AP REVIEW PART I

COLONIZATION TO

RECONSTRUCTION

Pre-Colonial AmericaPre-Colonial America

• Conquistadors – 3 G’sConquistadors – 3 G’s• Smallpox and the start of slavery leads Smallpox and the start of slavery leads

to…….deaths of millions of Nativesto…….deaths of millions of Natives• In the new global economic system Europe In the new global economic system Europe

has everything:has everything:– LaborLabor– TechnologyTechnology– MarketsMarkets– CapitalCapital– BUT?BUT?

Early English SettlementsEarly English Settlements

• Jamestown – 1607 (Virginia Company)Jamestown – 1607 (Virginia Company)– First successful settlement** First successful settlement**

• Joint-stock company: a group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the king

• English not prepared – high death rates from starvation and disease (wife jerky)

• Indian relations – one sided benefit

Growth of Virginia Growth of Virginia (Chesapeake Region)(Chesapeake Region)

• John Rolfe – King tobacco John Rolfe – King tobacco • Impacts of successImpacts of success

– Creates need for more land = end of Indians Creates need for more land = end of Indians (What was this last War called?)(What was this last War called?)

– Creates need for more labor = indentured Creates need for more labor = indentured servantsservants

– Profitability draws more colonistsProfitability draws more colonists– Begins southern single crop dependenceBegins southern single crop dependence– Irony of 1619Irony of 1619

• Virginia House of Burgess (first step to self-gov)Virginia House of Burgess (first step to self-gov)• First shipment of African slavesFirst shipment of African slaves

Pilgrims and Mass Bay Pilgrims and Mass Bay CompanyCompany

• Puritan movement in England creates Puritan movement in England creates need for new religionneed for new religion– Separatists leave England to create a Separatists leave England to create a

new community in the Americas – new community in the Americas – Mayflower 1620Mayflower 1620

– Mayflower Compact – governments Mayflower Compact – governments power comes from the consent of the power comes from the consent of the governedgoverned

Mass Bay ColonyMass Bay Colony• Congregationalists (change church from within ) Congregationalists (change church from within )

form larger colony in 1629 (better funded & form larger colony in 1629 (better funded & prepared)prepared)

• Congregationalists and Separatists do not Congregationalists and Separatists do not tolerate religious freedom (IRONIC?)tolerate religious freedom (IRONIC?)

• *Roger Williams banished (creates Rhode Island)*Roger Williams banished (creates Rhode Island)– Two big things about RITwo big things about RI

• Religious freedom for allReligious freedom for all• Very DemocraticVery Democratic

• Anne Hutchinson banished for preaching Anne Hutchinson banished for preaching antinomianism (belief that those predestined antinomianism (belief that those predestined need not obey secular laws)need not obey secular laws)

City Upon a Hill – John City Upon a Hill – John WinthropWinthrop

• American exceptionalism is the idea American exceptionalism is the idea that the United States and the that the United States and the American people hold a special place American people hold a special place in the world, by offering opportunity in the world, by offering opportunity and hope for humanity, derived from and hope for humanity, derived from a unique balance of public and a unique balance of public and private interests governed by private interests governed by constitutional ideals that are focused constitutional ideals that are focused on personal and economic freedom.on personal and economic freedom.

Growth of American SlaveryGrowth of American Slavery

• Indentured ServantsIndentured Servants– Primary source of labor until Bacon’s rebellion Primary source of labor until Bacon’s rebellion

(why did they rebel?)(why did they rebel?)

• African SlavesAfrican Slaves– Initially expensive with similar contracts to Initially expensive with similar contracts to

indentured servantsindentured servants– Develops into ‘modern’ version with Develops into ‘modern’ version with

elimination of rights and permanent elimination of rights and permanent (hereditary) status as property(hereditary) status as property

– Legal in all colonies by 1700Legal in all colonies by 1700

Development of Proprietary Development of Proprietary Colonies (Gifts from the King)Colonies (Gifts from the King)• Maryland – Lord Baltimore (Catholic) – created as Maryland – Lord Baltimore (Catholic) – created as

a haven for Catholics became partially tolerant of a haven for Catholics became partially tolerant of Protestants (1649)Protestants (1649)

• Pennsylvania – William Penn and the QuakersPennsylvania – William Penn and the Quakers– Pacifist, tolerant (religious and Native American) Pacifist, tolerant (religious and Native American)

• Carolina Carolina – North Carolina (resembles Virginia but more democratic)North Carolina (resembles Virginia but more democratic)– South Carolina – settled by Englishmen from Barbados – South Carolina – settled by Englishmen from Barbados –

slave trade risesslave trade rises• Eventually most proprietary colonies returned to Eventually most proprietary colonies returned to

royal ownershiproyal ownership– NE Confederation NE Confederation (what was the purpose???)(what was the purpose???) leads to leads to

Dominion of NEDominion of NE

More ColoniesMore Colonies

• New York – Had been New New York – Had been New Netherland until Dutch were Netherland until Dutch were overtakenovertaken

• Georgia – Debtor colony created to Georgia – Debtor colony created to allow repayment through workallow repayment through work

Regional Differences Regional Differences

• Southern Southern – Anglican, single crop, rural, labor dependent, Anglican, single crop, rural, labor dependent,

shorter life spanshorter life span

• New EnglandNew England– Most religious, urban & rural combination, Most religious, urban & rural combination,

diverse economy, longer life span, lowest labor diverse economy, longer life span, lowest labor needsneeds

• MiddleMiddle– Truly middle, tolerant, independent, diverse Truly middle, tolerant, independent, diverse

economy, lower labor needseconomy, lower labor needs

Practice QuizPractice Quiz

Relationship between the Relationship between the Colonies and BritainColonies and Britain

• Policy of salutary neglect stimulates Policy of salutary neglect stimulates autonomy and self-government while fueling autonomy and self-government while fueling mercantilism mercantilism (what is this?) (how did the (what is this?) (how did the British government enforce?)British government enforce?)

• European struggles for power move to European struggles for power move to AmericaAmerica– French Indian War French Indian War (fought for control over?)(fought for control over?)– Albany Plan Albany Plan (purpose?)(purpose?)– Treaty of Paris 1763 Treaty of Paris 1763 (outcome for France?)(outcome for France?)– Proclamation of 1763 Proclamation of 1763 (angers the colonists – (angers the colonists –

why?)why?)

Pre-Revolution IssuesPre-Revolution Issues

• Acts for RevenueActs for Revenue– Sugar Act (1Sugar Act (1stst))– Stamp Act (Most Stamp Act (Most

protest)protest)– Townshend ActsTownshend Acts

• Acts for ControlActs for Control– Quartering ActQuartering Act– Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act– Intolerable ActIntolerable Act

• Colonial responsesColonial responses– Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress– Boston MassacreBoston Massacre– Sons of libertySons of liberty– Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea Party– Committees of Committees of

correspondencecorrespondence– First / Second First / Second

Continental Continental CongressCongress

Outcomes of American Outcomes of American RevolutionRevolution

• Treaty of Paris 1783Treaty of Paris 1783– Independence / Territory / Resumption of TradeIndependence / Territory / Resumption of Trade

• New GovernmentNew Government– Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

• Weak = no executive, no power to tax, collect, or Weak = no executive, no power to tax, collect, or borrow, no power to regulate trade (BIG)borrow, no power to regulate trade (BIG)

– NW OrdinanceNW Ordinance• Why is this important in the long run?Why is this important in the long run?

• Problems lead to Constitutional ConventionProblems lead to Constitutional Convention

Creation of a ConstitutionCreation of a Constitution

• Compromise = KeyCompromise = Key– NJ Plan: Articles of Conf with more powerNJ Plan: Articles of Conf with more power– VA Plan: Three branches, bicameral leg, VA Plan: Three branches, bicameral leg,

proportional repsproportional reps– Great (Connecticut) Compromise: Great (Connecticut) Compromise:

Proportional rep + uniform repProportional rep + uniform rep– 3/5 Compromise: Settles rep and tax 3/5 Compromise: Settles rep and tax

status of slavesstatus of slaves– No slave discussion till 1807No slave discussion till 1807

Adoption of the ConstitutionAdoption of the Constitution

• Federalist vs. AntifederalistFederalist vs. Antifederalist

• Bill of Rights Bill of Rights (protect who from what?)(protect who from what?)

• GW – First PresidentGW – First President– Jefferson vs. Hamilton Jefferson vs. Hamilton

• Interpretation of the Constitution Interpretation of the Constitution (strict vs. (strict vs. loose)loose)

•Assumption, National Bank, Assumption, National Bank, (challenge what?)(challenge what?)

•Formation of two-party systemFormation of two-party system

#2 John Adams#2 John Adams

• Federalist AgendaFederalist Agenda– Characteristics of a FederalistCharacteristics of a Federalist

• Interpretation? Foreign relations? Interpretation? Foreign relations?

– Peace (X,Y,Z and Convention of 1800)Peace (X,Y,Z and Convention of 1800)– Eliminate opposition (Alien & Sedition)Eliminate opposition (Alien & Sedition)

•KY / VA resolutions = nullificationKY / VA resolutions = nullification

– Pack the courts (Judiciary Act of 1801)Pack the courts (Judiciary Act of 1801)•Marbury v. Madison establishes the principle of Marbury v. Madison establishes the principle of

??

#3 Thomas Jefferson#3 Thomas Jefferson

• Revolution of 1800Revolution of 1800

• Legacy Legacy – Louisiana Purchase / Lewis & ClarkLouisiana Purchase / Lewis & Clark– Leaves federalist programs intactLeaves federalist programs intact– Leaves problem with France/Britain to Leaves problem with France/Britain to

Madison (Embargo of 1807 – Madison (Embargo of 1807 – causes causes what?)what?)

#4 James Madison /#5 James #4 James Madison /#5 James MonroeMonroe

• MADISONMADISON• Macon’s Bill No 2 Macon’s Bill No 2 • War of 1812War of 1812

– Who supports?Who supports?– Who doesn’t?Who doesn’t?

• Treaty of GhentTreaty of Ghent• Tariff of 1816 Tariff of 1816

– Goal?Goal?

• MONROEMONROE• Henry Clay – Henry Clay –

American SystemAmerican System– Components?Components?

• Panic of 1819Panic of 1819• Era of Good FeelingsEra of Good Feelings

– Purpose of the name?Purpose of the name?

• Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise• Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

#6 John Quincy Adams#6 John Quincy Adams

– Corrupt Bargain Corrupt Bargain (Why named?)(Why named?)• (Clay = Sec of State)(Clay = Sec of State)

– Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abomination)Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abomination)• Political football – Scheme to create lose/lose for AdamsPolitical football – Scheme to create lose/lose for Adams• NE oks to protect industryNE oks to protect industry• South deeply upset – major consumers of South deeply upset – major consumers of

manufactured goodsmanufactured goods• Potential intrusion into slavery – loss of prestige/power Potential intrusion into slavery – loss of prestige/power

in federal governmentin federal government– Calhoun authors “The Exposition” – VP Calhoun authors “The Exposition” – VP

(argument for?)(argument for?)– Policies increase voter turnout and create the Policies increase voter turnout and create the

“Era of the Common Man” “Era of the Common Man” (return to the ideals (return to the ideals of?)of?)

#7 Andrew Jackson#7 Andrew Jackson

• IdealsIdeals– JeffersonianJeffersonian– Rags to richesRags to riches– Spoils systemSpoils system– Executive Executive

leadershipleadership– Union firstUnion first

• ActionsActions– Nullification crisis Nullification crisis

(over what?)(over what?)• SC vs. USSC vs. US

– Indian relocationIndian relocation• Role of the Supreme Role of the Supreme

CourtCourt

– Bank of USBank of US

1830s-1860:1830s-1860:Westward Expansion & Westward Expansion & Sectionalism Sectionalism • Aroostook War Aroostook War (who vs. who?)(who vs. who?)• Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny (what is this?)(what is this?) • Why was Oregon annexed peacefully, Why was Oregon annexed peacefully,

but not Texas? but not Texas? (why did it take so (why did it take so long for Texas to be a state?)long for Texas to be a state?)

• Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (who (who got what?)got what?)

• Wilmot ProvisoWilmot Proviso (purpose?) (purpose?)

Presidents #8-15Presidents #8-15

• MVBMVB

• HarrisonHarrison

• TylerTyler

• Polk Polk (best example (best example of?)of?)

• TaylorTaylor

• Fillmore Fillmore

• PiercePierce

• BuchananBuchanan

People and EventsPeople and Events

Second Great Second Great Awakening Awakening (sets the (sets the foundation for?)foundation for?)

• • Mormons Mormons (why (why persecuted?)persecuted?)• • Joseph Smith Joseph Smith • • Brigham Young Brigham Young

• Utopian Utopian communitiescommunities(desire for?)(desire for?)

• • Seneca Falls Seneca Falls Convention (1848) Convention (1848) (purpose?)(purpose?)

• Cult of domesticity Cult of domesticity (who, what?)(who, what?)

• Noah WebsterNoah Webster (contribution?)(contribution?)

• Horace MannHorace Mann (goal of (goal of public education?)public education?)

More People and EventsMore People and Events

William Lloyd Garrison William Lloyd Garrison • • The Liberator The Liberator • • Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass • • Harriet Tubman Harriet Tubman • • Sojourner Truth Sojourner Truth • • Whigs Whigs • • Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny • • Stephen Austin Stephen Austin • • Sam Houston Sam Houston • • Santa Ana Santa Ana • • Webster-Ashburton Treaty Webster-Ashburton Treaty

(1842) (1842)

Gold Rush Gold Rush • • Samuel F. B. Morse Samuel F. B. Morse • • Compromise of 1850 Compromise of 1850 • • Fugitive Slave Law Fugitive Slave Law • • Underground Railroad Underground Railroad • • Harriet Beecher Stowe Harriet Beecher Stowe • • Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) • • Know-Nothings Know-Nothings • Dred Scott DecisionDred Scott Decision

The Peculiar InstitutionThe Peculiar Institution• • Slavery from the viewpoint of the slave, the Slavery from the viewpoint of the slave, the

slaveholder, and the non-slaveholding white slaveholder, and the non-slaveholding white Southerner. Southerner.

• • The issue of slavery in the territories. The issue of slavery in the territories. • • Compare the black struggle to achieve freedom with Compare the black struggle to achieve freedom with

the abolitionist struggle to free slaves. the abolitionist struggle to free slaves. • • Blacks in the North: 1790-1860. Blacks in the North: 1790-1860. • • William Lloyd Garrison-->hero or villain of the William Lloyd Garrison-->hero or villain of the

antislavery movement. antislavery movement. • • The Civil War began with the Mexican War!? The Civil War began with the Mexican War!? • • Northerners objected not to slaves but to the political Northerners objected not to slaves but to the political

and economic power and influence slavery gave the and economic power and influence slavery gave the slaveholder in the national government. slaveholder in the national government.

• • Event, person, or place as a symbol of North-South Event, person, or place as a symbol of North-South division, such as Bleeding Kansas, John Brown, or the division, such as Bleeding Kansas, John Brown, or the Crittenden Compromise. Crittenden Compromise.

• • Southern grievances against the North. Southern grievances against the North.

The Peculiar Institution IIThe Peculiar Institution II• • North-South economic differences before the Civil War North-South economic differences before the Civil War

that continued unresolved after it. that continued unresolved after it. • • The 1850s-->a decade of political sectionalism and The 1850s-->a decade of political sectionalism and

economic nationalism. economic nationalism. • • Role of the Supreme Court in the Civil War and Role of the Supreme Court in the Civil War and

Reconstruction. Reconstruction. • • Breakdown of both the Whig and Democratic parties in Breakdown of both the Whig and Democratic parties in

the 1850s and rise of the third party system. the 1850s and rise of the third party system. • • Struggle between the president and Congress for Struggle between the president and Congress for

dominant political power within the federal government, dominant political power within the federal government, 1850-1868. 1850-1868.

• • States’ rights from 1790-1860 for all the sections. States’ rights from 1790-1860 for all the sections. • • When did the Civil War become inevitable and why? When did the Civil War become inevitable and why? • • What causes of the Civil War were resolved by the Civil What causes of the Civil War were resolved by the Civil

War and Reconstruction? War and Reconstruction? • • Was the Republican Party consistent in its policies from Was the Republican Party consistent in its policies from

the 1850s to 1877? the 1850s to 1877? • • Accomplishments and failures of Reconstruction. Accomplishments and failures of Reconstruction.