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AP EUROPEAN HISTORY REVIEW

Period 1: 1450 – 1648

Renaissance

Reformation

Religious Wars

Age of Exploration

The Commercial Revolution

The Italian Renaissance

• Italian city-states – Florence, Milan, Venice

• Merchants – formed oligarchies to govern, wealthy families dominated business, government, artistic lives

The Medicis

• Florence was the center of the Renaissance

• Bankers who financed libraries, churches, the Platonic Academy of Philosophy, commissioned art

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A New Way of Thinking Middle Ages

• Individuals were insignificant

• Artists weren’t well-known – worked for God, not their own glory

The Renaissance

• Prosperous merchants took pride in their own success and wanted glory (shown by portrait painting and autobiographies)

• Pico della Mirandola – Oration on the Dignity of Man celebrated human potential

Return to Classical Learning

• Petrarch termed the Middle Ages the Dark Ages.

• Humanism – return to study of classical texts and culture; wanted to study Greek and Roman literature, history – thought they could better understand human nature

• Promoted the liberal arts, vernacular languages

• Some new secularism – things don’t have to be just for God’s glory (but Renaissance art was still mostly religious)

Renaissance Education • Humanist – studied classics and

thought this would lead to better leaders

• Baldassare Castiglione – The Courtier – explains the ideal Renaissance Man

• Machiavelli – The Prince – political philosopher with pessimistic view of human nature – said successful rulers had to be ruthless – end justifies the mean

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Italian Renaissance Art

• Patronage – artists received commissions from the Church, guilds, wealthy families – also a way to show power and prestige

• Characteristics

• Perspective

• Chiaroscuro – realistic blending of light and shade

• Pyramid configuration

• Classical forms and Christian subjects

Women and the Renaissance

• querelle des femmes – debate about women

• Christine de Pizan – First Feminist – writer and first female European writer to earn a living

• Court Lady – attractive, well-educated, can dance, etc. but not to participate in politic, artistic, or literary affairs (like a trophy wife)

• Isabella D’Este – First Lady of the Renaissance- art patron who collected great works

The Northern Renaissance

• Students travelled to Italie and became familiar with the Italian Renaissance

• Christian Humanism – purposely tried to give humanism a Christian element by combining classical ideas with Christian ones

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Christian Humanists

• Erasmus – the “prince of humanists” – The Praise of Folly – satire that made fun of the church even though he was a devout Catholic

• Thomas More – English statesman and known for Utopia

• Michel De Montaigne – French Renaissance – Que sais-je? (“What do I know?”)

• Gutenberg develops his printing press in 1455

• enabled the works of humanists to be disseminated throughout Europe

Northern Renaissance Art

• Used and perfected oil painting – allowed them to paint more realistically and precise

• Had gothic cathedrals with wooden panels so not the frescoes like in Italy

• Artists:

•Van Eyck

•Durer

•Hans Holbein

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Renaissance Politics – What’s happening?

• New Monarchs

•After the dissipation of feudalism, new monarchies kept income but also taxed towns, merchants, peasants to maintain professional armies.

•They created more centralized bureaucracies.

•Had relationships with the Catholic Church

France

• Charles VII – ended the 100 Years’ War between France and England

• Strengthened the monarchy through the taille (taxes)

• Louis XI – enlarged army and promoted new industries

• Francis I – Concordat of Bologna – allowed the king to nominate bishops, abbots, and other officials

England

• Henry VIII – 1509-1547

• Declared himself the supreme head of Church of England

• Dissolved the monasteries and took its wealth

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Spain

• Ferdinand and Isabella – marriage created a dynasty of two of the most powerful houses

• Completed the Reconquista • “one king, one law, one

faith” • Inquisition • Expelled Jews and insisted

Muslims leave or convert to Christianity

Big Picture ….

• They consolidated power and created the foundations for the modern nation-states that will emerge. They did NOT have absolute power yet.

The Reformation

Martin Luther – salvation is by faith alone

• angered by Johann Tetzel selling indulgences to help pay for St. Peter’s Basilica

• Nailed Ninety-Five Theses to a church door in Wittenberg

• Beliefs: salvation through faith alone - Bible is sole authority - priesthood of all believers - only baptism and Communion for sacraments

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Luther Sells out the Peasants • German peasants originally supported Luther –

liked this idea of equality (priesthood of believers)

• Landowners seized common lands and required huge rents on peasants so they rebelled attacking monasteries, castles, etc.

• Luther advocated for nobility to crush the rebellion

• The German Peasants War of 1525 strengthened the nobility and tied Lutheranism to the nobility.

Lutheranism Spreads

• Took opportunities away from some women (no convents in Lutheranism)

• Became dominant in northern and eastern Germany, Denmark and Scandinavia

• Peace of Augsburg – 1555

•A religious civil war between Catholics and Protestants was ended with the Peace of Augsburg

•Said German princes could determine the religion of their states – only options were Catholicism and Lutheranism

Calvinism

• John Calvin – The Institutes of the Christian Religion

• God is just, humans are weak and corrupt

• Predestination – the elect

• Wanted a theocracy (unlike Luther)

• Geneva – City of Saints

• Calvin and followers didn’t allow cards, dancing, theater – very rigid moral standards

• Spread of Calvinism

• John Knox brought it to Scotland.

• Spread to France - Huguenots

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Anglicanism

• Henry VIII – devout Catholic but he needed a son as a successor

• Wanted a divorce since his wife didn’t “give” him a son

• Pope wouldn’t do that so Henry married Anne Boleyn

• Then Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy – said that the English king was the head of the church in England but he still remained Catholic

Elizabeth I – a moderate Protestant

• Struggle between Protestantism and Catholicism after Henry VIII

• Elizabeth I – r. 1558-1603 – she was a politique meaning she put political necessities above her personal beliefs

• Elizabethan Settlement: restored Church of England and allowed priests to marry and conduct services in English

• Elizabeth was more concerned with having the loyalty of her subjects and wanted to avoid religious civil wars

Anabaptists • “Rebaptizers” – opposed infant

baptism

• Advocated separation of church and state

Zwingli

Zwingli • Leader of Reformation in Switzerland

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Catholics Respond…the Counter-Reformation

• Council of Trent – Affirmation & Reformation

• Reaffirmed Catholic doctrines

• Reformed church abuses (forbade simony)

• The Jesuits

• Ignatius of Loyola

• Society of Jesus – spiritual army

• Catholic education, missionary work, fighting Protestantism

Baroque Art

• Council of Trent said works of art should be to stimulate piety

• Characteristics • Dramatic use of light and dark • Subject matter was focused on dramatic

moments • Everyday people – not idolized • Buildings on grand scale and ornate

• Examples • Bernini, Caravaggio, Gentileschi

WAR! What is it good for?

• Spain

• Philip – wanted to advance Spanish power, champion Catholicism, defeat Turks

• Battle of Lepanto – 1571

• Spanish with Venetians defeated Turks

• Philip loses Netherlands

• Dutch wanted independence – Protestant northern provinces gained independence and known as the Dutch while 10 southern provinces became the Spanish Netherlands

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Philip and Spain, cont.

• The British (Elizabeth) felt threatened so helped Dutch rebels with money and troops and encouraged British mariners to raid Spanish ships

• Philip sent the Spanish Armada to invade England, depose Elizabeth, and bring Catholicism back to England

• Elizabeth defeats him • Consequences: • started a period of Spanish decline • Independent Dutch begin a golden age • English power increases

French Wars of Religion

CATHOLICS

• Concordat of Bologna – French rules could appoint all bishops and abbots so kings had no reason to support a rebellion against Rome

PROTESTANTS

• Huguenots had a strong presence in France (10%)

• Especially appealing to nobles – 40-50% of nobility - way to express opposition to Catholic king

VS

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572)

• French king Charles IX and his mother Catherine de Medici urged Catholics to kill thousands of Huguenots gather in Paris to celebrate the wedding of Margaret of Valois to the Huguenot leader Henry of Navarre

• Up to 20,000 Huguenots killed • Started a civil war that devastated French commerce and

agriculture • Politiques – group of moderate Catholics and Protestants who put

religion aside to support a strong monarchy and recognition of the Huguenots

• Edict of Nantes • Henry IV was the leader of the House of Bourbon and a

Huguenot – he decided to become Catholic • Henry issued an edict allowing toleration of Calvinism

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THIRTY YEARS’ WAR

• HRE = 300 small principalities • Peace of Augsburg allowed Lutheranism but not

Calvinism • Causes:

• Religious divisions – Protestant Union, Catholic League

• Political divisions – Habsburgs trying to strengthen Catholic monarchy

• Principalities did not want central authority • International interference: French didn’t want a

strong HRE and Lutheran kings in Denmark and Sweden were willing to defend Protestants

4 PHASES

• Bohemian Phase – Catholic League vs. Protestant Union (Catholics win)

• Danish Phase – Albert of Wallenstein leads Catholic victory

• Swedish Phase – Gustavus Adolphus, king of

Sweden, defeats Wallenstein (France gives them $.)

• French Phase – Adolphus killed prompts French armies to fight – very destructive

R E L I G I O U S

P O L I T I C A L

Peace of Westphalia

Provisions: • Each of the 300+ German states can conduct diplomacy. • Rulers of those states could decide religion – including

Calvinism. • Dutch Republic was independent and Switzerland

neutral. • French took part of Alsace.

Consequences: • Devastated Germany (up to 1/3 died) • Left HRE even more politically fragmented • France emerged as the strongest power in Europe

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The Age of Exploration

• Motivations – GOD, GOLD, & GLORY

• Renaissance spirit of individualism

• Search for spices and profits - Crusades help stimulate demand for spices

• Cash crop profits – sugar

• Spread of Christianity

• New Technology – Spanish caravels, compass, astrolabe

Portugal

• Henry the Navigator – west coast of Africa – Portuguese had trading posts there

• Bartholomew Diaz – went around the Cape of Good Hope

• The Portuguese did not conquer new territories – they just wanted to trading posts to control trade.

• Ended the Venetian and Muslim monopoly of trade with Asia

• Trade shifted to the Atlantic Ocean

Spain

• Christopher Columbus

• Spanish Conquests – Cortes conquered the Aztecs

• Pizarro conquered the Incas

• Spanish America

• Converted natives to Christianity and made them Spanish subjects

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Consequences of the Columbian Exchange:

• For Europe: new crops fed a population boom, influx of wealth that brought inflation to Spain, increased power of Western Europe

• For Americas: European diseases decimated the population killing about 90% of natives, introduction of the horse transformed lives of natives

• For Africa: slave trade

The Commercial Revolution

• Causes:

• New ocean trade routes

• Growth of population

• Price revolution

• Nation-centered economic systems – replaced old town-and-guild framework

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Features of the Commercial Revolution

• New entrepreneurs – new trading areas = new entrepreneurs

• New industries – printing press, shipbuilding, cannons and muskets for the new nation-states

• Putting-out system – entrepreneurs would provide materials to rural families who would do the textile work

• New joint-stock companies – the new international trade required lots of capital so English and Dutch merchants formed joint-stock companies to maximize profits and limit risk

Mercantilism

• Mercantilists – wanted to build strong, self-sufficient economies

• The idea is colonies export raw materials and import finished goods. This way they could also build up their reserves of precious metals (gold and silver).

• Consequences: • Decline of earlier commercial centers like the

Hanseatic League (northern Europe) • Rise of capitalism

Capitalism: a system where wealth is invested to produce more capital and is based upon private ownership of property

• Rise of the bourgeoisie – new middle class