like teaching spread birht control and stufff.The reason some women didn't support the movement because they were so used to the way things were.g.

Educational BarriersV.

Expansion of jobs was good for womema.New Employment Patterns for WomenVI.

Telco was run by women, they were operators doing boring jobsa.Low level skills and no trainingb.They got low wages thoughc.

Availability of New JobsVII.

Withdrawl from the Labour ForceVIII.

They manufactureer would by the material and put it out for tailoringi.Putting out system of manufacturinga.

It was a good women because it made lots of jobsb.Womens wages merely supplemented the mens wagesc.

Working Class WomenIX.

Economic instability was normal THUSa.

It was legalized in some placesi.Prostitutionb.

Women were generally of course young and as they got older they stopped. Duh.c.They were from pooor families and had little skillsd.

Poverty and ProstitutionX.

Women wanted to participate in consumerisma.Women of the Middle ClassXI.

Middle class women tried not to worka.Home was different froma life of businessb.Women directly helped their husbands businessesc.Home was the center of virtue and life and children and stuffd.Women directed the householde.

The Cult of DomesticityXII.

Religious and Charitable ActivitiesXIII.

Middle class had fun sex in marriage I thinka.Small family size in france birthrate in france dropped; because they wanted to use the money for consumerism!

b.

Sexuality and Family SizeXIV.

They were afraid to give the vote to women in fear that they might wina.The Rise of Political FeminismXV.

Women reluctant to support feminists; some objected to the tacticts and some didn’t feel the reason toa.

The Subjection of Women1)John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylori.

Mary Wollstonecraft wrote the Vindication of the rights of Womanb.

Obstacles to Achieving EqualityXVI.

Dogs are a big thingThey are tokens of classBreedingPurebreeding is important

The bowler or derby hatPetitie class

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The Subjection of Women1)Socialist criticism; unorthodox opinions about sex and stuffc.Therefore they couldn't get big reformsd.

Millicent Fawcett led the moderate National ?untion of Women's suffrage societiesa.

Women's Social and Political Unioni.

They wanted to extend the vote to women1)They were called the suffragettesii.

Emmeline Pankhurst- radical reformerb.

Votes for Women in BritainXVII.

It was different in francea.France has the less radical reformationb.And britain had the radical womens reformc.

Political Feminism on the ContinentXVIII.

From a ghetto worlda.

Jewish EmancipationXIX.

Joseph the II issued a decree that put the jews in the same law as the christiansa.Government undermines jewish lifeb.

Differing Degrees of CitizenshipXX.

Broadened OpportunitiesXXI.Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War IXXII.

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Industrial expanion challenged the labour fordea.They stopped riotingb.

Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War II.

They formed unions by job classa.

Improvemnent of working conditions is what they wantedi.Keep wages in line with inflationii.

Skilled workers were for the unionsb.

Trade UnionismII.

Unoversal male suffrage in switzlandi.Spain tooii.Belgium, iii.Everywhere!iv.

GB did second voting reform acta.

Property holder votersi.This brought political parties too I thinkb.

Support of new voters or somethingc.Socialism VS nationalismd.

Bolshevik revolutioni.Legacy of Karl Marx!e.

Democracy and Political PartiesIII.

He predicted the disintegration of capitalisma.

Called the first internationali.Had all political typesii.

In 1864 the International Working Men's Associationb.

The rise and suppression of the paris communec.Single most somethingd.

Karl Marx and the First InternationalIV.

It united everyonei.Keir Hardie- first independent working man to be in parliamentii.

"new unionism"a.

Fabius Maximus HG wells George bernard schalli.

Fabian Society- 1884 was GB most influential socialist groupb.

Conservative party got split blac.Funding these parties brought liberals in or somethingd.

Great Britain: Fabianism and Easly Welfare ProgramsV.

Believed that socialists should cooperate with the middle classi.Jean Jaures led the French socialistsa.

The socialists.i.They endorsed opportunism-ii.

Second international in 1889b.

Main labor union was Travaili.

Syndicalism- Georgees Sorel in the Reflections on the Violence in 1908

Syndicates and something unitedii.

Anarchist France was uninterestedc.

France: "Opportunism" Rejected"VI.

German Social Democratic Party SDPa.Germany: Social Democrats and RevisionismVII.

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German Social Democratic Party SDPa.Came from labor unrest by Ferdinand Lasalleb.

Assassination attempt on William Ia.It failed to get germansb.

Bismarck's Repression of the SPDVIII.

Reichstaga.Kark Kasutsy- the program declared doom of capitalism and the need for socialismb.

The Erfurt ProgramIX.

The Debate over RevisionismX.

Russia was facing new prolems modern problemsa.Russia: Industrial Development and the Birth of BolshevismXI.

Witte's Progeam for Industrial GrowthXII.

Prime minister of communicationsi.Witte was the leader of this industrial processa.

He favored heavy industry like RRsb.Some thought that capitalists were getting too much profitBlac.Kulaks- prosperous peasant farmersd.Zemstovs- those who participated in local councils for a liberal partye.

Nicholas II and Alex III wanted russia to industrializeXIII.

Duma- carrot he dissolves ita.Lenin's Early Thought and CareerXIV.

There was the division of the upper urban class and the middle suburban classa.

They wanted socialism integrated in governemnti.Socialism and labour unionsb.

Women were demanding stuff for the first itme in historyc.

This Chapter

In perspectiveXV.

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For the first time everyone was readinga.

The New Reading RepublicI.

Literacy was improving- literacy rate across all europea.New primary education of reading writing and mathsb.Education meant better jobsc.

Advances in Primary EducationII.

Cheap mass circulation for newspapersi.Everyone had a viewpointii.

This opened a new market for printa.

Pronography? What?b.Popularization of knowledgec.

Reading Material for the Mass AudienceIII.

Wiliam Whewell invented the word scientisti.Voltaire, mechanics- rational world explained in numbersa.

Science at MidcenturyIV.

French philosopher Auguste Comte invented posivitism- it was a philosophical idea of human intellect through science

a.

He is the father of sociologyi.Physical science and metascienceb.

Association of science and technologyc.

Comte, Posivitism, and the Prestige of ScienceV.

Newton of biologyi.Natural selection, how species evolved over timeii.

On the Origin of Speciesa.

Darwin and malthus both believed in population being too largeb.Survival of the fittest= natural selectionc.

And mutationsi.Gregor mendel and his genetics and peasd.

Eyes were not made ot see god but to defend against predatorse.Descent of Man applied natural selection to people to make social darwinismf.It was controversialg.

Darwin's Theory of Natural SelectionVI.

Survival of the fttest predated Darwina.

Social darwinismi.Herbert Spencer thought of it toob.

Huxley was opposed to this thinking bla blac.

Science and ethics- Social DarwinismVII.

Christianity and the Church under SiegeVIII.

Chapter 24 The Birth of Modern European Thought

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Liberals were attacking the influence of the churchi.They still got support from devoted peopleii.

People were leaving the church for rationalitya.

Christianity and the Church Under SiegeI.

Contradictions in the biblei.

Questioned the church's historical credibility, scientific accuracy and morality

a.Intellectual SkepticismII.

He questioned whether the bible was accurate about Jesusi.He called Jesus a mythii.

David Strauss in 1835 published the Life of Jesus

History becomes a scientific endeavor rather than stories of the past. Methodology; the bible has become a study of history since then

a.

Ernst Renan in France And Matthew Arnold in GBi.All of those guys said that the bible was written with politics in mind

ii.

Julius Wellhausen in germanyb.

HistoryIII.

William Paley wrote Natural Theology in 1802i.

He explained the miracles of god through the rocks1)

Charles Lyell said that the earth was older than they thought through the use of geology

ii.

They said that science was what you should believea.ScienceIV.

They questioned the morality of God in the old testament who would kill people and was cruel and stuff

a.

War and courage have accomplished more than loving thy neighbor

i.Friedrich Nietzsche- said that christianity praised weaknessb.

No one wanted to join the clergyi.Christianity lost its respectiblityc.

MoralityV.

Education was the big issuei.They used to get an education through churchesii.

Liberals didn't like the dogma and the political privileges you get from being high in the church

a.Conflict Between Church and StateVI.

Gave state supported schoolsi.They were built in areas where church school suckedii.

Made the government provide state support for religious and non religious schools

1)

They also put standards on the education2)

Education Act of 1902iii.

GB- the Education Act of 1870a.Great BritainVII.

Brit was calm and france was radicala.FranceVIII.

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Priests gave the education in public schools1)Falloux Law in 1850i.

Replaces priests with real teachers1)Jules Ferry- series of educational laws in 1878ii.

Public schools expandediii.In 1905 Napoleon Concordant was ended and church and state were separated

iv.

Brit was calm and france was radicala.

Bismarck suppressed the catholics despite them being guaranteed stuff in the constitution

a.

Required priests to pass state tests- only the ones in germany

i.May Laws of 1873 applied to prussiab.

It was the greatest failure. It failedi.Kulturkampf Bismarck's. Cultural strugglec.

Germany and the KulturkampfIX.

1870s catholic revival in irelanda.They had one last revival but it failed because they ran out of money

b.

Areas of Religious RevivalX.

Pope Pius IX vanished in 1848 to escape turmoil in romei.

It put the catholic church against science, philosophy and politics

a)He wrote the Syllabus of Errors in 18641)

He was preparing a counterstrikeii.

The Papacy was resilianta.

The council declared the papal infaliability when speaking of faith and morals

i.1869 the first vatican councilb.

He was the successor of pius IXi.Leo XIII looked to thomas acquinas for faith and reasonc.

He defended private property, religious education, and religious control of the marriage laws. And workers rights.Corporate groups

i.Rerum Novarumd.

He required priests to swear oath against modernismi.

His successor pius X wanted to resist liberals and return to devotion

e.

The Roman Catholic Church and the Modern WorldXI.

It was something that arose out of culturei.Renan and max Weber dismissed it as being unscientifically supportable

ii.

Al Afghani said otherwise, he defended islamiii.

Islam was given the same analysis as the bible?a.

White authors thought they were better than arabsb.

They didn't get many converts because abjuring islam was punishable by death

i.

Missionaires blamed islmas on everything bad- economic and slavery and suppressing women

c.

They were called the salafii.Some wanted to combine modern thought and islamd.

Mahadist rejected the wwestern modern movement atogethere.

Islam and Late Nineteenth Century Europan ThoughtXII.

Toward a Twentieth Century Frame of MindXIII.

War agaisnt spdBismarck is repressing the socialists

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Toward a Twentieth Century Frame of MindXIII.

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Wilhelm Roentgen published his paper on the discovery of xrays•

The causes of radiation○

Henri Becquerel discovered that uraniam emits the energy•

X Rays and Radiation

Max Planck- quantum theory of energy- energy is a discrete quantities or packets rather than a solid stream

•

Einstein said that time and space exist together on the same contimuum- this was relativity•Werner Heisenburg- subatomic particles are ambiguous•Science was affecting daily life•

Theories of Quantum Energy, Relativity, and Uncertainty

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Scientific objectivity and observation to theiri.Realist and naturalist movement in writinga.

Charles Dickins portrayed the negative of industrial societyb.Imaginative writingc.They portrayed humans as humans with feelingsd.

Literature: Realism and NaturalismI.

About a woman's search for a husband in a grey worldi.Gustave Flaubert Madame Bovary 1857a.

He applied science to people- psychologyi.Emilie Zola epitomized realismb.

He analyzed alcoholism, prostitution, adultry, and labor unrestc.

Flaubert and ZolaII.

A man cannot tolerate his wifes independence1)A Doll's Housei.

Henrik Isben brought realism to domestic lifea.

Mrs. Warren's Profession dealt with prostitutioni.Love and law is what he wrote aboutii.

Bernard Shaw- against romanticism and false respectibilityb.

Realists wanted to portray the real world in their writingc.

Isben and ShawIII.

Critical of morality and societyi.The aesthetic and the beautifulii.

Modernism!a.

Challenged values of victorian culturei.Eminent Victorians 1918ii.Keynesian Economics challenged the economci theory of something

iii.

Virginia and Leonard Woolfb.

Virginia woolfs novels were the bestc.

Stream of consciousness that allowed him to explore his memories.

1)

He would think of something and then he would let his mind wander to the next thought and the nex thought and so on

2)

In search of Time Pasti.Marcel Proust- modernistd.

Modernism flourished after WWIe.

Modernism in LiteraturIV.

Transflomation of paitninga.The Coming of Modern ArtV.

Visual experience rather than realismi.Depictions of modern lifea.

Edouard Manet and claude monet Pissaro and Renoir and degas were all impressionist painters

b.

There were avariety of sites in the paintings scenesc.About the bar paintingd.More about that paintinge.

ImpressionismVI.

Post impressionismVII.

Bloomsberg group in england challenged modern economics

•

John Kemanes- intellectual father of the new deal- first outwardly homosexual, so was oscar wilde; critisized versailles treaty

•

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Postimpressionistsform and structure in their paintingsa.

Georges Seurat invented it in francei.Pointillism- small dots to the canvasb.

About the violisn and the palettec.Cubist paintersd.

Post impressionismVII.

Questioning rational thinking to the human situationa.The Birth of Tradegyb.

Critisized democracy and christianityi.Thus Spake Zarathustrac.

Overman embodied heroismd.

These sought the psychological sources of judgementi.Beyond Good and Evil and the Geneology of Moralse.

The human situation? Nothing but change is consistentf.

Friedrich Nietzshe and the Revolt Against ReasonVIII.

Probe beneath the appearancea.The Birth of PsychoanalysisIX.

He studies with Martin Charcot who used hypnosisi.Studies in Hysteriaii.

Freud was from Viennaa.

He allowed patients to talk freely about themselves instead of hypnotising them

b.

He called humans very sexual creatures from birthc.

Development of Freud's Early TheoriesX.

Dreams are the disguised fulfillment of suppressed wish.i.The Interpretation of Dreamsii.

He believed the irrational dream had some scientific meat to it.a.Frued's Concern with DreamsXI.

Frued's Later ThoughtXII.

Carl Jung questioned his sex theoryi.Freud had followers that questioned hima.

Modern Man in Search of a Souli.Jung said that man inherits memoriesb.

Psychoanalytic movementc.

Divisions in the Psychoanalytic MovementXIII.

Some thought that when people were given what they want and were happy they woul dact rationally

a.Retreat from Rationalism in PoliticsXIV.

Max Weber rationalism was the major development of human history

a.

This opposed socialismi.Bureaucratization. Basic feature of modern social lifeb.

His essay the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalismc.

WeberXV.

Reflections on violencei.He said that people are led collectively rather than idividually

ii.

Lebon explored the behaviour of crowds and mobsa.Theorists of Collective BehaviourXVI.

James ussher-original creationistMeasured the age of the planet

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RACISM created by nationalismi.Aryans were the original people with the origianal sanskrit languate and stuffii.

Sacrifice the individual to the groupa.

Racial science supported racism!i.Debates over slaveryb.

RacismI.

First publication on racei.Essay Inequality of the Human Racesa.

Survival of the fittest was applied to nationsb.

GobineauII.

Through genetics society could be improvedi.Biological determinismii.

Foundations of the Nineteenth Centurya.

He was anti semetic- jews were evilb.

ChamberlainIII.

Late Century NationalismIV.

Jews were associated with money and banksa.Antisemitism and the Birth of ZionismV.

Dreyfus affair made people hate jewsi.Karl Lueger- christian socialist partya.

Anti Semetic PoliticsVI.

Called for the jewish to get their own state where they could pursue their interestsi.Liberalism plus socialismii.

He wrote The Jewish State 1896i.Herzl believed the Jews were in troublea.

Herzl's ResponseVII.

They arose with all the radical thinking (Darwin)a.

Women and Modern ThoughtVIII.

People had mother stereotype of womena.Some criticized them for being too emotional and thus irrationalb.People thought that women were worse than men. Even Darwin who wrote it in his scientific writings

c.

Huxley believed this- he claimed to have scientific evidence for the inferiority of womeni.Darwin repeated his ideas in The Descent of Manii.

Scientific societies excluded womend.

Freud saw women as mothers onlye.

They tried to challenge the men's psychology view on womeni.Karen Horney and Melanie Klein were two of the few female psychoanalystsf.

People believed that women could never be equal but they still could have rightsg.

Antifeminism in Late Century ThoughtIX.

Organizations concentrated on getting the vote for womeni.Women saw their problems as being a variety of thingsa.

New Directions in FeminismX.

Challenging laws of male dominance and family and prostitutiona.

The police could detain anyone they suspected of being infected.i.The laws were to protect the men, not the womenii.

1864 women had english prostitutes had Contagious Disease actsb.

The women were mad because the true cause of prostituition was poor working conditionsc.

Sexual Morality and the FamilyXI.

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The women were mad because the true cause of prostituition was poor working conditionsc.The laws put women's bodies under the control of mend.

They won in 1883i.The groups made progress but did not win winii.

Josephine Butler led the Ladies Antional Associateion for the Repeal of the Contagious Disease acts in 1869

e.

Women wanted maternity leavesi.And rethinking sexual moralityii.The Century of the Child and the Renaissance of Motherhood exalted women for being mothers and demanded rights

iii.

Women were challenging the idea of marriagef.

Wider sexual freedom; contraception; Marie Stopesg.

They wanted to advance their own endeavors; through education and stuffa.They were active in socialists circlesb.

It said the women writers should live on their own and with their own income and independent

i.

Womenism was sometimes associated with socialism and radicalismii.

Virginia Woolf's A Room of One's Ownc.

Women Defining Their Own LivesXII.

Science revolutionized the idea of nature; the atom was being explored; evolutionary biology; science could be basis for morality; christianity was being tested

a.

Nietzshe and Freur questioned human beings in all and whether they were rational or not; all of the ideas challenged the enlightment

b.

Racial theorists thought they were better than othersc.Women wanted equalityd.

This Chapter

hegel

In PerspectiveXIII.

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New Imperialism- what this new time period is calleda.Imperialism- expanding a nations authority by land gain or economic and political hegemony over other nations

b.

IntroI.

Everyone is setting up coloniesa.Spanish in california and the brits in the atlanticb.

Owning caribbean was a trade offi.Napoleon sold the louisiana purchaseii.

French lost North america to britsc.

Collapse of spain portugal and france as a colonial powerd.

It was the chief institution of trade but not anymorei.Slavery was gone and there was no more slave tradee.

Catholics wanted to convert the people in the new places like the caribbean and they had missions there

f.

The Close of the Age of Early Modern ColonizationII.

They were globali.It expandd its influence through Imperialism of Free Tradeii.

They were the single most powerful forcea.

The Age of British Imperial DominanceIII.

He had the idea that free trade could grow infinitely on itselfi.

Adam smith said that economies would benefit from abandoning the idea of mercantilism for the concept of free trade

a.

They were able to manufacture more than they could consume which led to self sufficiency and they could sell stuff

i.Britain was the workshop of the worldb.

Brits wanted chinese stuff but chinese didn’t want brit stuff so they tried to sell them opium from india but the chinese didn’t want the people to get addicted

i.Free trade led to war- Opium Wars of brits and chinac.

They gained control of hong kongi.They got an alliance with franceii.

Brits went to war with china to force them to have free traded.

The Imperialism of Free TradeIV.

Captain James Cooka.The brits were waiting for these colonies to setup their own government

b.

British Settler ColoniesV.

Brits established themselves as the ruler of india which gave them military power throughout Asia and economic power

a.

It was divide and conquer in indiab.The muhgals were still ruling but they were a sick manc.They flexed their muscles via the british east india companyd.

Brits banned sati in india which was women burning i.

Brits thought they were helping indians rather than taking them over with economic imperialism

e.

India-- The Jewel in the Crown of the British EmpireVI.

Chapter 25 The Age of Western Imperialism

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Brits banned sati in india which was women burning themselves

i.

sepoy rebellion- withint the indian armyf.The brits used pig and cow greanades against the indiansg.1858 brits were back in controlh.

Transferred power from beic to brit crowni.They wanted to bring more civilization to indiaii.

Government of India Act in 1858i.

Hindus- Indian National Congress wanted to lead their own indian

In 1885. founded in bombay

Swarjay "Independence"

j.

Muslims had the Muslim league in 1887k.

US, Japan had industries which allowed them to move forward

i.

empires spread with speedii.Empires were needed for "power"iii.All of this was the spirit of the new imperialismiv.

Other people were imperialiszing too.a.

Because there were new forms of poweri.Protectorates and spheres of influenceii.A protectorate was when an official went to a foreign place to assume power there.

iii.

Spheres of influence when thye receive special commercail or legal priviledges

iv.

Why was it new?b.

Brit had direct control of france and a protectorate in egyptc.Newly united germany or somethingd.

Focusing on Africai.Something about culture being raised on the ladder o civilizatione.

There were few people involved in the new imperialismf.

The " New Imperialism" 1870-1914VII.

Debate over the west and non west worlda.

Imperialism: A study 1902 Hobsoni.His thesis is that nations overproduced and had a surplus and then they wanted the government to expand their markets giving birth to the new imperialsim

ii.

To broaden the channle for flow of their surplusiii.

Most say new imperialism was due to economicsb.

Imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalismi.Lenin- Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalismc.

New imperialism was a plethora of small actionsd.They were looking for markets; they invested in other people's colonies

e.

Nuancef.Civilizing mission- Other nations had a duty to bring "civilized life" to third world nations

g.

Nuance for the next six paragraphs. About the reasons for the new imperialism

h.

Motives for the New ImperialismVIII.

Dreyfus1.Hobson or lenin bn2.

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Hobson or lenin bn2.Herbert spencer social darwim applied it to social3.Light colour wisps4.Monet5.Aesthetic ?6.

RealismRealistic!Realizing the conceptsDaumierThird class carriage- poking fun at the class- writer: zolaDoumier- louis phillipe- and guizotGargantua- feeding louis phillipe gold

Courbet- the sower Northern renaissance

Millet- the gleaners

Monet is first- says that a painting needs to be done at one moment•Japanese influence in impressionist arrrrt•Monet Ager st lazare•Rouen cathedral•Bertha Palmer- patroness lived in the gold coast•Degas L'absinth- japanese paitings- put people off center•Mary Casatt- the cup of tea- women beimg moms•

Impressionism

Scientific base•

Van gohg○

gaugain○

Expressionisnt and romantic•

Potatoe eaters•Gaugain traveled to south pacific- polynesians•

SCIENCE

Complimentary colours•New perspective- using colour- newtonian physics•Geometric shapes•

Seurat- A Sunday on la grand jatte•

At the Moulin Rouge○

Toulouse lautrec- adverts•

Post impressionsim 1870s-1900

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Muhgal empire in india•India is very diverse- religion•They had a monopoly on cotton textiles•Brits want to control indian ocean- tea•

Battle of plassey 1757○

Sir robert Clive•

Sir william hastings•

British need to start the opium wars to get trading in china•

Disraeli is something○

He is a real liberal

Prince albert died so she always wears black○

1877 queen victoria becomes empress of india•

Thugs were mauraders in india○

Thuggers is the origin of the word thug•

Bal Gangahar Tilak•Nehru- first independent presidnet of india- friend og ghando•Muslim League•Mohammed Ali Jinnah•He says he wants to be independent from britaain after pakistan says they want to.•The great exhibition•

In three months sixmillion people visit○

The crystal Palace- the biggest greenhouse•

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Maximize control of raw materialsi.Divide and conquerii.

Scramble for Africaa.

Blab.

The Partition of AfricaI.

France moved to saharai.France had few colonies in Africaa.

Puppet monarchsi.France was protectorate over tunisiab.

Italy got Libyac.Algeria is really important to franced.Vietnam and algeria after WWIe.

Algeria cuases the end of the fourth republic Charles Degalf.

Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco and LibyaII.

American civil war cut off cotton to brit and frai.

Egypt was the richest in africa- controlled by ottomansfarmers plant cash crops

a.

Suez canal in 1869b.Khedivesc.Blad.

Led to egyptian nationalismi.

Politial and military control was purpose for Brits in egypt and control of suez canal

e.

Nile was key to business in africaf.

But fra and brit made up anywayi.Both fra and brit wanted north nileg.

Egypt and British Stategic Concern about the Upper NileIII.

Fra had too much sahara africa to get egypta.

Gold Coasti.Nigeria was most populousii.Nrits annex port of lagos 1861iii.

Sierra Leone: For freed slavesb.

West AfricaIV.

Great wealth comes with iti.Acquisition of the belgium congoa.

Undertook the expedition to the congo1)Henry Morton Stanleyi.

Belgium had not interest in coloiniesb.

Leopold's goal in congo was not social but economicJoseph Conrad- Heart of Darkness- against the horrors in the congo

c.

Media was against leopold in congod.

The Belgian CongoV.

Bismarck didn’t want colonies at first but then got them just to get better diplomatically with europe

a.

Formal partition of africa. That is what it was!i.

Berlin Conference in 1884- sought to settle the easter question

b.

German Empire in AfricaVI.

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Formal partition of africa. That is what it was!i.German imperialism suckedc.

Germans and their damn genocide. They did it in africaa.

Herereos were targeted by germans

They eliminated most of their populationb.

Genocide in South West AfricaVII.

Cape town- south africa attracted settlersa.Great Treck- moving north and east of the capeb.

Cecil Rhodesi.In order to suppress Boers Brits put them in concentration camps

ii.

Gold was discovered in transvaal and so people rushedc.

To protect the white authority they passed apartheid which was separateness that segregated Africa

i.European minorit over the african majorityd.

Southern AfricaVIII.

Russian Expansion in Mainland AsiaIX.

He did things with them•Debeers would get ninety percent of diamonds•He has to convince everyone to buy diamonds•RR from capetown to cairo•The blacks used to have the vote but they took it away•Permanent, reliable, workforce•Matabele- majority tribe- machivellian•The jamison trade•Maxim gun- the first time it would be used inmatabelle (top secret weapon)

•

Rhodes becomes prime minister of capetown•Gold was discovered in the transvaal•Rhodes resigned from prime minister- not allowed•

She owned one fifth of the population○

Diamond jubilee- sixty years on the throne•

The boer war and the spanish american war•Germany is funding the blank•The boer army had a big war•The boer revert to guerilla warfare•Industrial war and then guerilla•World's first concentration camps•Cholera•"death caps"•

Video Notes

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The brits had an influence on them?a.Tsars had control of baltic seab.Russia expanded to eastc.Russians ruled over a very diverse populationd.Russian began to refer to the rural russians as foreign; within their own state!e.

Transcaucasusi.Khazakhstan?ii.Southern middle asiaiii.

Russia expanded to three different areas of asiaf.

Russian Expansion in Mainland AsiaI.

Western Powers in AsiaII.

France had interest in indochina; for religion?a.

Soldiers went to vietnam to protect the missionaries

Reminds me of the american rev and the brit soldiersi.

French missionariesb.

Cambodia was a protectoratec.

France in AsiaIII.

Commodore Matthew Perry- led navy to japan to open marketsa.US fought spain because they wanted cubab.Protectorate over cuba and annexation of puerto ricoc.The US got Phillipines and Guam from spain- samoa too; they were an imperial country once they said they wanted hawaii too

d.

The Unites States Actions in Asia and the PacificIV.

Qing dynasty was in collapse and westerners were going to capitalze on it by opening their markets

a.

Open Door Policy- allowed all nations to trade with chinesei.America wanted some share too.b.

There was a group that resisted them- The Boxersc.They attacked diplomatic missions of the westernersd.The westerners won thoughe.

The Boxer RebellionV.

Manifest destiny for the westernersa.

Tools of ImperialismVI.

Europeans had dominance of the seasa.

Gunboat diplomacyi.Robert Fulton invented the stam boat in 1807b.

Steam boats were starting to be made out of ironc.They were good at sailing on rivers. Asian riversd.

SteamboatsVII.

These were a bif obstacle of the westernersa.Malaria problem- quinine.b.Quinine pills were their super immortality drugc.

Conquest of Tropical DiseasesVIII.

Gave the westerners huge advangatea.Rifles and bullets were esigned to be faster, straighter, fire in moist environments etcb.The Machine Gun bfg!c.Blad.

FirearmsIX.

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Blad.

Evangelicalisma.

The Missionary FactorX.

Baptist Missionary Societya.An Inquiry into the Obligations of Christians to use the Means for the conversion of the heathen 1792

b.

German protestants tooc.

Evangelical Protestant MissionariesXI.

Catholic resurgane in francei.Society for the prpagation of Faithii.

Roman catholic missiona.Roman Catholic Missionary AdvanceXII.

Missionaries were not all imperiala.Tensions Between Missionaries and Imperial AdministratorsXIII.

African churchesi.Colonial involvement led to nationlist movementsa.

Missionary movement led to a lot of publishing of stuffi.Pressuring governementsii.

Missionary goals changed a lotb.

Missionaries and Indigenous Religions MovementsXIV.

Captain James cook- went to the south pacific to watch the planet venusi.Expansion of natural knowledgea.

Blab.Botany Zoology medicine and anthropologyc.

Science and ImperialismXV.

New lands were being explored anc cultivateda.Blab.They wanted to develop useful plantsc.Kew and the Jardin de Plantesi I nparis- were cool gardensd.They had scientisits at these gardense.Introduce rubber trees to brit- they started to grow their own rubber instead of importing it.f.Blag.

BotanyXVI.

Habsburgs in vianna had cool zoosa.More diverse animals being brought backb.Galapagos birdsc.

ZoologyXVII.

Came out of necessity because of the tropical diserasesa.Heal body and soulb.

Modern medicien wanted fundingi.Louis Pasteur cure for rabiesii.

Casting out demonsc.

Yellow feverd.Medicine was a vehicle for cultural imperialisme.

MedicineXVIII.

Ever since columbues they were studying the nativesa.There werwe societies for anthroopligicalb.Some studied the brain and stuffc.Anthropology as a social science; anthropologists were ambivalent about colonialismd.Great anthropology mueaums- Museum of Mankind in parise.

AnthropologyXIX.

Free trade imperialismi.Europe technology was able to dominate the worlda.

In PerspectiveXX.

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Free trade imperialismi.The New Imperialism 1870sii.Imperialism was a power statusiii.

They were both in the same placei.Army officials looked to colonial wars for rank advancementii.

Merchants needed markets and missionaries needed sinnersb.

Blac.

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This set off a big european wari.AKA THE GREAT WAR WWIii.

Archduke Francis Ferdinand heir to austrian throne was assassinated.a.

US went into isolation; they wanted to stay neutrali.European international tensionb.

Much destruction out of WWIc.There was lots of complicated conflictd.

IntroI.

Austria was weaki.Prussia was rising again with germanya.

Emergence of the German Empire and the Alliance Systems (1873-1890)II.

He wanted to avoid more warsd so he said that germany was satisfied; no more imperialisma.Bismarck's LeadershipIII.

Brought together Germany Austria and Russiai.It failed over some warii.

Three Emporers League in 1873a.

Russians made it into a damn crisis; exaggerationb.Ottomans were forced to sue for peacec.

War in the BalkansIV.

With brit and austria and russia to review provisions of San Stefanoa.

He wanted to avoif wari.Bismarck called himself the "honest broker"b.

Russians got pissed at everyone elsei.The congress took away russian coloniesc.

Balkans also got annoyedd.

Congress of BerlinV.

Germany allied with Austria Dual Alliance agaisnt eh russiansa.The treaty worked for a while 5 years and it got renewedb.Blac.He thought that russia would never be reactionary enough to do anythingd.Agreement reduced tensions in balkans beween austria and russiae.

German Alliances with Russia and AustriaVI.

Bismarcks policy was a successi.Reinsurance treaty in 1887 in which germany and russia were to remain neutral if attacked

ii.

Italy wanted colonial expansiona.

William II in german throneb.He wanted recognition as equals with britainc.Germany was safe as long as they were in the hands og bismarckd.Russia, britain and francee.

The Triple AllianceVII.

Forgin the Triple Entente (1890-1907)VIII.

After Bismarck all of his alliances collapsed.a.He knew that ideological differences would not helpb.

Franco-Russian AllianceIX.

Britain was now back on topa.Britain and GermanyX.

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Britain was now back on topa.Germany became the enemy of britsb.Germany was jealous of brits navyc.Germany blocked the brits attempt to do stuff in cape townd.William II wanted navy too so he started building onee.But it was doomed to failf.Joseph chamberlin made attempts to ally with germanyg.

Brits ended their isolation when they ended alliance with japana.Britain had some new relationship with Franceb.

The Entente CordialeXI.

Germany tested brit and france relationshipa.Germayn flexed their musclesb.

The First Moroccan CrisisXII.

Brit became fearful ofgermany's flexinga.Two front war of france and brit realityb.Bismarck made alliances to maintain peace but they ended up making it less pracefulc.

British Agreement with RussiaXIII.

Word War IXIV.

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World War II.

Ottomans controlled balkana.

They were eager for independencei.They spoke the slavic languageb.

European jackals? What?c.The Young turks seized the ottomans in 1908d.

The Road to War 1908-1914II.

Austria and Russia teamed up against the turkeya.But they double crossed themb.Germany was unhapy because they were dependent on the dual alliancec.

The Bosnian CrisisIII.

Germans sent a gunboat to morocco to protect german interests but britains got pisseda.Brits always wanted to remain on top navallyb.Brits thouhg german were making a naval basec.

The Second Moroccan CrisisIV.

1911 Italy attacked ottomansa.Second balkan war or something.b.Austrains wanted to limit serbiansc.Some wanted an all out attack.d.Bunch of them were embarassed.e.

f.g.

War in the BalkansV.

Sarajevo and the Outbreak of Was 1914

19 year old erbian nationalist shot archduke francis ferdinand of austria; he was a memebr of the cinspiracy grou Union

a.

The guy was not popular in austra so no one caredb.

The AssassinationI.

The murder caused outrage in europea.

They gave the austrians a "blank check"i.German agreed to attack serbiab.

Specualtionc.Blad.Russia was recovering and ewould eventually gain back their powere.German support would deter russiaf.Austrains were slow to reactg.

Germany and Austria's ResponseII.

They ordred partial mobilization against austria onlyi.Russians got pissed at austriansa.

Mobilization was considered an act of war thoughb.

Some countries had a conference to avoid wari.France and Brit didn't want war.c.

If germany attacked france, brit must fightd.

Germany declared war on Russia- Schlieffen plani.Austrians countyer movilized against russiae.

This was the beginning of the great warf.German bullyingg.

Triple Entente's ResponseIII.

First balkan wara.

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German bullyingg.

Brits liked to be isolatedi.Triple ententeii.

Other cause mihgt be germany's desire to be a big powerh.

War came as a release of tension. Deadly new modern warfarea.Both sides wanted to take an offensiveb.Germany's strategist was schlieffen who wanted to sweep the belgian channel and envelope the french and crush them.

c.

This would violate belgian neutrality.d.

Strategies and Stalemate 1914-1917IV.

French underestimated germans and ov54rer estimated their owna.Both sides dug trenches and hid in themb.Assualts were expensice; brits introduced the tank which triumphed over machine gunsc.

The War in the WestV.

Germans were beating russiansi.Russians were beating the austriamsa.

Italia irredenta - the south tyroli.Both sides wanteed alliesand they got itb.

Japan honored alliance with brits and attacked germans; and they did some other stuff.c.Wisnton Churchhill wanted to get around the alliance system.d.It was a risky plan of churchill'se.

The War in the EastVI.

Woodrow wilson tried to bring peace but it didn't worka.America broke diplomacy with germany after they said they would continue submarinesb.Wilson said he wanted to make thw owrld safe for democracy.c.

America Enters the WarVII.

The Russian RevolutionVIII.

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Unexpected stuffa.

Tsar nicholas !! Collapsed in somethingi.Russsina revolution in 1917b.

March Revolution in russiac.Nicholas was weak and incompetatntd.

The Russian RevolutionI.

Strikes and worker protests in saint petersburga.Various socilalist groups all aroundb.Provisional government remained loyal to russiac.

The Provisional GovernmentII.

Bolsheviks were working against the provisional governmenta.Lenin hammered about peace, bread, and land.b.Trotsky let the petrograd soveitsc.

Lenin and the BolshviksIII.

Provisional gov decreed electionbolsheviks took rusia out of the wara.Lenin had no chouse but to accpt in the name of peaceb.White russians- opposed the revolutionc.Red russinas- those who supported revolutiond.

The Communist DisctatorshipIV.

Then the moved on to the westi.Germans controlled eastern europe and its resources like fooda.

Germany failed at breaking the westb.

The End of World War IV.

Germany tried ot give once last efforta.

Self determination for natinalitiesi.Open diplomacyii.Freedom of the seasiii.Disamramentiv.Establish of the leagure of nationsv.

Fourteen points- proposed by wilsonb.

Germany's Last OffensiveVI.

Democratic party would prevent leninismi.William II abdicateda.

There was large casualtiesb.Bla bla war in retrospectc.Changes in the colonial worldd.

The ArmisticeVII.

WWI was the end of the german austrian and russian empires and the ottoman empirea.The ottomans started neutral but the young turks made it not neutralb.

MANDATES- territories that were legally administered under the auspices of the league of nations

i.Peace treaty signed in parisc.

The End of the Ottoman EmpireVIII.

The victorious people gathered at versaiillesa.

The Settlement at ParisIX.

Nationalism was almost a secular religiona.Wilson's idealism was more pragmaticb.

Obstacles the Peacemakers FacedX.

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Wilson's idealism was more pragmaticb.Some agreements contradicted others sand thus were not honoredc.Peace without victorsd.

Paris settlement was five treatise in alla.Blab.

The PeaceXI.

The members vowed diplomacya.The League of NationsXII.

Main territorial issue was the fate of germanya.Brit and uk allied with germany after the treatyb.

GermanyXIII.

The EastXIV.

Primarily for the damage that germany dida.War guilt clause- blamed germany for everythingb.

ReparationsXV.

Changes to colonial worlda.World War I and Colonial EmpiresXVI.

Eventual dismemberment od the german empirea.Covenant of leagure of nations established mandatesb.

Redistribution of Colonies into MandatesXVII.

Colonials had a role in the WWIa.Years after the war were th e most direct involvement of the colonies.b.

Colonial ParticipationXVIII.

Colonial leaders thought that support in war would cause them to leave them alonea.Actually no, but they rejected international involvementb.Countries looked too powerful before the warc.

Impact of the Peace Settlement on Future Colonial RelationsXIX.

Countries didn't like the peace treaty because they thought it meant they have to be nice to the other countries

a.

"It was not peace without victors"b.

Evaluation the PeaceXX.

Economic consequnces of the Peace- attacke reparations; he hated the treaty of versailles and called wilson a dummy

i.John Keynes was the most critical of it.a.

Brits became suspicious of france.b.But the attacks on the treaty were unjustified. Isn't that a bias of the aurthor of the book?c.

The Economic Consequnces of the PeaceXXI.

Since the treaty dissolved austria this meant that a bunch of trade routes were now messed up.

a.

Germans felt that they shouldn't have to admit defeat.b.

Devisive New Boundaries and Tariff WallsXXII.

The treaty left out germany and russia from the leagure of nations and they werw important.

a.

The treaty wasn't good enough to resolve the war and it wasn't good enough to prevent another war.

b.

Failure to Accpet RealityXXIII.

Lots of alliances under Germanyi.After Bismarck Wilhelm came and he was really imperialistii.

Unification of germany in 1871 transformed euro international ordrera.

the assassination of the archduke caused a conflict that could not be contained.i.Many diplomatic crises over the balksans and stuffb.

United states entered the wari.Military stalematec.

In PerspectiveXXIV.

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United states entered the wari.

Establsihed the league of nationsi.

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Paris Peace Conference in 1919 they redrew tha map of europed.

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