Reconstruction of the SouthReconstruction of the South1865-18771865-1877

AP U.S. HistoryAP U.S. History

Devastated SouthDevastated South

Robbed of property.Robbed of property. Wealth diminishes from 25% (1860) to 12% Wealth diminishes from 25% (1860) to 12%

(1870).(1870). More racist than ever.More racist than ever. Notions of class & honor are altered. Notions of class & honor are altered.

Plans for Reconstruction: LincolnPlans for Reconstruction: Lincoln 1863: “Ten Percent Plan”1863: “Ten Percent Plan” Respected private property Respected private property Opposed harsh punishment for rebellion. Opposed harsh punishment for rebellion.

– Full pardon & restoration of property after swearing an oath Full pardon & restoration of property after swearing an oath of allegiance to US and ALL laws. of allegiance to US and ALL laws.

– After 10% of the voters take the oath in that state they could After 10% of the voters take the oath in that state they could establish a state government. establish a state government.

Goal: Get white support for EP and shorten Goal: Get white support for EP and shorten reconstruction period. reconstruction period.

Angers radical republicans. Angers radical republicans. – AR and LA follow the 10% and congress refuses to seat their AR and LA follow the 10% and congress refuses to seat their

reps. in congress reps. in congress

Wade-Davis Bill-1864(Congressional Wade-Davis Bill-1864(Congressional Plan)Plan)

Radical Republicans: Lincoln is being too soft.Radical Republicans: Lincoln is being too soft.– 50% before they can have a state convention to 50% before they can have a state convention to

rewrite the constitution. rewrite the constitution. – Transform southern society. Transform southern society. – Give blacks equality but not suffrage. Give blacks equality but not suffrage.

Lincoln pocket vetoes.Lincoln pocket vetoes.

Plans for “Restoration”: JohnsonPlans for “Restoration”: Johnson Blame planter elite and not the whole state for the war. Blame planter elite and not the whole state for the war. Mild reentry terms for states. Amnesty and pardon Mild reentry terms for states. Amnesty and pardon

(1865, Spring) restoration of property to all who (1865, Spring) restoration of property to all who pledged to US.pledged to US.– Southerners, mostly major confederate officials and wealthy Southerners, mostly major confederate officials and wealthy

land owners were excluded but could apply for a pardon. land owners were excluded but could apply for a pardon. – Averages 100 pardons a day (90% of those who apply). Averages 100 pardons a day (90% of those who apply).

Congress was not in session when he instituted this Congress was not in session when he instituted this plan. plan. – Restoration: Fall, 1865, 10 of eleven states claim to have Restoration: Fall, 1865, 10 of eleven states claim to have

followed his orders. followed his orders. – Congress is angry.Congress is angry.

Plans for Reconstruction: Plans for Reconstruction: Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans

Reconstruction is congresses job. Reconstruction is congresses job. – Career has been shaped by the slave controversy. Career has been shaped by the slave controversy.

Alter society of South. Alter society of South. – Confiscate 400 million acres and redistribute to Confiscate 400 million acres and redistribute to

freed men and yeoman farmers. freed men and yeoman farmers. – If you leave your job before contract expires you If you leave your job before contract expires you

can be arrested by any white person. can be arrested by any white person. – Free labor, universal education and equal rights. Free labor, universal education and equal rights. – Johnson’s plan has allowed elite to take hold. Johnson’s plan has allowed elite to take hold. – Black codes reinforce discrimination.Black codes reinforce discrimination.

Radical Republicans (Cont.)Radical Republicans (Cont.) Spring 1866 Civil Rights Bill: Full citizenship for Spring 1866 Civil Rights Bill: Full citizenship for

blacks, overturned blacks, overturned DredDred and black codes. and black codes. – Equal protection under the law. Equal protection under the law. – Johnson vetoes bill. Government lacks jurisdiction over the Johnson vetoes bill. Government lacks jurisdiction over the

11 unrepresented states. 11 unrepresented states. – Congress overrides vetoes. Congress overrides vetoes.

Freedman's BureauFreedman's Bureau– Aid refugees (slaves & poor whites).Aid refugees (slaves & poor whites).– Controlled confiscated land.Controlled confiscated land.– Give slaves autonomy.Give slaves autonomy.– to provide for education, & job skills.to provide for education, & job skills.– Hurt by budget cuts disbanded by 1872.Hurt by budget cuts disbanded by 1872.

Pass 14Pass 14thth Amendment: defined citizenship. Amendment: defined citizenship.

Congressional ReconstructionCongressional Reconstruction

Override Johnson’s vetoes and pass First Override Johnson’s vetoes and pass First Reconstruction Act.Reconstruction Act.– Divides south into 5 military districts. Subject to martial law.Divides south into 5 military districts. Subject to martial law.– Call new constitutional conventions, with representatives Call new constitutional conventions, with representatives

elected by universal manhood suffrage.elected by universal manhood suffrage.– Must ratify 14Must ratify 14thth Amendment and guarantee blacks the right Amendment and guarantee blacks the right

to vote.to vote.

Eligible for readmission into the Union.Eligible for readmission into the Union. Congress also empowered the military to administer Congress also empowered the military to administer

voter registration and an loyalty oath to U.S.voter registration and an loyalty oath to U.S.

Reconstruction of the South, Reconstruction of the South, 1866–18771866–1877

Congress v. JohnsonCongress v. Johnson Tenure of Office Act: Congressional control of Tenure of Office Act: Congressional control of

reappointments and successions.reappointments and successions. Johnson violates act and House votes to impeach him Johnson violates act and House votes to impeach him

(1868).(1868).– Charged with 11 counts of high crimes and misdemeanors.Charged with 11 counts of high crimes and misdemeanors.

The House wants Johnson out because he does not agree with The House wants Johnson out because he does not agree with them. them.

– Johnson agrees to Reconstruction Acts and Senate votes 35 Johnson agrees to Reconstruction Acts and Senate votes 35 to 19 (one vote short).to 19 (one vote short).

Set precedent that president may only be impeached Set precedent that president may only be impeached for criminal actions, not political disagreements.for criminal actions, not political disagreements.

Election of 1868Election of 1868

Republicans nominate Ulysses S. Grant.Republicans nominate Ulysses S. Grant.– Campaign does not endorse black suffrage in North Campaign does not endorse black suffrage in North

(fails in 8 Northern states).(fails in 8 Northern states).– Successful in IA & MN.Successful in IA & MN.

Democrats nominate Horatio Seymour.Democrats nominate Horatio Seymour.– Goal is to overturn Reconstruction.Goal is to overturn Reconstruction.– Get rid of Freedman’s Bureau & all “instruments of Get rid of Freedman’s Bureau & all “instruments of

black supremacy.”black supremacy.” KKK (1866) begins its reign of terror.KKK (1866) begins its reign of terror.

– SC, AK, GA, & LA white & black Republicans are SC, AK, GA, & LA white & black Republicans are whipped and murdered to prevent them from voting.whipped and murdered to prevent them from voting.

Election of 1868 (Cont.)Election of 1868 (Cont.)

Grant wins by 300K votes (214 to 80).Grant wins by 300K votes (214 to 80).– 500K blacks voted for Grant illustrating their political 500K blacks voted for Grant illustrating their political

clout.clout.

Feb 1869: 15Feb 1869: 15thth Amendment is passed. Amendment is passed.– Remaining rebel states must ratify 14Remaining rebel states must ratify 14 thth & 15 & 15thth (MS, (MS,

TX & VA).TX & VA).

Technically Reconstruction, politically, is over.Technically Reconstruction, politically, is over.

WomenWomen Frustrated by 14Frustrated by 14thth & 15 & 15thth Amendments. Amendments. S.B. Anthony, & E.C. Stanton found American S.B. Anthony, & E.C. Stanton found American

Equal Rights Assoc. In 1866.Equal Rights Assoc. In 1866.– Republican Party & abolitionists remove support Republican Party & abolitionists remove support

from women’s movement.from women’s movement.

Lucy Stone & Frederick Douglass agree that, Lucy Stone & Frederick Douglass agree that, “this hour belongs to the negro.”“this hour belongs to the negro.”

Freed PeopleFreed People 2 pillars of their life (family & church) desire 2 pillars of their life (family & church) desire

economic, political & cultural autonomy.economic, political & cultural autonomy.– Change gender roles. Change gender roles.

Women stay out of field work and devote more time to Women stay out of field work and devote more time to children. Eventually had to continue to labor to make a children. Eventually had to continue to labor to make a living.living.

Black: Love freedom but must learn to make Black: Love freedom but must learn to make decisions on their own.decisions on their own.

White: Cannot understand why slaves want to White: Cannot understand why slaves want to leave.leave.

Making a LivingMaking a Living

Money or share wage: Work in large gangs in a Money or share wage: Work in large gangs in a plantation and paid with a share of the crop of in cash.plantation and paid with a share of the crop of in cash.

Sharecropping: Family is responsible for a plot of land Sharecropping: Family is responsible for a plot of land breaking large plantations into family sized farms.breaking large plantations into family sized farms.– Planters like sharecropping. Stabilizes workforce.Planters like sharecropping. Stabilizes workforce.

Tenant farming: paying a rent to land owner.Tenant farming: paying a rent to land owner. Majority do not achieve independence or land Majority do not achieve independence or land

ownership. ownership. Ultimately remain subordinate culture.Ultimately remain subordinate culture.

Southern Sharecropping and the Southern Sharecropping and the Cotton Belt, 1880Cotton Belt, 1880

PoliticsPolitics

Inclusion is the goal of political activity.Inclusion is the goal of political activity. 1865-66: Mass organization: parades, meeting 1865-66: Mass organization: parades, meeting

and participation.and participation. Delegates at statewide conventions.Delegates at statewide conventions. 1867: Registered by the military: 735K.1867: Registered by the military: 735K. Less than half white voters participate in Less than half white voters participate in

statewide elections, 4/5’s of African Americans statewide elections, 4/5’s of African Americans participate.participate.

Politics (Cont.)Politics (Cont.)

Republicans split into African Americans, Republicans split into African Americans, scalawags and carpetbaggers.scalawags and carpetbaggers.

Dominate 10 southern state constitutional Dominate 10 southern state constitutional conventions.conventions.

Constitutions:Constitutions:– Political & civil rights form blacks.Political & civil rights form blacks.– Abolish property qualifications for office holding and Abolish property qualifications for office holding and

jury duty. jury duty. – State funded education, establish penitentiaries, State funded education, establish penitentiaries,

orphanages and asylums.orphanages and asylums.

The Barrow Plantation, Oglethorpe The Barrow Plantation, Oglethorpe County, Georgia, 1860 and 1881County, Georgia, 1860 and 1881

White Resistance-KKKWhite Resistance-KKK Southerners refuse legitimacy of Republicans.Southerners refuse legitimacy of Republicans. Flog, beat & murder freed people. Flog, beat & murder freed people.

– Goal is intimidation in the name of racial order.Goal is intimidation in the name of racial order.– Easter 1873, LA: 100 African Americans murdered in courthouse during Easter 1873, LA: 100 African Americans murdered in courthouse during

a contested election.a contested election. Federal Enforcement Acts to counter racial terrorism. Federal Enforcement Acts to counter racial terrorism.

– KKK Act of 1871: Violent infringement on civil & political rights a federal KKK Act of 1871: Violent infringement on civil & political rights a federal crime. crime.

– Civil Rights Act 1875: Outlaws racial discrimination in theaters, hotels Civil Rights Act 1875: Outlaws racial discrimination in theaters, hotels RR and public places. RR and public places.

1874: Democrats have majority in House for first time since 1874: Democrats have majority in House for first time since 1856. 1856. – Win on platform of blaming Republicans for spending. Win on platform of blaming Republicans for spending. – Begin to “Begin to “redeemredeem” one state after another. ” one state after another.

1883: CRA is unconstitutional. Private individuals can 1883: CRA is unconstitutional. Private individuals can discriminate, but states cannot. discriminate, but states cannot. Officially ends federal attempt Officially ends federal attempt to protect AA rights. to protect AA rights.

Depression of 1873Depression of 1873

Post war boom comes to a halt.Post war boom comes to a halt. Result of commercial overexpansion and speculation Result of commercial overexpansion and speculation

in the RR industry.in the RR industry.– 1876: ½ RR’s had defaulted.1876: ½ RR’s had defaulted.– Over 100 banks fold.Over 100 banks fold.– 18,000 businesses close.18,000 businesses close.

Lasts 65 months.Lasts 65 months.– Unemployment rises to 15%. NYC is 25%.Unemployment rises to 15%. NYC is 25%.– Public works jobs are rejected. Public works jobs are rejected. – Workers & farmers question free-labor and class division.Workers & farmers question free-labor and class division.

The Election of 1876The Election of 1876

Election of 1876Election of 1876 Grant’s administration involved in the “whiskey ring” Grant’s administration involved in the “whiskey ring”

scheme.scheme. NY Gov. Samuel Tilden wins democrat nomination.NY Gov. Samuel Tilden wins democrat nomination. Rutherford B. Hayes runs on Republican ticket.Rutherford B. Hayes runs on Republican ticket. Electoral Dispute:Electoral Dispute:

– Republicans dispute 20 electoral votes from FL, LA, SC & Republicans dispute 20 electoral votes from FL, LA, SC & OR.OR.

– 3 southern states send two different electoral votes.3 southern states send two different electoral votes.– OR Hayes won but the Democratic governor replaced OR Hayes won but the Democratic governor replaced

Republican elector with a Democrat.Republican elector with a Democrat. Electoral Commission appointed & votes on partisan Electoral Commission appointed & votes on partisan

lines.lines. Hayes wins by 8 to 7 Democrats threaten to filibuster.Hayes wins by 8 to 7 Democrats threaten to filibuster.

Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877

Federal money for southern internal Federal money for southern internal improvementsimprovements

Noninterference or “home rule.”Noninterference or “home rule.” Southerner appointed to Hayes’ cabinet.Southerner appointed to Hayes’ cabinet. Remove federal troops from south.Remove federal troops from south.

– Effectively abandoned freed people, carpetbaggers, Effectively abandoned freed people, carpetbaggers, scalawags & Radicals.scalawags & Radicals.

– Nullified 14Nullified 14thth & 15 & 15thth Amendments & CRA of 1866. Amendments & CRA of 1866.