Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
AP Biology Summer Assignment 2020 Due the first day of class
Part 1: Supplies For next year you’ll need:
a. A 2 inch 3-ring binder b. A calculator c. Writing utensils d. Loose leaf paper e. Composition book -graph paper style—to use as a lab notebook
Part 2: Graphing and Math Review The AP Biology course uses some math. I’ve included the formula sheet so you can look it over and see the types of things you’ll be expected to do.
Note about graphing:
Graphing is an important procedure used by scientists to display the data that is collected during a controlled experiment. When a graph is put together incorrectly, it detracts the reader from understanding what you are trying to present. Most graphs on the AP exam are graded based on 5 major parts: a. Title—depicts what the graph is about. Reading the title gives the reader an understanding about the graph.
A good title is closer to a sentence than a phrase and is usually found at the top of the graph. It often includes both variables. (Ex: The effect of rainfall on plant growth).
b. X-axis scale and labels: The X axis should include your independent variable—the variable that can be controlled by the experimenter.
c. Y-axis scale and labels: The Y axis should include your dependent variable—the variable that is affected directly by the independent variable (what you are measuring).
*Scale doesn’t always have to start at zero, but it must be consistent. If you start off making each box worth 5cm, each subsequent box much also be 5cm. Always make sure your scale is labeled with units. Your scale should be appropriate so that as much of the graph paper is used as possible.
d. Appropriate type of graph and legend (if applicable)—You should know the appropriate time to use a bar graph vs a line graph vs a scatter plot. They have different purposes. Also, make sure that your line graphs DO NOT connect to (0,0) unless this is an actual data point.
Time after
Eating (hours)
Blood glucose of Person A (mg/dL)
Blood glucose of Person B (mg/dL)
0.5 170 180 1 155 195
1.5 140 230 2 135 245
2.5 140 235 3 135 225 4 130 200
Experiment 1—Use the following data to answer the questions and create a multiple line graph.
1. What is the independent variable?
2. What is the dependent variable? How do you know?
3. Whenever possible, it is best to title graphs as “The effect of IV on DV” where IV indicates the independent variable and DV indicates the dependent variable. Using this formula, what would you title your graph?
4. Why is a multiple lines type of graph best for this data? Explain based on the purpose of the graph.
5. Graph the data below. Be sure to include all of the required parts.
6. A common theme in Biology is homeostasis and feedback mechanisms. The human body uses many examples of negative feedback to maintain homeostasis, or a constant internal environment. For example, you use sugar as a source of energy. To maintain constant levels, you must continue to eat (duh), but your body also uses different enzymes to store or release glucose into your blood to be brought to cells for use. People who are diabetic are either unable to create insulin or are unable to use insulin. This means that their blood glucose levels are not regulated by these enzymes. Which individual shows symptoms of diabetes?
Blood Glucose (x)
Mean ( x )
x − x
(x − x)2
170 155 140 135 140 135 130
Blood Glucose (x)
Mean ( x )
x – x
(x − x)2
180 195 230 245 235 225 200
7. Let’s practice some math. Find the mean, median, and range for the data. Show work when necessary. Explanations are on the formula sheets at the end of this document.
a. Person A
Mean:
Median:
Range:
b. Person B Mean:
Median:
Range:
8. Find the standard deviation (see Formula sheet) for the data for both person A and person B. You may use the table below. Note: The mean should be the same for all. Remember that sigma ( Σ ) means sum of. The chart will help you find the numerator of the equation but is not the final standard deviation. a. Person A
ßß Σ(x − x )2
b. Person B
ßß Σ(x − x) 2
9. What trend(s) do you note in this graph and based on the standard deviation?
10. What does standard deviation tell you about a set of data? (In other words, why do scientists care to use it?) You may need to look this up.
Experiment 2: Population growth
11. There are 300 falcons living in a certain forest at the beginning of 2013. Suppose that every year there are 50 falcons born and 30 falcons that die. a. What is the population growth rate? (Include units). (Note: On the formula sheet, population
growth is expressed as dN/dt. This means delta (change in) N over change in time which is also equal to B-D. Most of the equation is explained on the right).
b. Assuming that this population has NOT reached its carrying capacity, and, thus, continues to grow exponentially, what is the per capita growth rate of the falcons over a year? (Hint: you are finding rmax which is the percent by which the population increases in a year).
c. Fill in the table and construct a graph using your calculation from 10b. The value calculated tells you by how much the population should increase each year.
Year Population 2013 300 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
d. Find the average rate of change for the falcon population from 2013-2014 in number of falcons/year using your graph and data.
Experiment 3—Dilutions
12. A dilution of a solution_____________the volume but___________ the concentration.
13. Easiest: Joe has a 2 g/L solution. He dilutes it and creates 3 L of a 1 g/L solution. How much of the original solution did he dilute?
14. A little trickier: Joe has 20 L of a 2 g/L solution. He diluted it, and created 3 L of a 1 g/L solution. How did he make such a solution?
15. Trickier too: Joe has 20 L of a 2 g/L solution. To this solution he adds 30 L. What is the final concentration of the solution?
Experiment 4-- pH
16. Which is more acidic? (H+) of 1.0 x 10-8 or 1.0 x 10-12
17. Which is more basic? (H+) of 1.0 x 10-6 or 1.0 x 10-3
18. Stomach acid has a pH of about 1-2. What would the H+ concentration be around?
19. Complete the table below:
[H3O+] or [H+] scientific notation pH 0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.00001
0.000001
0.0000001
0.00000001
0.0000000001
0.00000000001
20. Identify the trend: As [H+] gets smaller, scientific notation exponents get , and pH goes . Therefore, pH is a measurement of .
Part 3: Review basic chemistry… because chemistry is the foundation for understanding molecular biology, and nearly all biological research these days is molecular.
Complete the provided POGIL as a way to prepare for our first, and likely most difficult, unit. Take notes on the following topics. Use https://openstax.org/details/books/biology-2e
A. Atoms, and how they form bonds
• Parts of an atom • Atom vs molecule • Valence electrons and what they mean for bonding. Make sure you can tell how many valence electrons
an element has and what would happen to those electrons by looking at a periodic table. • Covalent vs ionic bonds • Polar covalent vs nonpolar covalent bonds • Atom vs ion vs isotope • Carbon: What makes it so special. Why is it usually the foundation for large molecules and considered
THE organic element? B. Solutions
• Solute vs solvent vs solution • Acid vs base (and relevance to the pH scale). If you do NOT reference H+ concentration vs OH-
concentration, you haven’t read enough. You should also differentiate between pH and pOH
Biochemistry Basics 1
Biochemistry BasicsWhat concepts from chemistry are helpful in studying biology?
Why?Typically chemistry is a prerequisite course for advanced biology courses. This is because everything in your body, everything in a plant, everything in a virus, etc. is made of atoms. The structures and properties of the molecules in an organism determine the features and properties of the organism. Which molecules are polar, which are nonpolar? Which molecules have acidic properties, which have basic prop-erties? A quick review of these concepts at the beginning of your advanced biology course will help you to understand the molecular basis for life.
Model 1 – Molecular DrawingsBall-and-stick model of 1-pentanol
Lewis structure of 1-pentanol
CH
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
C C C O H
Line drawing of 1-pentanol
OHH3C
Ball-and-stick model of glucose Lewis structure of glucose
OC
C C
CC
C
H
HOH
H
H
HH
OH
H OH
OHHO
Line drawing of glucose
HO
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
Ball-and-stick model of unsaturated fatty acid
Lewis structure of unsaturated fatty acid
CC
H
C
H
H
C
OH
HH
H
H
HH
HH
H HH
C
H
H
C
H
H
H
HH
HH
H OH
CC
CC
C CC C
Line drawing of unsaturated fatty acid
O
OHCH3
1. Name the three molecules that are illustrated in Model 1.
2. Name the three types of drawings that are used to illustrate the molecules in Model 1.
2 POGIL™ Activities for AP* Biology
3. How many bonds are typically formed by each of the following atoms:
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
4. Which types of drawings in Model 1 provide more accurate images of the shape of a molecule? Justify your reasoning.
5. Refer to Model 1.
a. Symbols or atoms of what element(s) are missing from the line drawings?
b. In reading a line drawing, how do you know where atoms of these elements are in the struc-ture if they are missing from the drawing?
6. Locate the carbon and hydrogen atoms in the line drawing of isoleucine shown below and draw them in as if the drawing were a Lewis structure.
O
Isoleucine
NH2
CH3
H3COH
7. Isopropyl alcohol is a three-carbon molecule with an –OH group attached to the middle carbon atom. Draw this molecule using all three types of drawings.
8. If you were asked to write the chemical formula for one of the compounds in Model 1, which type of the drawing would be the easiest to use? Justify your reasoning.
9. What is the advantage to a scientist in using a line drawing rather than a ball-and-stick model or Lewis structure?
Biochemistry Basics 3
Model 2 – Properties of Biological MoleculesPolar Molecules
(hydrophilic)Nonpolar Molecules
(hydrophobic) Acidic O
OH
H3COH
Lactic acid
AcidicO
H3C OH
Fatty acid
NeutralO
NH2
H3C OH
CH3
Valine (amino acid)
OH HH
OH
HO
H
H H
OH
OH
O
Glucose
OH HH
OH
O
H
H OH
OH
H
O
OH HH
OH
H
H
HO
OH
H
O
Lactose
Neutral
H3C CH3
CH3
CH3CH3
HO
Cholesterol
OH
CH3
CH3CH3CH3 CH3
Vitamin A
OHCH3
CH3
O
Testosterone
Basic
N
HO
HO
OH
CH3
H
AdrenalineNH2
HO
HO
Dopamine
N
N
NH
N
NH2
Adenine
4 POGIL™ Activities for AP* Biology
10. Consider the polar molecules in Model 2.
a. In general, the presence of atoms of what element(s) makes a molecule polar?
b. What property do atoms of these elements have that helps make the molecules they are in polar?
c. Can nonpolar molecules also have atoms of these elements? If yes, what distinguishes a non-polar molecule from a polar molecule?
11. In chemistry there is a saying “like dissolves like,” which means things will mix with or dissolve into each other best when their polarities are similar.
a. Is water polar or nonpolar?
b. Is oil polar or nonpolar?
c. Which of the substances in Model 2 would dissolve well in water? Justify your reasoning.
d. Which of the substances in Model 2 are more likely to dissolve well in oil? Justify your reasoning.
e. Which class of substances in Model 2, polar or nonpolar, is more likely to be found in high concentrations in the bloodstream of a vertebrate? Justify your reasoning.
12. Refer to Model 2.
a. What is another term for a polar molecule?
b. What is another term for a nonpolar molecule?
c. Give the literal translation for the terms you gave in parts a and b above.
Biochemistry Basics 5
13. Functional groups are key groups of atoms in biological molecules. Describe the carboxyl func-tional group that both acidic molecules in Model 2 have in common.
14. Recall the definition of an acid that you learned in chemistry. Explain how the reaction below illustrates the acidic properties of lactic acid.
O
H3COH
OH
+ +H2O
O
H3CO–
OH
H3O+
Lactic acid Lactate ion
15. Describe the functional group, called an amine group, that the basic molecules in Model 2 all have in common?
16. Recall the definition of a base that you learned in chemistry. Explain how the reaction below il-lustrates the basic properties of adrenaline.
OH
OH
OH
NCH3
H
+ OH2
OH
OH
H
H
N
+ OH–
+CH3
Adrenaline
17. Predict the approximate pH (pH = 7, pH > 7 or pH < 7) of fairly concentrated aqueous solu-tions of the following compounds from Model 2.
Lactic acid ____________ Dopamine ____________
Amino acid ____________ Lactose ____________
6 POGIL™ Activities for AP* Biology
18. In chemistry you learned that covalent bonds are one type of intramolecular bond. They occur between nonmetal atoms in a molecule. You may have also learned about a type of intermo-lecular bond called a hydrogen bond. Hydrogen bonds are weak attractive forces between polar molecules containing the very polar bonds such as H-O, H-N or H-F.
O
NO
H
H
H
OH HO
HH
OH H O H
H
O
NO
H
H
H
OH HO
HH
OH H O H
H
a. Label at least two covalent bonds in the diagram above.
b. Label at least one hydrogen bond in the diagram above.
19. Which of the molecules in Model 2 would form hydrogen bonds with itself (that is, other mol-ecules of the same type) or with water molecules if in a solution?
Biochemistry Basics 7
Extension Questions20. Although amino acids have “acid” in their name, some are acidic in water solutions, some are
basic, and others are neutral. Propose an explanation for this observation based on the structures and descriptions of the amino acids below.
Neutral amino acids
O
NH2
H3COH
O
NH2
HO OH
O O
OHHO
NH2
O
NH2
H2NOH
O
NH2
H3COH
O
NH2
HO OH
O O
OHHO
NH2
O
NH2
H2NOH
Acidic amino acid Basic amino acid
O
NH2
H3COH
O
NH2
HO OH
O O
OHHO
NH2
O
NH2
H2NOH
O
NH2
H3COH
O
NH2
HO OH
O O
OHHO
NH2
O
NH2
H2NOH
21. The structure shown below is a line drawing of noncyclic AMP, an important messenger mol-ecule in molecular communication systems.
a. Draw the missing carbon and hydrogen atoms on the molecule.
➾
NO
O
OH
N
NN
NH2
OH
P
O
–O
–O
b. Write the chemical formula for a molecule of noncyclic AMP.
8 POGIL™ Activities for AP* Biology
22. The phosphate functional group in the noncyclic AMP molecule of Question 21 contains “acidic hydrogens.”
a. Explain what this phrase means.
b. Draw the noncyclic AMP molecule after it has dissolved in water.
