AP BIOLOGY SUMMER ASSIGNMENT

2019-2020 SCHOOL YEAR

THE FOLLOWING ASSIGNMENT IS DUE ON Wednesday, September 4, 2019

A TEST WILL BE GIVEN ON THE INFORMATION REFERENCED IN THE SUMMER ASSIGNMENT ON

Friday, September 6, 2019

KEYS TO SUCCESS IN AP BIOLOGY / SUMMER ASSIGNMENT:

- MANAGE YOUR TIME: EXAMPLE – DO NOT TRY TO COMPLETE ASSIGNMENTS/ STUDY FOR EXAMS THE

NIGHT OR EVEN 2 NIGHTS BEFORE THE DUE DATE AND EXPECT TO DO WELL…YOU MAY HAVE DONE THIS

BEFORE IN OTHER SCIENCE COURSES, BUT AN AP LEVEL SCIENCE COURSE IS EQUIVALENT TO A FRESHMAN

YEAR COLLEGE SCIENCE COURSE.

- COMPLETE BACKGROUND READING & ASK QUESTIONS: EXAMPLE – IF WE ARE BEGINNING A NEW TOPIC

ON A MONDAY, YOU SHOULD HAVE USED THE WEEKEND (BOTH DAYS) TO READ UP ON THE

INFORMATION, TAKE YOU OWN NOTES, TEST YOURSELF WITH END OF SECTION QUESTIONS (MOST

ANSWERS ARE IN THE BACK), AND IDENTIFY TOPICS THAT YOU MAY WANT TO DISCUSS FURTHER IN

CLASS.

- RESOURCES: EXAMPLE – YOUR TEXTBOOK IS ONLY 1 RESOURCE, NOT THE 1 AND ONLY RESOURCE AT

YOUR DISPOSAL…ONLINE VIDEOS CLIPS OF TOPICS ARE A GOOD ALTERNATIVE TO JUST TEXT RESOURCES

(PRINT OR ELECTRONIC).

BACKGROUND INFORMATION TO THE SUMMER ASSIGNMENT:

I. Atomic theory: a. Atomic structure

II. The periodic table a. Development of the Periodic Table b. Electron configurations c. Periodic trends

III. Bonding atoms a. Types of bonding b. Naming and writing formulas c. Lewis dot structures d. VSEPR theory and Polarity

IV. Chemical equations and reactions a. Balancing equations b. Types of chemical reactions c. Stoichiometry

V. Biochemistry a. Organic Chemistry (Organic Molecules) b. Enzymes in Reactions c. Energy Changes in Reactions

VI. Cells a. Cell (Prokaryotic & eukaryotic) structure and function b. Photosynthesis c. Aerobic (Cellular) & Anaerobic (Fermentation) Respiration d. Cell reproduction (Mitosis) e. Cell cycle

VII. Genetics a. Mendel and Punnett squares b. Pedigrees c. Meiosis d. DNA and RNA

i. Replication ii. Transcription

iii. Translation VIII. Evolution

a. Geologic Time Scale

b. Evidence for Evolution

c. Endosymbiotic Theory

Review Questions Directions - Answer the following questions in as much detail as possible. These questions represent the bulk of the summer assignment and will be collected on the first day of class. These question are meant to enable you to review/ prepare for the exam on the first day of class.

1. How do we differentiate between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes? Give an example of each.

2. How do we differentiate between Animal cells and Plant cells?

3. Describe the processes of Transcription and Translation. Include the roles of all 3 RNA molecules. (Protein Synthesis)

4. In humans, brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue (b). A brown-eyed man marries a blue-eyed woman and they have three children, two of whom are brown-eyed and one of whom is blue-eyed. Draw the Punnett square that illustrates this marriage. What is the man’s genotype? What are the genotypes of the children?

5. A tall green pea plant that is homozygous dominant for both traits is crossed with a short yellow pea plant that is homozygous recessive for both traits. Show a Punnett square that illustrates the possible offspring for this cross.

6. Describe what happens during each phase of Mitosis.

7. Compare and contrast Mitosis and Meiosis.

8. Summarize the balanced chemical equations for Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.

9. Summarize the major energy inputs and outputs for Fermentation and Cellular Respiration.

10. How does a eukaryotic cell store and release energy? What molecules are used?

11. Which of the following statements is correct?

a. Crossing over occurs in prophase I of meiosis and metaphase of mitosis. b. DNA replication occurs once prior to mitosis and twice prior to meiosis. c. Both mitosis and meiosis result in daughter cells identical to the parent cells. d. Karyokinesis occurs once in mitosis and twice in meiosis. e. Synapsis occurs in prophase of mitosis.

12. The cell cycle in a certain cell type has a duration of 16 hours. The nuclei of 660 cells showed 13 cells in anaphase. What is the approximate duration of anaphase in these cells?

a. 2 minutes b. 13 minutes c. 19 minutes d. 32 minutes e. 647 minutes

Use the following figure to answer questions 3 and 4.

13. For an organism with a diploid number of 6, how are the chromosomes arranged during

metaphase I of meiosis?

a. A b. B c. C d. D

14. Which sketch shows the arrangement of chromosomes that you would expect to see in metaphase of mitosis for a cell with a diploid chromosome number of 6?

a. A b. B c. C d. D

Use the following data to answer questions 15 and 16.

A group of asci (spore-bearing cell) formed from crossing light-spored Sordaria with dark-spored produced the following results:

Number of Asci

Counted

Spore Arrangement

7 4 light/4 dark spores

8 4 dark/4 light spores

3 2 light/2 dark/2 light/2 dark spores

4 2 dark/2 light/2 dark/2 light spores

1 2 dark/4 light/2 dark spores

2 2 light/4 dark/2 light spores

15. How many of these asci are the result of crossing over?

a. 3 b. 7 c. 8 d. 10 e. 15

16. From this small sample, calculate the map distance between the gene and centromere.

a. 10 map units b. 20 map units c. 30 map units d. 40 map units

Select the correct name of the phase depicted in each image below.

17. Image 1 depicts:

a. prophase b. metaphase c. telophase d. interphase e. anaphase

18. Image 2 depicts:

a. prophase b. metaphase c. telophase d. interphase e. anaphase

19. Image 3 depicts:

a. prophase b. metaphase c. telophase d. interphase e. anaphase

20. Image 4 depicts:

1. prophase 2. metaphase 3. telophase 4. interphase 5. anaphase

21. The following data were collected by observing subcellular structures of three different types of eukaryotic cells.

RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF ORGANELLES IN THREE CELL TYPES

Cell Type Smooth ER Rough ER Mitochondria Cilia Golgi Bodies

X

Small Amount

Small Amount

Large Number

Present

Small Amount

Y

Large Amount

Large Amount

Moderate Amount

Absent

Large Amount

Z

Absent

Absent

Absent

Absent

Absent

Based on an analysis of the data, identify a likely primary function of each cell type and explain how the

data support the identification.

22. Fossils of lobe-finned fishes, which are ancestors of amphibians, are found in rocks that are at least 380 million years old. Fossils of the oldest amphibian-like vertebrate animals with true legs and lungs are found in rocks that are approximately 363 million years old. Three samples of rocks are available that might contain fossils of a transitional species between lobe-finned fishes and amphibians: one rock sample that is 350 million years old, one that is 370 million years old, and one that is 390 million years old.

(a) Select the most appropriate sample of rocks in which to search for a transitional species between lobe-finned fishes and amphibians. Justify your selection.

(b) Describe TWO pieces of evidence provided by fossils of a transitional species that would support a hypothesis that amphibians evolved from lobe-finned fishes.

23. The table below shows the amino acid sequence of the carboxyl-terminal segment of a conserved polypeptide from four different, but related, species. Each amino acid is represented by a three-letter abbreviation, and the amino acid residues in the polypeptide chains are numbered from the amino end to the carboxyl end. Empty cells indicate no amino acid is present.

RELATIVE AMINNO ACID POSITION

SPECIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

I

Val

His

Leu

Val

Glu

Glu

His

Val

Glu

His

II

Val

His

Leu

Lys

Glu

Glu

His

Val

Glu

His

III

Val

His

Leu

Val

Glu

Glu

His

Val

IV

Val

His

Leu

Val

Arg

Trp

Ala

Cys

Met

Asp

(a) Assuming that species I is the ancestral species of the group, explain the most likely genetic change that

produced the polypeptide in species II and the most likely genetic change that produced the polypeptide in species III.

(b) Predict the effects of the mutation on the structure and function of the resulting protein in species Justify

your prediction.

24. Matter continuously cycles through an ecosystem. A simplified carbon cycle is depicted below.

(c) Identify the key metabolic process for step I and the key metabolic process for step II, and briefly explain how each process promotes movement of carbon through the cycle. For each process, your explanation should focus on the role of energy in the movement of carbon.

(d) Identify an organism that carries out both processes.

25.

Color Wavelength (nm)

Violet 380-450

Blue 450-475

Cyan 475-495

Green 495-570

Yellow 570-590

Orange 590-620

Red 620-750

An absorption spectrum indicates the relative amount of light absorbed across a range of wavelengths. The

graphs above represent the absorption spectra of individual pigments isolated from two different organisms.

One of the pigments is chlorophyll a, commonly found in green plants. The other pigment is

bacteriorhodopsin, commonly found in purple photosynthetic bacteria. The table shows the approximate

ranges of wavelength of different colors in the visible light spectrum.

a. a) Identify the pigment (chlorophyll a or bacteriorhodopsin) used to generate the absorption spectrum in

each of the graphs above. Explain and justify your answer.

b. b) In an experiment, identical organisms containing the pigment from Graph II as the predominant lightcapturing pigment are separated into three groups. The organisms in each group are illuminated with light of a single wavelength (650 nm for the first group, 550 nm for the second group, and 430 nm for the third group). The three light sources are of equal intensity, and all organisms are illuminated for equal lengths of time. Predict the relative rate of photosynthesis in each of the three groups. Justify your predictions.

c. c) Bacteriorhodopsin has been found in aquatic organisms whose ancestors existed before the ancestors of

plants evolved in the same environment. Propose a possible evolutionary history of plants that could have resulted in a predominant photosynthetic system that uses only some of the colors of the visible light spectrum.

Study the set of five beakers shown here to answer

questions 25-27:

26. Which beaker(s) contain(s) a solution that is hypertonic to the bag?

a. Beaker 3 b. Beakers 2 and 4 c. Beakers 1, 2, and 5 d. Beaker 4 e. Beakers 3 and 4

27. Which bag would you predict to show the least change in mass at the end of the experiment?

a. The bag in Beaker 1 b. The bag in Beaker 2 c. The bag in Beaker 3 d. The bag in Beaker 4 e. The bag in Beaker 5

28. Arrange the beakers in order of the mass of the bags inside them after the experiment has run for 30 minutes. List the bag that loses the most mass first.

a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 b. 1, 5, 2, 3, 4 c. 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 d. 3, 2, 1, 4, 5 e. 2, 1, 5, 3, 4

Refer to the figure below to answer questions 28 and 29.

29. In beaker B, what is the water potential of the distilled water in the beaker, and of the

beet core?

a. Water potential in the beaker = 0, water potential in the beet core = 0 b. Water potential in the beaker = 0, water potential in the beet core = -0.2 c. Water potential in the beaker = 0, water potential in the beet core = 0.2 d. Water potential in the beaker cannot be calculated, water potential in the beet

core = 0.2 e. Water potential in the beaker cannot be calculated, water potential in the beet

core = -0.2

30. Which of the following statements is true for the diagrams?

a. The beet core in beaker A is at equilibrium with the surrounding water. b. The beet core in beaker B will lose water to the surrounding environment. c. The beet core in beaker B would be more turgid than the beet core in beaker A. d. The beet core in beaker A is likely to gain so much water that its cells will rupture. e. The cells in beet core B are likely to undergo plasmolysis.

Questions 31-32 are based on this graph of an enzyme's action.

31. In order to keep the rate constant over the entire time course, which of the following should be done?

a. Add more enzyme. b. Gradually increase the temperature after 60 seconds. c. Add more substrate. d. Add H2SO4 after 60 seconds. e. Remove the accumulating product.

32. Which of the following graphs represents the rate of the reaction shown in Question 1? Notice that the y-axis is the number of molecules/sec.

33. Provide two reasons why communication is essential between cells in multicellular organisms.

34. Explain and differentiate the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics. 35. How do enzymes help substrates to react with each other in a chemical reaction?

36. Why is it important that an enzyme generally catalyzes only ONE specific reaction?

37. Explain how temperature and pH can affect the activity of enzymes in humans.

38. Differentiate a competitive inhibitor from a non-competitive inhibitor.

39. Why is it important that phospholipids DO NOT dissolve in water?

40. What does the term “fluid mosaic” refer to in regard to membranes?

41. Differentiate passive transport from active transport.

42. Explain the major importance of transport proteins in biological membranes.

43. What is the special function of exocytosis and endocytosis?

44. Explain why the body cells of a mouse and an elephant are about the same size. 45. What makes endoplasmic reticulum “rough”? 46. What is the major function of lysosomes? 47. Why are mitochondria especially important in terms of energy? 48. What special role do chloroplasts play (in regard to energy) in plants? 49. Describe the STRUCTURE and FUNCTION of the cytoskeleton.

50. Describe 3 types of cell junctions which allow one cell to interact with another cell. 51. Graph the following data set and answer any associated questions for the reaction involving an enzyme and

its substrate:

Time (s) Product Formed (mL)

0 0

10 0.9

30 1.8

60 2.4

90 2.8

120 3.1

180 3.3

360 3.4

a. Graph the following data, label all axes, and title the graph. Use a smooth curve line of best fit to

represent the data set.

b. Describe the rate of reaction from 0s to 60s. Explain why the reaction rate is proceeding in this

way (use the terms substrate and enzyme in your answer).

c. Describe the rate of reaction from 60s to 120s. Explain why the reaction rate is proceeding in this

way (use the terms substrate and enzyme in your answer).

d. Describe the rate of reaction from 120s to 360s. Explain why the reaction rate is proceeding in

this way (use the terms substrate and enzyme in your answer).

e. Describe at least 3 factors that affect the functioning of an enzyme. Be sure to describe the active

site and how these factors affect it and the enzyme’s overall functioning.

52. Using at least 5 water molecules, draw how cohesion occurs amongst these water molecules. Be sure to

include information about dipole charges on atoms and bonding between molecules.

53. Using 2 amino acids, draw the process of forming a polypeptide identify the following. Be sure to include

the amino acid structure, the name of the reaction, and the type of bond formed between the amino acids.

54. Describe the Endosymbiotic Theory. Be detailed in your description. You may provide drawings if you like.

Using this information explain how modern-day eukaryotic cells function in both plants and animals.

55. Describe what a signal transduction pathway is and provide an example of this within the human body. Be

sure to include information about the plasma (cell) membrane, receptor proteins, and ATP. In addition, relate

how this type of pathway is involved in the cell cycle (note: this cannot be your example for the previous

section of this question) in humans. Moreover, describe how are signaling molecules are related to cancer. Be

sure to include specific genes that code for cellular control mechanisms.

56. Explain the role of redox reactions in the production of ATP by chemiosmosis. Be sure to include

information about concentration gradients, enzymes, and the compartmentalization of biochemical processes

within organelles.

57. Describe the overall oxidation of glucose during the process of cellular respiration. Be sure to include

information about the 3 sub-processes involved, concentration gradients, enzymes, and the

compartmentalization of biochemical processes within organelles.

58. Describe the major differences AND similarities between anaerobic respiration and cellular respiration.

Provide an example of organisms that utilize each process. In addition, describe the evolution advantage and

disadvantages to both of these processes.

59. Create a pedigree, three generations long, that displays an inheritance pattern that contains an affected

individual that is homozygous recessive in the third generation. Be sure to address sex-linked traits (if

applicable) and normal Mendelian inheritance patterns (dominance and recessiveness).

60. During the process of DNA replication, explain what is meant by the term semi-conservative model. Be sure

to include information about the direction of reading and copying, as well as the enzymes involved in the

process. In addition, describe how this process is made more efficient within a cell.