Upload
others
View
2
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
Activating Strategy
• List 2 basic characteristics of Animals that are
shared with Plants:
• List 2 basic characteristics of the Animals that
are different from the Plants:
AP Lesson #77
EQ: How do animals monitor a changing
environment while maintaining a constant
internal environment?
What are the levels of structural organization of living things?
• Structural Hierarchy
– Atoms � Molecules � Organelles � Cells
• Cells are the lowest level of organization that can live independently (ex. paramecium)
2
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
sponges jellyfish flatworms roundworms
Nematoda
Mollusca Arthropoda Chordata
Annelida Echinodermata
mollusks
multicellularity
Ancestral Protist
tissues
bilateral symmetry
body cavity
segmentation
Complexity drives Animal Evolution
coelom
starfish vertebrates
endoskeleton
segmentedworms
insectsspiders
backbone
specialization & ↑↑↑↑ body complexity
specialized structure & function,muscle & nerve tissue
distinct body plan; cephalization
↑ body complexity
↑↑↑↑ digestive & repro sys
↑↑↑↑ digestive system
↑↑↑↑ body size
redundancy,
specialization, ↑↑↑↑ mobility
↑ body & brain
size, ↑↑↑↑ mobility
radial
bilateral
What role to cells play in more complex animals?
• Animals are complex systems of cells working
together to maintain a constant internal environment
How are cells able to accomplish this?
• Multicellular Hierarchy
– Cells � Tissue � Organs � Organ Systems
• Tissues –
– Group of cells with common structure and function (4 types)
– Epithelial (protective)
– Connective (bone, blood)
– Nervous (communication)
– Muscle (response)
3
Epithelial Tissue
Cuboidal
epithelium
Simplecolumnarepithelium
Pseudostratified
ciliated
columnar
epithelium
Stratifiedsquamousepithelium
Simplesquamous
epithelium
Connective Tissue
Collagenous fiber
Looseconnective
tissue
Elastic fiber12
0 µ
m
Cartilage
Chondrocytes
10
0 µ
m
Chondroitinsulfate
Adiposetissue
Fat droplets
15
0 µ
m
White blood cells
55
µm
Plasma Red bloodcells
Blood
Nuclei
Fibrousconnective
tissue
30
µm
Osteon
Bone
Central canal
70
0 µ
m
Muscle Tissue
50 µmSkeletalmuscle
Multiplenuclei
Muscle fiber
Sarcomere
100 µm
Smoothmuscle
Cardiac muscle
Nucleus
Musclefibers
25 µm
Nucleus Intercalateddisk
4
Glial cells
Nervous Tissue
15 µm
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Neuron
Axons
Blood vessel
40 µm
How do tissues interact in animals?
• Organs –
– Groups of different
kinds of tissues with common function (ex. Heart)
• Organ system –
– Group of different organs working
together for a common function (ex. Digestive
System)
What is the main goal of all animal body systems?
• Maintaining Homeostasis
• Feedback Control
– Negative Feedback
• Receptor senses change � Integrator evaluates change � Effector corrects the conditions
• Continues until conditions are back to normal (ex. Sugar uptake regulation by Insulin)
– Positive Feedback
• Action intensifies a condition � beyond normal limits
• Ex. Childbirth (labor contractions)
5
How do animals regulate body temperature?
• Ectotherm– Obtain body heat from
their environment
– Ex. Invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, and fish
• Endotherms– Generate their own
body heat and maintain a constant internal temperature
– Ex. Mammals
Which are Ecto or Endo?
What adaptations help Endotherms regulate body temperature?
• Insulation
– Hair, Feathers, and Fat control heat loss
• Behavior Responses
– Feeding patterns and daily activities
• Cooling by evaporation
– Body heat is removed as water evaporates (ex. Sweating)
6
• Warming by metabolism
– Muscle contraction and metabolic activities
generate heat (ex. Shivering)
• Adjusting Surface Area
– Changing the flow of blood that flows to the extremities
(vasoconstriction or vasodilation)
Summarizing Strategy• Four Box Synectics
– Name four common everyday objects
– Work in pairs to tell how Animals are like these four everyday objects
7
Assessment
• HW: Study for Plant Unit Test