1 Intro to Physiology

7/30/2019 1 Intro to Physiology

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INTRODUCTION

THE HUMAN BODY AND PHYSIOLOGY


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Course Objectives and Goals

Identify and explain the physiology of:

Integumentary System Musculoskeletal System

Nervous System

The Senses

Endocrine System (hormone production and release) Cardiovascular System

Immune System

Digestive System

Urinary System Reproductive System and Birth


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THE HUMAN

BODY

Anatomy understanding the structure of thebody

Physiologyunderstanding the function of the

body Homeostasis when thinking about

physiology, keep in mind homeostasis, the

body is constantly trying to maintain balance


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LEVELS OF

ORGANIZATION

Chemical Level - smallest part includes atoms (tiny buildingblocks of matter), molecules (combination of atoms)

Cellular - molecules combine to form cells, smallest unit ofliving things (Basic structural and functional unit of an

organism) Tissue - group of cells and the surrounding material

Organ - different tissues joined together

System - related organs with a common function

Organism - largest level, any living individual


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Figure 1.1


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BASIC LIFE PROCESSES

Metabolism - sum of all chemical processesthat occur in the body

Catabolism - the breakdown of complex

substances into simpler components Anabolism - the building up of complex simple

to complex substances

Responsiveness - the bodys ability to detectand respond to change


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BASIC LIFE PROCESSES

Movement -motion of the body

Growth - increase in body size that results from an

increase in the size of existing cells

Differentiation - development of a cell from anunspecialized to a specialized state

Reproduction - formation of new cells for tissue

growth, repair or replacement or to the productionof a new individual


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Survival Needs

1. Nutrients chemicals needed for energy and cell building

e.g. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

2. Oxygen

necessary for chemical reactions

3. Water makes up 6080% of body weight

necessary for metabolic reaction

4. Stable body temperature

5. volume and pressure circulating environment must maintain adequate volume

and pressure to ensure proper tissue distribution to all body cells

6. pH ( potential hydrogen) changes in pH affect nerve and enzyme function


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HOMEOSTASIS

The condition of equilibrium or balance in the

bodys internal environment

MAJOR CONCEPT TO REMEMBER WHEN

STUDYING PHYSIOLOGYand in clinic!


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HomeostasisHow does an organism achieve homeostasis?

Feedback regulation i.e. self regulation sensors throughout the body monitor internal conditions and

bring them back to normal when they shift

Negative (-ve) feedback

shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity (like athermostat)

most homeostatic control mechanisms

Positive (+ve) feedback

increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther in 2 circumstances only

1. blood clotting reactions

2. uterine contractions during the birth of a baby


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Homeostasis Receptors

sensors of change in the environment send information of change to the control center

Afferent pathway = from receptor to control center

Control Center analyzes the information from the receptor

determines the appropriate response, and

sends it to the effector to respond

Effectors are muscles and glands

respond to changes to bring back homeostasis

Efferent pathway = from control center to effector


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Control of Homeostasis


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BODY FLUIDS

ICF (intracellular fluid) - fluid inside the cell

ECF (extra-cellular fluid) - fluid outside the cell

Interstitial fluid - ECF between the cells Blood plasma - ECF within blood vessels


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BODY FLUIDS

Lymph - ECF within lymphatic tissue

Cerebrospinal - ECF in the brain and spinal

cord

Synovial - ECF in joints

Aqueous Humor -ECF of the eyes

Vitreous Body - ECF of the eyes


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GENERAL CLINICAL TERMS

Disorder - any abnormality in structure or function

Disease -recognizable set of signs or symptoms

Local - affects one part or a limited region

Systemic - affects entire body or several parts

Symptoms- subjective - person tells you

Signs - objective - clinician can observe


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GENERAL CLINICAL TERMS

Acute over a short period of time

Chronic over a long period of time (> than 6

months)


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BODY SYSTEMS

The body works as a unit and is composed of

11 body systems that work together

No system of the body works alone

Failure in one system can result in the

subsequent failure in other body systems


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BODY SYSTEMS


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BODY SYSTEMS


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Figure 1.3gi


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Figure 1.3gi


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SOAP NOTES

Soap notes are chart notes that a clinician will

create regarding a patients medical concern

and presentation

Soap notes are legal documents and can be

used in the court of law.

Soap notes must be signed by the clinician so

others will know who saw the patient


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SOAP NOTES

S = subjective - person tells you

O = objective - clinician can observe

(diagnostic techniques)

A= assessment - diagnosis (what is wrong with

the patient)

P=plan - future protocol


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DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES

Inspection - observation with the eye

Palpation - feeling or touching the body

surfaces

Auscultation - listening to body sounds

Percussion - tapping on body surface with

fingertips and listen to resulting echos and

sound variations


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BODY POSITIONS

Anatomical Position - description of a part of

the body in a particular stance

Prone - faced down

Supine - faced up


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PRINCIPLE REGIONAL NAMES

Head - Cephalic

Neck - Cervical

Chest - Thoracic

Stomach - Abdomen

Pelvis (pelvic cavity) urinary bladder, reproductiveorgans

Upper Limb (upper extremity) shoulder, armpit,arm, forearm, wrist, hand

Lower Limb ( lower extremity) buttock, thigh, leg,ankle, foot


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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

Superior - toward the head

Inferior - away from head

Anterior - at the front of the body Posterior - at the back of the body

Medial - near the midline

Lateral - farther from the midline

Intermediate - between two surfaces


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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

Ipsi-lateral - same side of the body

Contra-lateral - opposite side of the body

Distal - farther from the origin of a structure

Proximal - nearer to the origin of a structure

Superficial - toward or on the surface

Deep - away from the surface


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PLANES AND SECTIONS

Sagittal - vertical plane divides body into left andright sides

Median/mid-sagittal - divides body into equal rightand left sides

Frontal/coronal - divides into anterior and posterior

Transverse - divides into superior and inferior

Horizontal/cross section - aka transverse

Oblique - pass through at an angle


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BODY CAVITIES

Cranial cavity - contains cranial bones

Vertebral - contains the spinal cord

Thoracic contains the lungs and heart

Pericardial - surrounds the heart

Pleural - surrounds the lungs

Abdominal contains digestive organs

Pelvic contains bladder, reproductive and rectum


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BODY QUADRANTS

Quadrants -division of 4 parts

RUQ right upper quadrant

RLQ right lower quadrant

LUQ- left upper quadrant

LLQ left lower quadrant


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BODY REGIONS

Right Hypochondriac Epigastric

Left Hypochondriac

Right Lumbar

Umbilical

Left Lumbar

Right Inguinal

Hypogastric (Pubic) Left Inguinal


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1 Intro to Physiology