“Oil Palm – Livestock Integration towards a Sustainable and … · 2014. 3. 28. · Tahun 2009 tentang Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan, khususnya pasal 6 dan pasal 19 sampai dengan

“Oil Palm – Livestock Integration towards a Sustainable and Future Oil Palm Plantatation Management System”

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Seminar Schedule

Thursday, 6 March 2014

Venue: Aston Hotel, Jambi Indonesia

Time Programs Presenter Title Moderator

08.00 – 08.30 Registration

08:30 - 09:15 Opening

ceremony

- Opening

- Welcome Speech Rector of UNJA

- Speech of Coordinator of Indonesian Consortium

CRC 990

- Keynote Speech of Governor of Jambi

09.30 – 10.30 Panel I

Dr. Mursyid

Ma’sum (Dirjen

Pakan, Direktorat

Jenderal

Peternakan)

Policy on The Development on

Integration of Oil Palm and

Livestock Management System

Prof. Dr.

Zulkifli

Alamsyah

Iskandar Sulaiman,

Ahmad Nasulian

Arifin

Ereskayanto

(PT. Perkebunan

Nusantara VI)

Integrasi Sawit Sapi Di PT.

Perkebunan Nusantara VI

(Persero)

Discussion

10.30 – 12.45 Panel II

Prof. RE. Orskov,

UK

Animal Adaptation To Different

Climates, Feeds, And

Agro-Forestry Management

Systems

Dr. Adrizal

Malaysia – UPM

(Prof. Dahlan

Ismail)

Application of System Approach in

Oil Palm-Livestock Integration for

Sustainable Plantation

Management Systems

Malaysia – UPM

(Prof. A.R.

Alimon)

Feeding Strategies for Cattle-Oil

Palm Integration System

IPB (Prof. Luki

Abdullah)

Oil Palm Plantation Beef Cattle

Integration to Accelarate National

Meat Sufficiency (Feed Supply

Perspective)

Tadulako

University (Prof.

Marsetyo)

Intake, Digestion and Metabolism

of Cattle Fed Low Quality Forage

Supplemented with Palm Kernel

Meal

University of Jambi

(Ernawati HD and

Zakky Fathoni)

Palm Oil Sustainability

Partnership: Implementation and

Connection with Farmers Income

Discussion

12.45 – 13.00 Lunch


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13.00 – 15.15 Panel III

Paralel

(Room 1) Agronomic and ecological aspects of integration of oil palm -

livestock management systems.

Salwati & Lutfi

Izhar1

Accomplishment Technique to

Deliberate Amount of Water

Required and Water Balance of

Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis

Jacq.)

Dr.

Nurhayati

Hajar Setyaji &

Metha Monica2

The impacts of Oil Palm

Plantations Expansion on Fish

Diversity: the case study on Jambi

lowland area

Bustami & Sari

Yanti Hayanti

Development Pattern of Oil Palm-

Cattle Integration

in PTPN VI Jambi Provinc

Zubir & Sari Yanti

Hayanti

Livestock Grazing Capacity of

Oil Palm Plantation Area in West

Tanjung Jabung

Discussion

13.30 – 15.15 Paralel

(Room 2) Management model of integration of oil palm – livestock

management system in Indonesia

Wahyuni, D.S., R.

A. Gopar, N.

Adianto, S.

Martono

,

The Exposure of Formula

Alternative of Complete Feed

Technology Based on Plantation

By Product and Oil Palm Industry

Biomass for Fattening Beef Cattle

Dr. Yusrizal

Windu Negara, M.

Ridla, A.D. Lubis,

Rahma I.A, I.

Wayan A

Inhibiting Salmonella

typhimuriumand Eschericia coli

by Organic Acid Salt From Silage

of Palm Oil by Products

Mursalin, Nuri

Andarwulan,

Purwiyatno

Hariyadi

Deodorizing Engineering in CPO

Refinary Technic to Produce Red

Palm Oil With Rich Carotene as

A Source of Food/Feed Ingredient

Nurhayati, Ella

Hendalia, Mairizal,

Resmi, Nelwida

Fermented Palm Oil Sludge by

Trichoderma harzianum as

Broiler Feed

Ella Hendalia,

Rahmi Dianita,

Fahmida Manin

Fermentation of Palm Kernel

Meal with Trichoderma

harzianum and Aspergillus niger

as Source of Prebiotic and

Probiotic Carrier

A.R. Abubakr,

A.R. Alimon, M.

Afdal3

Nitrogen Balance in Goats Fed

Diets Based on Palm Oil By-

Products

Discussion

13.30 – 15.15 Paralel

(Room 3) Socio-economic contribution of integration of oil palm - livestock

management systems

Edison

Does Siska Become an Ideal

Model of Palm Oil Farming ?

Dr. Saitul

Fakhri


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ardi Novra Cattle and Palm Oil Integration

(CPI) Strategic to Optimize the

Role of the State Enterprises

Latifa Siswati Patterns of Livestock and

Agriculture Integrated Palm Oil

to Increase The Income

Saad Murdy,

Saidin Nainggolan

and Ardhiyan

Saputra

Lingkage of Globalization and

Trade Liberalization in

Indonesian Downstream Palm

Oil Industry

Ardhiyan Saputra,

Saidin Nainggolan

and Adlaida Malik

Lingkage of Globalization and

Trade Liberalization in

Indonesian Upstream Palm Oil

Industry

Rofiq M. N.,

S.Martono, M.

Surachman, Herdis

Sustainable Design of Oil Palm-

Beef Cattle Integration in

Pelalawan Regency Riau

Indonesia

Bustami dan

Masito

Bali Cattle Breeding Pattern of

Farmer in Oil Palm Plantation

Area in West Tanjung Jabung,

Jambi

Discussion

15.15 – 15.30 Poster session

15.30 – 15.45 Coffee break

15.45 – 16.30 Summary Committee

Closing

Ceremony

Rector of University of Jambi


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LIST OF POSTERS

1 Oil Palm Trunk as Feed

Resource for Cost-Effective

Beef Production under Oil

Palm Plantation

1M. Wan Zahari.,

2Nikkhoo,M. and

3Alimon, A.R.

1Faculty of Veterinary

Medicine, Universiti

Malaysia Kelantan,

Malaysia 2Department of

Molecular Genetics

and Animal

Biotechnology,

Mazandaran

University, Iran. 3Tropical Institute of

Malaysia (ITA),

Universiti Putra

Malaysia (UPM),

Serdang, Selangor,

Malaysia

2 Manipulation of rumen for

efficient utilization of oil

palm by-product

Anjas Asmara

Samsudin

Department of Animal

Science, Faculty of

Agriculture, Universiti

Putra Malaysia

3 Supplementation of Perlawit

(Permen Lumpur Sawit) and

Temulawak Combination to

Improve Bali’s Cattle

Productivity

Sri Arnita Abutani,

M. Afdal, Ulil Amri,

Zafrullah Zein

Departement of

Animal Science

,Jambi University


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

KEYNOTE SPEAKERS PAPERS


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

POLICY ON THE DEVELOPMENT ON INTEGRATION OF OIL PALM

AND LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

DR. Ir. Mursyid Ma’sum, M.Agr.

Director of Animal Feed, Directorate General of Livestock and

Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Indonesia

Abstract

The policy formulation of animal feed development in Indonesia is essentially to respond two

big issues, namely (1) feed security, the availability of feed and feed ingredients; and (2)

quality and safetyfeed, the adequacyof animal nutritional needed and free from feed hazards

and contaminants (physical, chemical and biological hazards). Indonesia is an agricultural

country and located in tropical area, there is a huge potency to provide animal feed.

Therefore,the implementation of those policies should be local resource base. One of

potential local resource for animal feed is in oil palm plantation. At the present time, there

are about 9 million hectares of oil palm plantation in Indonesia.There areabundance of

undergrowth in oil palm plantation offers a free source of forage, oil palm plant by-product

and by product of oil palm industry that can use as feed. It is potentially applied in livestock-

oil palm plant integrated system. Livestock and oil palm plantation have some negative issues

for enviromental impact such as the causes of increasing greenhouse gases. By application

this integration, hopefully that the negative environmental impact of livestock and oilpalm

plantation can be reduced.

PENDAHULUAN

Pembangunan peternakan pada dasarnya adalah mendukung “Empat Target Sukses

Kementerian Pertanian”, yaitu (1) Meningkatkan swasembada dan swasembada

berkelanjutan untuk komoditas padi, daging sapi, jagung, kedelai dan gula; (2)

peningkatan divertifikasi pangan; (3) peningkatan nilai tambah, daya saing dan

ekspor; dan (4) peningkatan kesejahteraan petani. Oleh karena itu, program utama

Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan (Ditjen. PKH) adalah

pencapaian swasembada daging sapi/kerbau tahun 2014 (PSDSK-2014) dan

peningkatan penyediaan pangan hewani yang aman, sehat, utuh dan halal (ASUH).

Setiap usaha pengembangan peternakan, harus berbasis ketersediaan pakan. Pakan

yang berfungsi sebagai input produksi, juga sangat berpengaruh terhadap kesehatan

ternak, produksi dan produktivitas ternak. Disamping itu, biaya pakan ini sangat

tinggi dibanding biaya komponen produksi ternak yang lainnya. Oleh karena itu,

upaya-upaya untuk melakukan efisiensi biaya pakan ini sangat penting dan mendesak,

untuk meningkatkan daya saing produk-produk ternak di Indonesia. Salah satu tugas

pokok dan fungsi Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan adalah

peningkatan produksi pakan tenak dengan pendayagunaan sumber daya lokal.

Isu-isu yang berkembang sekitar peternakan sapi saat ini antara lain adalah sulitnya

mencari lahan usaha, distribusi dan tataniaga sapi, tidak adanya alat transpotasi

khusus ternak, langkanya pakan di musim kemarau dan lain-lain. Isu-isu sekitar

perkebunanan sawit saat ini antara lain adalah terkait dengan masalah kelestarian


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

lingkungan dan semakin sulit/langkanya tenaga kerja kasar, khususnya untuk

megangkut TBS dari dalam kebun ke jalan.

Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan secara singkat tentang kebijakan, program

dan kegiatan pengembangan pakan hijauan secara nasional, khususnya terkait

integrasi sapi - tanaman sawit yang telah dilaksanakan oleh Direktorat Pakan Ternak

dan permasalahan serta tantangan yang dihadapi ke depan.

KEBIJAKAN PENGEMBANGAN PAKAN

Direktorat Pakan Ternak mempunyai Visi : Menjadi direktorat yang profesional

dalam mewujudkan pengembangan pakan berbasis sumberdaya lokal, dalam

mendukung penyediaan dan keamanan pangan asal hewan serta meningkatkan

kesejahteraan peternak. Sedangkan misinya adalah (1) Menciptakan kondisi

penyediaan bahan pakan yang cukup, berkualitas dan berkelanjutan; (2) Menciptakan

kondisi penyediaan pakan hijauan yang cukup, berkualitas dan berkelanjutan; (3)

Mendukung usaha pengolahan pakan dengan penerapan teknologi; (4) Menciptakan

kondisi peningkatan mutu pakan sesuai standar; dan (5) Meningkatkan kualitas

pelayanan di bidang pakan.

Kebijakan pengembangan pakan dirumuskan untuk menjawab tantangan pakan, yaitu

(1) terkait dengan ketersediaan pakan (feed security), dan (2) terkait dengan keamanan

dan mutu pakan (feed safety). Saat ini kebijakan difokuskan untuk mendukung

program swasembada daging sapi dan kerbau (PSDSK) tahun 2014 dan

Restrukturisasi Perunggasan. Kebijakan dilaksanakan berbasis sumber daya lokal.

Diharapkan dengan kebijakan ini, yang dijabarkan dalam bentuk program dan

kegiatan, kemandirian di bidang pakan dapat dicapai.

Dalam merumuskan kebijakan pengembangan pakan, Direktorat Pakan Ternak

merujuk kepada peraturan-perundang-undangan yang berlaku, yaitu (1) UU No. 18

Tahun 2009 tentang Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan, khususnya pasal 6 dan pasal

19 sampai dengan pasal 23 serta regulasi di bawahnya, seperti (2) Permentan No. 240

Tahun 2003 tentang Cara Pembuatan Pakan yang Baik (CPPB); (3) Keputusan

Menteri Pertanian No. 471 Tahun 2002 Tentang Pelarangan Penggunaan Tepung

Daging, Tepung Tulang, Tepung Darah, Tepung Daging Dan TulangTdt) dan Bahan

Lainnya Asal Ruminansia sebagai Pakan Ternak Ruminansia; (4) Peraturan Menteri

Pertanian No. 65 Tahun 2007 Tentang Pedoman Pengawasan Mutu Pakan; (5)

Peraturan Menteri Pertanian No. 19 Tahun 2009 Tentang Syarat dan Tata Cara

Pendaftaran Pakan; dan (6) SNI untuk bahan pakan dan pakan.

Juga dalam perumusan kebijakan ini, Direktorat Pakan Pakan memperhatikan

peraturan dan perundang-undangan terkait lainnya, misal (1) UU Budidaya Tanaman

Pangan dan UU Hortikultura dan UU Perkebunan; (2) isu-isu global di bidang pakan;

(3) dukungan terhadap program/kegiatan PSDS/K 2014; (4) pemanfaatan sumberdaya

lokal; (5) pertimbangan terhadap aspek keamanan pakan; dan (6) eksplorasi dan

mengembangkan potensi pakan/bahan pakan lokal yang ada.


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dalam UU No. 18 Tahun 2009 Pasal 6 ayat (1) dinyatakan bahwa Lahan yang telah

ditetapkan sebagai kawasan penggembalaan umum harusn dipertahankan

keberadaannya dan kemanfaatannya secara berkelanjutan; ayat (2) Kawasan

penggembalaan berfungsi sebagai : penghasil tumbuhan pakan, tempat perkawinan

alam, seleksi, kastrasi, pelayanan IB, pelayanan keswan, tempat atau obyek penelitian

dan pengembangan teknologi peternakan; ayat (3) Pemda yang di daerahnya

mempunyai persediaan lahan yang memungkinkan dan memprioritaskan budidaya

ternak skala kecil diwajibkan menetapkan lahan sebagai kawasan penggembalaan

umum; ayat (4) Pemda membina bentuk kerjasama antara pengusahaan peternakan,

tanaman pangan, hortikultura, perikanan, perkebunan dan kehutanan serta bidang

lainnya dalam pemanfaatan lahan di kawasan tersebut sebagai sumber pakan ternak

murah.

Dalam Pasal 20 dinyatakan bahwa: (1) Pengawasan terhadap pengadaan dan

peredaran bahan baku pakan dan tumbuhan atau tanaman pakan yang tergolong bahan

pangan dilakukan secara terkoordinasi antar instansi atau departemen; (2) Koordinasi

sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) meliputi penyediaan lahan untuk keperluan

budidaya tanaman pakan, pengadaan pakan di dalam negeri, dan pemasukan pakan

dari luar negeri; (3) Pengadaandan/atau pembudidayaan tanaman pakan dilakukan

melalui sistem pertanaman monokultur dan/atau terpadu dengan jenis tanaman lain

dengan tetap mempertimbangkan ekosistem sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-

undangan di bidang sistem budidaya tanaman; (4) Dalam rangka pengadaan pakan

dan/atau bahan baku pakan yang tergolong bahan pangan, Pemerintah mengutamakan

bahan baku pakan lokal; dan (5) Pengadaan dan penggunaan pakan dan/atau bahan

pakan yang berasal dari organisme transgenik harus memenuhi persyaratan keamanan

hayati.

PENGEMBANGAN PAKAN MENDUKUNG PSDSK 2014

Dalam penyediaan pakan, harus mencakup aspek-aspek jumlah yang cukup,

kontinuitas pasokan, harga bersaing dan kemudahan diakses. Sedangkan terkait

dengan kualitas dan keamanan pakan, dilakukan melalui pengembangan teknologi dan

industry pakan untuk mendukung pencapaian program PSDSK 2014. Secara

diagramatik kebijakan penyediaan pakan ruminansia dapat digambarkan sebagai

berikut:


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Beberapa strategi untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, adalah (1) Penyediaan sumber

benih/bibit hijauan pakan ternak (HPT); (2) Peningkatan pemanfaatan pakan hasil

samping produk pertanian/ perkebunan melalui kegiatan integrasi ternak dan

pemanfaatan lahan hutan untuk pengembangan pakan hijauan; (3) Akselerasi

pengembangan pasture dan “cut and carry system”; dan (4) Pemanfaatan teknologi

dengan basis bahan pakan lokal.

Integrasi Sapi-Sawit

Khusus untuk ternak ruminansia, lebih khusus lagi sapi, yang pakan pokoknya adalah

pakan hijauan, penyediaan pakannya harus berbasis lahan. Lahan sebagai basis

ekologis budidaya sapi maupun untuk budidaya pakan hijauan. Jika tidak ada lahan

khusus, dapat diintegrasikan dengan lahan-lahan tanaman, seperti lahan tanaman

pangan, perkebunan, hortikultura maupun lahan kehutanan.

Saat ini ternak ruminansia, khususnya sapi, 46% terkonsentrasi di pulau Jawa, yang

juga memiliki lahan terbatas, serta jumlah penduduk paling padat. Oleh karena itu,

pola pemeliharaan ternak sapi di pulau Jawa dilakukan secara intensif, yang

memerlukan biaya pakan relatif lebih tinggi (padat modal).

Salah satu lahan tanaman yang paling potensial dalam penyediaan pakan ternak

ruminansia adalah perkebunan sawit. Selain sumber pakan berasal dari vegetasi yang

tumbuh di bawahnya, juga dapat diperoleh dari pelepah dan daun sawit, tandan buah

kosong, serta hasil samping industri pengolahan sawit, seperti bungkil inti sawit

(BIS) dan lumpur sawit.

Saat ini luas perkebunan sawit di Indonesia diperkirakan mencapai 9 juta hektar yang

secara domian tersebar di pulau Sumatera, Kalimantan dan Sulawesi. Berdasarkan

kepemilikannya, perkebunan sawit ini dibedakan menjadi perkebunan rakyat (41%),

SUMBER BIBIT/

BENIH HPT

UNIT

USAHA HPT

PEMANFAATAN

LAHAN

KAWASAN

GEMBALA

PABRIK

PAKAN

UNIT USAHA

BAHAN PAKAN

PENYEDIAAN PAKAN HIJAUAN PENYEDIAAN PAKAN

KONSENTRAT

KEBIJAKAN PENYEDIAAN PAKAN RUMINANSIA

BPTU UPTD

D KELP SWSTA

INTEGRASI LAHAN

KEHUTANAN PPSK UPP

USAHA PEMBIBITAN DAN BUDIDAYA (KELOMPOK, KOPERASI, BUMN,SWASTA)


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pemerintah/PTPN (8%) dan swasta (51%). Kebun sawit yang 9 juta hektar ini masih

terbagi lagi berdasarkan struktur umur tanaman ataupun status produksi. Artinya,

tidak semua lahan sawit yang luasnya 9 juta hektar ini potensial untuk diintegrasikan

dengan sapi.

Upaya-upaya untuk mengembangkan integrasi sapi-sawit ini sudah lebih 5 tahun

dilakukan melalui program/kegiatan Kementerian Pertanian, baik yang dilakukan oleh

Ditjen PKH, Ditjen Perkebunan secara bersama-sama maupun sendiri. Juga oleh

instansi lain seperti Badan Litbang Pertanian dan lain-lain. Program/kegiatan ini

terutama dilakukan di perkebunan sawit rakyat. Evaluasi terhadap pelaksanaan

kegiatan ini menunjukkan hasil yang positif bagi kedua komoditi, baik untuk sawit

maupun untuk sapinya. Beberapa perusahaan kebun sawit swasta dan perkebunan

Pemerintah (PTPN) juga sudah mulai memasukkan sapi untuk diintegrasikan dengan

kebun sawit.

Dari aspek sistem pemeliharaan (budidaya), masih terjadi perbedaan pandangan

antara perkebunan dan peternakan. Berdasarkan yang sudah diterapkan oleh beberapa

pelaku integrasi sawit sapi, maka dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga sistem, yaitu (1)

Intensif: ternak sepanjang waktu (harus) dikandangkan. Sistem ini dan hanya ini yang

direkomendasikan oleh Pusat Penekitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS); (2) Semi intensif:

ternak pada siang hari dilepas, dan pada malam hari dikandangkan; dan (3) Ekstensif:

ternak sepanjang waktu dilepas di suatu blok kebun sawit yang diberi pagar dalam

waktu tertentu, kemudian dirotasi ke blok lain. Sistem ini menyerupai sistem rotation

grazing pada padang penggembalaan. Sistem budidaya mana yang paling tepat dan

baik, tergantung dari tujuan pemeliharaan sapi. Untuk tujuan menghasilkan bibit atau

anak sapi misalnya, maka sistem ekstensif lebih efisien dan menguntungkan.

Sedangkan untuk tujuan penggemukan, sistim intensif lebih menguntungkan.

Kontribusi sapi terhadap perkebunan sawit antara lain adalah penggunaan kotoran dan

urine sapi sebagai bahan pupuk organik (pupuk padat dan cair); sebagai tenaga kerja

pengangkut tandang buah segar (TBS) dari dalam kebun ke jalan, untuk selanjutnya

diangkut dengan truk, mengurangi penggunaan obat pembasmi tanaman gulma, dan

lain-lain.

PENUTUP

Secara konseptual, integrasi sawit-sapi dapat memberikan keuntungan timbal-balik

antara kedua komoditi tersebut, dan dapat mengurangi dampak negatif lingkungan.

Namun demikian, masih terdapat permasalahan dalam mengimplementasikan konsep

integrasi sawit-sapi tersebut, khususnya dari aspek teknis, seperti pola budidayanya.

Demikian juga, terhadap dampak lingkungan dalam jangka panjang. Oleh karena itu,

masih perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut secara komprehensif integrasi sawit -

sapi ini dengan berbagai pendekatan.

Jakarta, Maret 2014


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Jl. Lingkar Barat Paal X Kota Baru Jambi, 36128

INTEGRASI SAWIT SAPI

DI PT. PERKEBUNAN NUSANTARA VI (PERSERO)

Iskandar Sulaiman, Ahmad Nasulian, Arifin Ereskayanto

email : [email protected]

Abstrak

Untuk mengurangi ketergantungan pada impor sapi potong, Pemerintah

mencanangkan “Program Swasembada Daging Sapi“. Berdasarkan arahan dari

Meneg BUMN, PT. Perkebunan Nusantara yang mempunyai komoditi kelapa sawit

ikut ambil bagian dalam program ini guna membantu Program Swasembada Daging

Sapi 2014. Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit merupakan penyedia sumber bahan pakan yang

berlimpah dimana selama ini pakan merupakan titik kritis dalam pengembangan sapi.

PTPN-VI merespon hal ini dengan memelihara 2.000 ekor sapi dengan didampingi

Dirjen Peternakan (Balai Sapi Potong Grati) dan Fakultas Peternakan Universitas

Jambi untuk pembuatan komposisi pakan dan model pemeliharaan ternak. Ternyata

bukan pakan yang menjadi masalah utamanya tetapi kesulitan mendapatkan sapi

bakalan harus segera dicari solusinya.

PENDAHULUAN

Peningkatan permintaan masyarakat terhadap produk-produk peternakan khususnya

pada daging sapi menunjukkan bahwa kesadaran masyarakat terhadap pemenuhan

gizi akan protein hewani semakin meningkat. Namun tingginya permintaan tersebut

belum bisa diimbangi dengan peningkatan populasi sapi potong. Laju peningkatan

populasi sapi potong menurut Dirjen peternakan pada tahun 2008 hanya sekitar 6%,

sedangkan kebutuhan masyarakat tehadap daging sapi meningkat dengan pesat.

Kondisi tersebut mengakibatkan adanya kesenjangan antara permintaan dan

penawaran (Erick Erlangga, 2012).

Menurut Dirjen Peternakan RI, kebutuhan sapi potong nasional pada tahun 2009

mencapai 2,1 juta ekor sapi. Sebanyak 1,1 juta ekor dari kebutuhan tersebut dipasok

dari dalam negeri, sedangkan 700 ribu ekor sapi masih harus dipasok dari impor.

Dengan asumsi jumlah penduduk Indonesia 240 juta jiwa dan konsumsi daging sapi

1,8 kg/kapita/tahun, saat ini dibutuhkan 432 juta kilogram daging sapi atau jika

dikonversikan menjadi sapi hidup setara dengan 2,5 juta ekor sapi. Pemerintah

mailto:[email protected]


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

melalui Kementerian Pertanian tengah gencar menyukseskan program swasembada

daging sapi yang harus dicapai pada tahun 2014. Karena itu, ketersediaan daging sapi

diharapkan seluruhnya berasal dari dalam negeri, tidak perlu impor lagi. Jika

diasumsikan jumlah penduduk seperti pada tahun 2010 dengan peningkatan konsumsi

daging sapi 10 kg/kapita/tahun, paling tidak perlu tersedia 10 juta ekor sapi setiap

tahun (drh. Samsul Fikar dan Dadi Ruhyadi, 2010).

Berdasarkan analisa dalam Lampiran Permentan No.19 Tahun 2010 tentang Pedoman

Umum Program Swasembada Daging Sapi 2014 disampaikan bahwa jika tidak ada

upaya maka produksi daging sapi domestik menurun menjadi 47,6% dan tentunya

akan menyebabkan ketergantungan daging impor semakin tinggi. Program

swasembada daging sapi 2014 menargetkan bahwa kebutuhan daging sapi pada tahun

2014 dipenuhi dari komposisi 90% berasal dari produksi domestik dan 10% dari luar

negeri. Dalam Renstra Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan 2010-

2014 menyebutkan program pemerintah ini harus mendapatkan dukungan dari

instansi terkait. Pada kementerian BUMN dalam renstra tersebut diharapkan dapat

berkontribusi dalam program swasembada daging sapi melalui :

(i) Pemanfaatan dana CSR dari BUMN untuk bidang peternakan

(ii) Pengembangan sistem integrasi kelapa sawit dan sapi potong (SISKA)

(iii) Mendorong pengembangan sub sistem pembibitan oleh swasta/BUMN, dan

(iv) Dukungan penggunaan pupuk organik asal ternak. Hal inilah yang menjadikan

program integrasi sawit dan sapi harus dilaksanakan di Perkebunan Nusantara

yang ada komoditas kelapa sawitnya (Sawit Media, 2012).

Proyek ternak sapi yang dikembangkan oleh PTPN-VI merupakan bagian dari

program Kementerian BUMN dalam rangka mendukung Program Swasebada Daging

Nasional pada tahun 2014, dimana Kementerian BUMN mencanangkan Program

SaSa (Integrasi Sapi-Sawit) dengan target 100.000 ekor sapi pada tahun 2012. Dahlan

Iskan selaku Menteri BUMN telah menugaskan BUMN Perkebunan sebanyak 11

perusahaan yang mempunyai kebun kelapa sawit untuk beternak sapi. Dengan surat

No. S-240/MBU/2012 tanggal 9 Mei 2012 setiap BUMN diberikan alokasi jumlah

ternak, yaitu PTPN I-VIII, XIII, XIV dan PT RNI masing sebanyak 3.000, 5.000,

15.000, 15.000, 12.000, 10.000, 10.000, 5.000, 10.000, 5.000 dan 10.000. Total

seluruhnya ada 100.000 ekor sapi pada tahun 2012. Dahlan Iskan bahkan

mengharapkan jumlah ini akan terus bertambah seiring waktu. Namun demikian,

program SaSa harus dilaksanakan dengan mekanisme korporasi dan menjadi profit-

centre di masing-masing PTPN.


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PELAKSANAAN INTEGRASI SAWIT- SAPI DI PTP. NUSANTARA VI

(PERSERO)

Tempat

Integrasi Sapi Sawit di PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VI (Persero) dimulai

dengan mendirikan Unit Usaha Integrasi Sapi Sawit (UU.ISS) pada bulan Februari

2012 dengan struktur organisasi berikut ini:

Tabel 1. Struktur organisasi UU.ISS

Lokasi pengembangan usaha integrasi sawit sapi PTP. Nusantara VI (Persero) di Desa

Muaro Sebo Kecamatan Jaluko Kabupaten Muaro Jambi, memiliki aksesibilitas

sangat baik dengan jalan masuk sekitar 2 km dari jalan raya Ness berupa jalan aspal

dengan jarak dari pasar sasaran potensial (konsumen) relatif dekat yaitu Kota Jambi

(±35 km), Sengeti (±18 km) dan Muaro Bulian ± 9 km.

Lokasi untuk UU.ISS memanfaatkan lokasi eks. pabrik pengolahan karet (CRF) ± 7

Ha yang sudah tidak beroperasi ± 5 tahun karena petani plasma alih-komoditi dari

karet ke kelapa sawit. Terdapat banyak infra-struktur ex CRF yang masih ada dan

dapat dimanfaatkan, dengan sedikit ubahan, penataan dan penambahan, menjadikan

tempat ini cukup ideal untuk usaha peternakan. Dengan luasan lokasi ± 7 Ha,

menjadikan tempat ini sebagai salah satu instalasi yang sangat mendukung tumbuh-

kembangnya usaha peternakan.

Pada sisi lain UU. ISS ini juga relatif dekat dengan sumber input pakan utama

(pelepah sawit) ± 6 km dari areal perkebunan milik PTPN-VI di Unit Usaha

Batanghari.

Ras Bakalan Sapi

Sapi yang dikelola adalah ras sapi Bali dan PO (Peranakan Ongole), serta sebagian

kecil jenis Simental, FH (Fries Holstein), dan lain-lain. Sapi yang dikelola berjumlah

2.000 ekor dengan komposisi 70% penggemukan (fattening) dan 30% pembiakan

(breeding). Bakalan sapi tersebut dibeli dari Sentra Pembibitan Sapi di Indonesia dan

telah mendapat rekomendasi dari Pemerintah (Dinas Peternakan). Bakalan sapi yang

dibeli berumur minimal 12 bulan. Pemilihan bakalan sapi jenis lokal ini disebabkan

karena daya adaptifnya terhadap lingkungan cukup baik serta tahan terhadap

perubahan jenis pakan.


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Gambar 1. Sapi Bali Gambar 2. Sapi PO

Sistem Perkandangan

Penggemukan dan pembiakan dilakukan dengan sistem intensif yaitu sapi tetap berada

di kandang, tidak digembalakan diluar kandang. Digunakan sistem kandang

koloni/komunal yaitu model kandang yang menempatkan beberapa ekor ternak secara

bebas tanpa diikat dengan norma 3 m2 per ekor sapi. Untuk alas kandang diberikan

fiber hasil by product dari pabrik kelapa sawit. Keunggulan Sistem Kandang Koloni

adalah (i) Efisiensi penggunaan tenaga kerja, satu orang anak kandang mengelola

100-150 ekor sapi, (ii) Tidak membutuhkan pengamatan khusus terhadap aktivitas

reproduksinya karena ternak kawin sendiri dan (iii) Pembersihan feses 3-4 kali dalam

1 tahun.

Gambar 3. Kandang Koloni

Gambar 4. Fiber sebagai alas kandang

PAKAN

Daya Dukung Kebun Kelapa Sawit

Perkebunan kelapa sawit adalah lumbung bahan pakan yang “tidur” yang belum

dimanfaatkan secara optimal untuk mendukung percepatan peningkatan populasi sapi

di Indonesia. Selama ini pelepah sawit yang sudah dipotong hanya diletakkan di

antara barisan kelapa sawit, yang akan mengalami dekomposisi alami dengan proses

yang cukup lama. Pemanfaatan pelepah kelapa sawit sebagai bahan pakan


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

memberikan nilai tambah bagi usaha peternakan dan bagi ketersediaan pupuk organik

yang lebih cepat dan praktis.

Walaupun demikian, jumlah pelepah yang bisa digunakan maksimum hanya 50% dari

pelepah yang berasal dari proses panen, sisanya harus tetap berada di kebun untuk

mencegah erosi dan untuk mempertahankan iklim mikro tanaman. Dengan asumsi

tersebut maka 1 ha kebun kelapa sawit dapat mensuplai hijauan untuk 1 ekor sapi.

Sumber pelepah UU.ISS berasal UU.Batang Hari yang jaraknya + 7,2 km. Luas

efektif UU.Batang Hari adalah 2.025 Ha sehingga dapat mensuplai hijauan untuk

2.000 ekor sapi.

Formula Pakan

Melalui pola Integrasi Sawit Sapi, pelepah sawit akan menjadi komponen utama

sebagai pengganti hijauan rumput, ditambah dengan by product dari pabrik kelapa

sawit berupa bungkil inti sawit, onggok, dedak padi, molasses, garam, dan kapur.

Pakan tersebut diberikan 2 kali sehari dengan formula pakan seperti terlihat dalam

Tabel 2, sebagai berikut :

Pada saat ini penelitian susunan dan komposisi pakan terus menerus dilakukan untuk

mendapatkan formulasi yang ideal yang bekerja sama dengan Dinas Peternakan, Balai

Penelitian Sapi Potong dan Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Jambi.


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Berikut ini disajikan proses pembuatan pakan :

Batang Pelepah Daun Pelepah Pengangkutan Pelepah Choper Garam

Bungkil Inti Sawit Cacahan pelepah Molases Dedak

Onggok

Mixer Ransum Siap Makan

Gambar 5. Proses Pembuatan Pakan

Tabel 2. Komposisi Pakan


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pemeliharaan ternak

Pemeliharaan ternak yang baik merupakan salah satu tahapan kegiatan penting untuk

menunjang keberhasilan integrasi sapi sawit. Kegiatan pemeliharaan mencakup

tahapan persiapan dan perawatan. Sapi yang baru tiba di peternakan harus diberi

perlakuan khusus utuk mengembalikan kondisi yang menurun akibat stress setelah

menempuh perjalanan. Pemberian vitamin dan obat cacing diberikan ketika sapi baru

tiba dipeternakan. Periode penggemukan adalah 120-160 hari, dan perlu penanganan

khusus seperti dari persiapan kandang, penimbangan, pemotongan kuku, pemandian

sampai dengan pemberian multivitamin dan suplemen makanan lainnya untuk

meningkatkan vitalitas sapi yang digemukkan. Sapi perlu dikelompokkan berdasarkan

ukuran tubuhnya untuk mencegah persaingan agar tidak terjadi sapi yang kecil tidak

mendapat jatah pakan.

PERKEMBANGAN DAN HASIL

Pertambahan Bobot

Pengamatan pertumbuhan sapi Bali dan PO dapat dilihat pada Tabel 3 dan Tabel 4.

Sapi Bali dan PO yang ada menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan kenaikan berat

badan. Hal ini akibat adanya perbedaan keseragaman bakalan sapi yang berakibat

kenaikan berat badan harian sapi tidak seragam. Bakalan sapi berasal dari kelompok

tani yang beragam sehingga seleksi saat penerimaan sapi mutlak harus dilakukan.

UU.ISS telah melakukan pengelompokkan sapi berdasarkan kelas seperti terlihat

dalam Tabel 3 dan Tabel 4 berikut ini.

Tabel 3. Kolompok Sapi Bali

Tabel 4. Kolompok Sapi PO

Pembiakan

Untuk pembiakan, sampai dengan bulan September 2013, induk sapi bali berjumlah

259 ekor yang telah menghasilkan 93 ekor anakan dan terdapat 175 ekor induk yang


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

dalam keadaan bunting. Sementara itu terdapat induk sapi PO sebanyak 280 ekor

yang telah menghasilkan anakan sebanyak 77 ekor dan diantaranya 150 ekor induk

dalam keadaan bunting. Sehingga diperoleh 170 ekor anakan (32,1%) dan 325 ekor

(61,3%) induk yang bunting.

Produksi Kompos

Kotoran sapi basah yang dihasilkan per hari per ekor sapi rata-rata 7 kg dan waktu

pembongkaran kotoran sapi dilakukan 3 bulan sekali. Selama periode tersebut, sapi

tidak dimandikan dan tidak terlihat mengalami penyakit gangguan kulit atau penyakit

lainnya. Kompos eks.kotoran sapi yang telah dibongkar, pada saat ini telah

dimanfaatkan sebagai pupuk organik pada areal TBM dan TM dengan dosis 50

kg/pokok. Dosis tersebut berdasarkan rekomendasi dari Pusat Penelitian Kelapa

Sawit, didasarkan dari hasil analisa kotoran sapi oleh laboratorium Pusat Penelitian

Kelapa Sawit. Hasil analisa eks.kotoran sapi dapat dilihat pada tabel 5 dibawah ini :

Tabel 5. Hasil Analisa eks.Kotoran Sapi

Parameter Satuan Hasil Uji Metode Uji

Nitrogen % 1,78 SNI 2803.2010

P2O5 total % 0,37 SNI 2803.2010 K2O % 0,36 SNI 2803.2010 MgO % 0,48 AAS

CaO % 1,06 AAS

Fe2O3 % 0,19 AAS

S - Negatif Gravimetri

B % 0,05 Spektrofotometri

Cu Ppm 46 AAS

Mn % 0,01 AAS

Zn Ppm 33 AAS

pH - 8,82 Potensiometri

C.Organik % 51,79 Gravimetri

Kadar Air % 64,49 SNI 02.2804.2005

Kompos eks.kotoran sapi telah diaplikasikan di Unit Usaha Batanghari (UU.BHR)

mulai bulan September 2012 dan berpengaruh terhadap kenaikan rata-rata berat

tandan seperti yang terlihat pada tabel 6 berikut ini.

Tabel 6. Aplikasi Kotoran Sapi di UU.BHR

Pada saat ini, juga sedang dilakukan penelitian untuk membuat pupuk majemuk

organik asal kotoran sapi bekerja sama dengan Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS).

Formula Pakan

Formula pakan yang dipakai telah beberapa kali mengalami perubahan, dan berikut

ini merupakan hasil analisa formula pakan yang dilakukan oleh laboratorium Fakultas

Peternakan Universitas Jambi yang dapat dilihat pada tabel 7 berikut ini:


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Tabel 7. Hasil Analisa Formula Pakan

Uraian Berat Kering Abu Lemak Kasar Serat kasar Protein Kasar

% 55,04 7,25 2,80 24,75 11,84

Hasil penggunaan komposisi pakan ini berpengaruh terhadap kenaikan berat badan

harian sapi. Komposisi pakan ini terus menerus disempurnakan bekerjasama dengan

Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Jambi dan Balai Penelitian Sapi Potong Grati untuk

mendapatkan komposisi pakan ideal.

Pengembangan UU.ISS.

Pengadaan sapi bakalan tahap II untuk penggemukan oleh PTP. Nusantara VI

(Persero) akan kembali direalisasikan pada bulan November dan Desember 2013

sebanyak 1.000 ekor.

Untuk mempercepat upaya pemenuhan target penyediaan daging sapi domestik, selain

pengembangan melalui perusahaan BUMN Perkebunan, juga diupayakan dengan

menyertakan masyarakat melalui proyek kemitraan terpadu.

Proyek kemitraan terpadu penggemukan sapi di PTPN –VI dirancang sebanyak 1.000

ekor untuk Kabupaten Muaro Jambi dan Kabupaten Batanghari. Pertimbangan

pemilihan kabupaten ini karena letak geografisnya yang berdekatan dengan lokasi

kebun inti (UU. Batanghari) dan UU ISS. Setiap anggota direncanakan mendapat 5

ekor ternak sapi yang bergabung dalam kelompok peternak.

KESIMPULAN:

1. Pelepah sawit dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pakan sapi dengan formulasi

tambahan konsentrat lain.

2. Peningkatan bobot harian rata-rata bervariasi sesuai kualitas bakalan, untuk sapi

Bali dapat mencapai 0,7 – 1,0 kg/hari sedangkan sapi PO dapat mencapai 1,2

kg/hari.

3. Kotoran sapi dapat langsung dimanfaatkan sebagai pupuk organik dengan dosis

50 kg/pokok dan saat ini sedang dalam tahap penelitian pembuatan pupuk

majemuk organik yang diperkirakan dapat mengurangi dosis pupuk anorganik.

4. Untuk swasembada, diperlukan upaya aktif penyediaan sapi bakalan untuk

penggemukan , penyebaran informasi dan peningkatan ketrampilan/teknik

breeding guna mempercepat penyebaran usaha penggemukan ternak sapi.

5. Perlu dikembangkan sistem kemitraan dengan peternak dan petani sekitar

perkebunan kelapa sawit untuk ikut dalam program penggemukan dan pembiakan

sapi. Untuk itu diperlukan peran serta semua pihak dan institusi yang terkait guna

mendukung terlaksananya kegiatan tersebut.

Untuk percepatan upaya mencapai swasembada daging sapi, dibutuhkan stimulasi dari

Pemerintah untuk kemudahan mendapatkan ternak bakalan yang murah


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ANIMAL ADAPTATION TO DIFFERENT CLIMATES, FEEDS, AND

AGRO-FORESTRY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

(Paper given at the International Conference on Oil Palm and Livestock Integration on

March 6th

, 2014 at the University of Jambi, Indonesia)

Bob Orskov

Macaulay Land Use Research Institutes, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, United Kingdom

Adaptation of Ruminants to Different Climates

It is a great pleasure for me to have the opportunity to speak at so important a

meeting. After many visits, I have some experience of this topic in Indonesia along

with that gained in visits to countries in Africa, South America and other parts of

Asia. I have been concerned mostly with ruminants and would like to show some

pictures which illustrate the title of the lecture.

Adaptation to low oxygen climates

This is something I first came across on the Tibetan Plateau in China where

they keep a type of cattle called Yak. It is around 3000-4000m above sea level,

oxygen level is low but the animals are adapted to it. It is an area where we humans

have difficulty in moving fast whereas the yak on the other hand cannot thrive at

lower levels where the oxygen concentration is higher. They are normal in their

natural habitat.

Adaptation to high temperatures

It is often the case that animals from Europe, due to their high milk yields or

growth rates, are sold to farmers in the tropics. I have so often seen such animals,

unable to adapt to their new environment, panting like dogs, very uncomfortable and

eventually dying , or at least in the case of dairy animals, having much decreased milk

yield and ceasing to reproduce. On the other hand in countries such as Israel I have

seen cattle from cool areas such as Europe being kept, but in air-conditioned housing.

They have in effect changed the climate to meet the animals needs. This can work but

is generally too expensive for most farmers!


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Adaptation to low temperatures

As shown above, cattle or goats in Europe do not like high temperatures. Their

milk yields are generally higher as they are able to eat more. This also helps to keep

them warm as at least 50% of the metabolizable energy has to be dissipated as heat.

Adaptation of Ruminants to Different Feeds

Adaptation to low feed availability.

In most parts of the world feed availability varies with climate. In most of

Europe extra feedstuffs are harvested in the Summer and stored for use in the Winter.

In tropical areas the animals are adapted to store feed as fat in various parts of the

body such as the large tails in the Awassi sheep and the hump of the Bos Indicus,

Cattle on the whole are less able to cope with long periods of starvation than sheep

and goats due to the loss of protein from their bodies. Camels, of course, are the most

adapted to periods of starvation, having lived in the dessert for a long time and are

able to eat a lot when food is available , storing it in the hump for lean times.

Adaptation to high or low fibre diets.

Ruminants have evolved to feed microbes in the rumen so the rumen is

generally very large and consequently they can tolerate and consume a lot of fibrous

feedstuffs. In Europe, where the animals are often fed a large amount of concentrate,

the rumen does not need to be very large so the killing out % of meat of the

slaughtered animal is higher. Sometimes these cattle are exported to countries where

they are required to eat more fibre and where concentrate is very expensive.

Subsequently these animals do not thrive as the rumen is too small to accommodate

the quantity necessary in a high fibre diet.

Adaptation to wet areas

Here, of course we must consider the buffaloes – they are so well adapted to

heir environment. Often the grass they feed in or near rivers is low in nitrogen but the

buffaloes have adapted to be efficient in recycling urea to the rumen for the microbes,

consequently urinary N is lower. They even recycle purines which in other ruminants

are normally execreted.


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Adaptation of Ruminants to Different Agro-Forestry Management Systems

Adaption to grazing under coconut trees

I first became involved with this in Sri Lanka where we found to our surprise

that the owners of coconut plantations let small farmers graze their cattle under the

trees at no charge! We did an experiment to measure the effect of the grazing on the

coconut yield and found it increased by 20%. Simply by grazing the water holding

capacity of the soil increased. No need to charge!

Adaptation to grazing under oil palm trees

This is probably the topic of most interest to this meeting, being a subject

where you already have much experience. I became involved with grazing under oil

palms in Malaysia some years ago and here the yield of oil palms increased by about

20% when cattle and goats grazed under them. So what about Sumatra? I have a little

experience with colleagues from Yogyakarta and the principles would seem to be the

same! I believe in Indonesia you have between 5 and 10 million ha. in oil palm and

then to my surprise I learn that you import thousands of cattle from Australia to fatten

on large farms on relatively costly good quality feedstuffs. I can’t help wondering

why you don’t graze more cattle under oil palms! It seems to me that Indonesia

should be exporting cattle rather than importing them.

Perhaps one day someone will tell me the answer.


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pak DAHLAN


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

FEEDING STRATEGIES FOR CATTLE-OILPALM

INTEGRATION SYSTEM - GANTI

A.R. Alimon1and M. W. Zahari

2

1 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia,

Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia. 2

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University

Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu,Kelantan,Malaysia

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Malaysia imports more than 70% of her requirements for beef. Among the many

strategies to increase cattle production in Malaysia includes raising beef cattle under

oil plantation, a system commonly called integration system. By definition,

integration means having one or more activities that complement each other with the

objective of increasing productivity from same area of land. In livestock-tree crops

integration system, animals are placed under the tree crops whereby they can partly

obtain their feed from undergrowths (grasses, weeds and shrubs) whether permanently

grazed or partially during the day, while the tree crops benefit through manure input,

less weeds and improved soil texture. Grazing the under growths reduces the costs of

feeding the animals and at the same time keeping the grass and weeds down.

Typically, integration system makes full use of the land under crops and improving

the soil through manure fertilization and weeding. However, there no standard rules

and guidelines to achieve optimum integration as there are other factors to consider,

such as the stocking rate, amount of feed supplementation, and the type of animals.

Traditionally, it has been accepted that plantation crops like oil palm, rubber, tree-

fruits and coconuts are suitable , verily because these tree when mature have higher

canopy than cattle such that cattle are not able to reach for the leaves, hence avoiding

damage to the tree crops. However, the age of these tree-crops are important as at the

early non-productive stage this practice may not feasible as most of the leaves of tree

crops are palatable to cattle, goats and sheep. Animals under integration system are

subject to various environmental conditions and variable and inconsistent supply of

forages. Weatherconditions affect the yield of forages under the trees. Under tropical

conditions, rainy season encourages growth of forage under the oil palm plantation,

while dry and drought slows down the growing process, hence the supply of forages

may be limited. Furthermore, the plants that are able to grow under oil palm are

usually shade tolerant, subsequently limited to few species, some of which are not

palatable.Shade tolerant plants tend to be slow growing and low dry matter yield. It is

inevitable that cattle or other ruminants need to be supplemented to ensure they get

sufficient energy and protein for maintenance and growth. Under integration system

the choice of concentrate is important so that the costs of feeding can be reduced.

Usually cattle under oil palm are supplemented with by-products of oil palm milling,

such as palm kernel cake, palmoil decanter cake and palm oil sludge. While these

products are easily available the costs can vary due to transportation. In all, with

proper management, careful rotational grazing and some supplementation cattle-oil

palm integration can contribute to the added income from the same area of crops.

Keywords: integration, oil palm plantation, beef cattle, forages, undergrowths,

nutrient intake



-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pak LUKI


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

INTAKE, DIGESTION AND METABOLISM OF CATTLE FED LOW

QUALITY FORAGE SUPPLEMENTED WITH PALM KERNEL MEAL

MarsetyoA, D.P. Poppi

B and S.R. McLennan

C

ADepartment of Animal Sciences, Tadulako University Palu, Central Sulawesi, 94118,

Indonesia, phone :+6281325642336 Email address: [email protected] BSchool of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld

4343, Queensland, Australia CThe University of Queensland, Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for

Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia

Abstract

Palm kernel meal (PKM) is moderately high in protein content, relatively

inexpensive, leading to its widespread use as a protein supplement for beef cattle.

However, due to its high lipid content, it can potentially depress the intake and

digestion of the forage component of a diet when fed as a supplement presumably

through changes in the rumen microbial population. This experiment was conducted

to investigate the effects of increasing intake of PKM on feed intake and digestion

and on by cattle. Five Santa Gertrudis crossbred steers (body weight (W) 310±12

(SE) kg) were allocated randomly to five different level of PKM (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75

and 1.0% W, dry matter (DM) basis) in an incomplete 5 x 5 Latin square, with three

runs. Each run consisted of a 14 d adaptation period in pens and a 7 d collection

period in metabolism cages. Steers received Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay ad

libitum and drinking water was available at all times. Parameters measured include

feed intake, digestibility, rumen ammonia (NH3-N) concentration and pH and plasm

urea nitrogen (PUN) concentration in the blood. Data were analysed using Genstat a

general linear model. The result showed that PKM supplement was low palatability

with most steers consuming less than 0.5% W/d. The daily hay DM intake declined

linearly (P<0.05) from 2.03%W/d to 0.79%W/d, with increasing PKM

supplementation. The daily total DM intake was not changed (P>0.05) by PKM

supplementation with mean value 1.76% W/d. There was a significant quadratic

effect of increasing intake of PKM (P<0.01) supplement on the total digestibility of

OM (OMD) or NDF (NDFD). There was no significant effects on rumen NH3-N

concentration, rumen pH and PUN of increasing the intake of PKM with the mean

values of 44.85 mg/L, 6.93 and 4.49 mg/d, respectively. In short, PKM

supplementation on steers fed low quality associated with the depression of hay

intake and therefore failed to increase digestibe organic matter intake which may

associated high lipid content of PKM.

Key word : digestion, intake, palm kernel meal

INTRODUCTION

Ruminants given tropical forages as single diet often encounter low

metabolisable energy (ME) intake which then resulted in the low of animal

performance due to a low voluntary intake and low digestibility of forage. The

underlying causes of this low voluntary intake and low digestibility of forage by

ruminants include physical and metabolic constraints such as nutrient imbalances,



-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

high indigestible fibre content in the diet, low gut capacity and inability of tissues to

metabolise all available nutrients (Forbes, 1996).

Under conditions of nutrient deficiency, supplementary feeding with

concentrates provides one option to increase both microbial growth in the rumen, and

also nutrient intake by the animal (Nolan et al., 1986; Orskov, 1999). Many factors to

consider in choosing concentrates for ruminants including price, availability and

animal acceptability. The use of PKM as supplements for ruminants not only

provides relatively inexpensive feed but also provides an option for rectifying nutrient

deficiencies. PKM is the main by-product of palm kernel oil extraction from the nut

of the palm tree (Elaeis guineensis Jacq). This product contains medium crude protein

that suitable for cattle feedstuff.

PKM is also high potential feed to contribute current cattle feed requirement

and to support beef self suffifiency program in Indonesia. This is because Indonesia

as the the largest producer and exporter of palm oil and its byproduct, due to the

expanding of cultivation of palm tree and remendous growth of the oil palm industry.

About 2.3 million tons of PKM are produced per year (FAO, 2012).

However, the use of PKM as ruminant feed is often restricted by its high

fibrous and lipid content. Previous study (Mak et al., 1985) indicated that PKM

contain high residual kernel oil, which might cause rancidity and thus affect

palatability. This experiment is therefore to examine the effect of increasing level of

PKM on cattle fed low quality forage on intake, digestion and metabolism.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Experimental design, animals and diets

The experiment was conducted at the University of Queensland Mt Cotton

Research Farm (153 014’East, 27

053’South) Queensland, Australia. Five Santa

Gertrudis crossbred steers, approximately 20-22 months of age and weighing 310

12 (SE) kg were allocated to PKM level on the basis of unfasted liveweight. Prior to

experiment, there was an acclimatisation phase of 15 d pre-adaptation period in which

the steers became accustomed to their supplements. At the beggining of this period,

steers were injected with Ivomec (10 g/L Ivermectin, Merck and Co. Inc. White

House Station, New Jersey USA) to control of internal and external parasites.

The experimental design used was an incomplete 5x5 Latin Squares which

consited of five levels of supplement feeding equivalent to 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0

% W of PKM as treatment and repeated 3 runs, so there was one steer per treatment

level per run. Steers were allocated randomly to a different level of PKM in each run

and were fed their diet in individual pens over a 14 d adaptation period and an

individual metabolism crates for 7 d collection period. At the comencement of the

preliminary and collection period, the steers were weighed to adjust the new weight

with PKM allocation. The allocation of PKM offered was based on dry matter

content of PKM. The hay was offered ad libitum and given two times a day in two

different portions at 0800 h and 1200 h. The PKM were given once a day at 0730 h

and given separately to the hay. Fresh drinking water provided at all times.

Measuremet and Chemical analysis


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Feed intake was measured on daily basis, while sub-samples of the hay and

PKM offered to all steers each day during the collection period were collected and

bulked then analysed for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP),

analysis (AOAC, 1990) and NDF and ADF (Goering and Van Soest, 1970).

However, sub-samples of feed offered and hay and PKM refused each animal were

taken every day and analysed for DM content (AOAC, 1990) and ether extract (EE)

content by using a solvent extraction unit (Soxtec HT6, Tecator, Sweden).

The digestibility of OM and NDF were determined using the data of feed

intake and faecal output which was measured by total collection into individual trays

placed under the metabolism crates.

The samples rumen of fluid for measurement of NH3-N concentration and pH

were taken 3 h after feeding on the last day of collection period each run by inserting

a plastic tube from the mouth down into the rumen. The rumen fluid samples were

withdrawed by using a small vacuum pump. pH of ruminal fluid was measured and

recorded immediately from the fresh fluid after sampling. The concentration of NH3-

N of rumen fluid was measured from a 20 mL of sub-sample containing 0.2 mL

placed in tubes (10 mL capacity). A distillation method using a Buchi 321 distillation

unit and an automatic titrator was used to determine the concentration of NH3-N of

rumen fluid.

The blood were taken from the jugular vein of each steer at 3 h after feeding

on the last day of the collection period of each run to determine plasma urea nitrogen

(PUN). The urea concentration in the samples was then calculated using the formula

proposed by Tiffany et al. (1972) from the regression of the line.

Statistical analysis

The effects of PKM supplementation were analysed by general linear models

with pen, run, and supplement level as terms using Genstat 6th

edition program

(Lawes Agricultural Trust, 2002).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Chemical composition of feed

The hay used for experiment consited of 882 g DM, 912 g OM, 74 g CP, 699

g ash-free NDF, 386 g ash-free ADF and 16 g EE/kg DM. PKM comprised of 864

g, 959 g OM, 17.6 g CP, 626 g NDF, 378 g ADF and 108 g EE/kg DM.

Intake, digestion and metabolism

Intakes of PKM were highly variable with most steers consuming less than

0.5% W/d. No animals showed any signs of ill-health during experimental periods.

The mean DM intakes for the three control steers during the collection period was

1.89 0.12% W/d. The daily hay DM intake declined linearly (P<0.05) with

increasing PKM supplementation. The daily total DM intake was not changed

(P>0.05) by PKM supplementation.

It was observed that all steers showed poor acceptability of PKM and could

not reach the allocated level, even at the low rates of feeding. Previous study

(Baumont, 1996) suggested that the failure of an animal to consume the required level


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

of supplement may be attributed to the low palatability of a supplement. PKM

contain high residual kernel oil, which might cause rancidity and thus affect

palatability (Mak et al., 1985). McDonald et al. (1995) noted that PKM is dry, gritty

and has low protein and a poor amino acid balance, which causes the feed to be

unpalatable. In addition, Salam Abdullah and Rajion (1997), reported that PKM

contains anti-nutritional factors such as saponins, copper and phytic acid, which may

affect animal acceptability and metabolism. In addition, The high lipid content in

PKM (108 g/kg DM), may have inhibited rumen fermentation and thus fibre

digestion, which in turn, may have led to the decrease of basal diet intake.

There was a significant quadratic effect of increasing intake of PKM (P<0.01)

supplement on OMD or NDFD. The individual values for total OMD and NDFD are

given in Table 1. An initial increase in OMD and NDFD were observed for the low

level of PKM intake, which was presumably a result of a higher digestible substrate

supply, such as carbohydrate and protein in supplemented steers compared to control

steers. The estimated mean OMD and NDFD of PKM were 67 and 70%,

respectively. The mean OMD and NDFD were 60.4 and 65.2%, respectively for hay

only, which suggests that the supplements had higher digestibility values than hay.

However, OMD and NDFD declined at the higher intake of supplements which may

have been associated with the high lipid content of the mixed diet. Earlier study

(McLennan et al., 1998) demonstrated that when lipid is above 5% of total DM intake

there is a depression in hay digestibility. Devendra and Lewis (1974) suggested that

the depression in fibre digestibility in conjunction with the high lipid intake was from

physical coating of fibre by lipid and therefore microbes had difficulty accessing the

feed.

There was no significant effect of PKM supplementation on rumen NH3-N

concentration (P>0.05) for samples taken 3 h after feeding. The mean values of NH3-

N concentration of rumen fluid were 44.8 0.62 mg/L. There are several possible

reasons for the failure of the supplements to increase rumen NH3-N concentration,

including the possible effect of the high fat content of the supplements. Several

authors have shown that ruminal NH3-N concentration decreased as more fat was fed

to sheep (Van Nevel et al., 1993; Broudiscou et al., 1994). It is possible that the high

fat content may inhibit microbial access to feed, thereby reducing N release. Hindle

(1995) found that rumen degradation of the protein fraction of PKM was also low.

The oil content of PKM is also high (8-10%) (Hindle, 1995). The heat generated by

the expeller process is another factor which may reduce the degradability of proteins

in PKM in the rumen (Kempton et al., 1977). Similarly, pH of rumen fluid values

was not significantly affected by dietary treatments which ranged from 6.9-7.1 and

were well within the suggested normal range (Theodorou and France, 1993) of 6-7.

Within this pH range the cellulolytic bacteria would be expected to function

efficiently (Hegarty et al., 1996).

The effect of PKM supplementation on PUN concentration is shown in Table

1. The average concentration of PUN of three control steers was 4.10 mg/dL. PUN

concentration was not affected significantly (P>0.05) by increasing the proportion of

PKM in the diet. PUN concentration was associated with concentration of NH3-N in

the rumen and absorption of ammonia across the rumen wall. However, in the current

experiment, no significant effect of increasing PKM intake on rumen NH3-N

concentration.

CONCLUSIONS


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

There was the low palatability of PKM supplement which are associated with

high rates of substitution for PKM at all level. This may be associated with the

impact of the high lipid content of PKM and their effect rumen fermentation.

Although the total tract digestibility of OM and NDF increased at low levels of

supplementation, further increases failed to increase the digestibility values. As a

consequence, the overall digestible organic matter intake were not increased by PKM

supplementation, suggesting no advantage in terms of nutrient supply attributable to

this supplement with low quality roughage.

REFERENCES

AOAC. 1990. Official methods of analysis. 15th edn. (Association of Official

analytical Chemists: Arlington, VA)

Baumont, R. 1996. Palatability and feeding behaviour in ruminants. A review. Ann.

Zootech. 45:385-400.

Broudiscou, L., S. Pochet and C. Poncet. 1994. Effect of linseed oil supplementation

on feed degradation and microbial synthesis in the rumen of ciliate-free and

refaunated sheep. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 49:189-202.

Devendra, C. and D. Lewis. 1974. Fat in the ruminant diet: review. Indian J. Anim.

Sci. 44:917-938.

FAO. 2012. FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation

Forbes, J.M. 1996. Integration of regularly signals controlling forage intake in

ruminants. J. Anim. Sci., 74:3029-3035.

Goering, H.K. and P.J. Van Soest, 1970. Forage fibre analysis (apparatus, reagents,

procedures and some applications). Agriculture Handbook No. 379. (USDA,

Agricultural Research Service: Washington, DC)

Hegarty, R., I. Godwin and J.V. Nolan. 1996. Animal Metabolism, Digestion and

Nutrition. Department of Animal Science. The University of New England.

Armidale, Australia.

Hindle, V.A., A. Steg, A.M. van Vuuren and J. Vroons-de Bruin. 1995. Rumen

degradation and post-ruminal digestion of palm kernel by-products in dairy

cows. Anim. Feed Sci.Tech. 51:103-121.

Kempton, T.J., J.V. Nolan and R.A. Leng 1977. Principles for the use of non-protein

nitrogen and by-pass proteins in diets of ruminants. Word Anim. Rev., 22:2-

10.

Lawes Agricultural Trust, 2002. Genstat 6th

Edition for Windows. Version 6.1.

Numerical Algorithms Group. Oxford.

Mak, T.K., R.I. Hutagalung, T. Togimin and S. Dass. 1985. Performance of Hereford

crossbred and Kedah-Kelantan cattle fed a palm kernel cake-based ration.

Pertanika, 8:53-57.

McDonald, P., R.A. Edwards, J.F.D. Greenhalgh, and C.A. Morgan. 1995. Animal

Nutrition. 5th

Ed. Longmans, London England.

McLennan S.R., A.W. Plasto, V.J. Doogan and R.D. Dillon. 1998. Whole cottonseed

and cottonseed meal supplements for cattle given a hay-based diet. Proc. Aust.

Soc. Anim. Prod. 22:111-114.

Nolan, J.V., G.J. Lee, D.W. Hennessy and R.A. Leng 1986. Metabolic responses to

supplementation in growing ruminants consuming low digestibility fibrous

diets. In: Nuclear and Related Techniques in Animal Production and Health.

IAEA, Vienna, Austria. pp. 439-455.


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Orskov, E.R. 1999. Supplement strategies for ruminants and management of feeding

to maximise utilisation of roughages. Prev. Vet. Med. 38:179-185.

Salam Abdullah, A. and M.A. Rajion. 1997. Dietary factors affecting entero-hepatic

function of ruminants in the tropics. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 69:79-90.

Theodorou, M.K. and J. France. 1993. Rumen microorganism and their interactions.

In: Quantitative Aspects of Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism, Eds. J.M.

Forbes and J. France. CAB International, Wallingford, England. pp.145-163.

Tiffany, T.O., J.M. Jansen, C.A. Burtis, J.B. Overton and C.D. Scott. 1972. Enzymatic

kinetic rate and end-point analysis of substrate by use of a Gem SAEC fast

analyzer. Clin. Chem. 18:829-840.

Van Nevel, C., D. Demeyer and S. De Smet 1993. Digestion in defaunated and

refaunated sheep fed soybean oil hydrolysate or crushed roasted soybeans.

Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 41:205-219.

Tabel 1. Effect of feeding supplements of palm kernel meal (PKM) on the intake of

hay dry matter intake (HDMI), total dry matter intake (TDMI), organic matter

digestibility (OMD), neutral detergent fibre digestibility (NDFD), rumen NH3-N,

rumen fluid pH and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) , by steers fed Rhodes grass hay over

a 7 d collection period

PKM

Intake

(%W/d)

HDMI

(%W/d)

TDMI

(% W/d)

OMD

(%)

NDFD

(%)

RumenNH3-

N (mg/L)

Rumen

fluid

pH

PUN

(mg/d)

0.00 1.66 1.66 58.8 64.3 40.9 7.3 3.2

0.00 1.98 1.98 61.5 64.7 41.3 7.2 3.5

0.00 2.03 2.03 61.0 66.5 42.7 7.3 3.4

0.07 1.94 2.01 64.0 67.7 43.4 7.2 3.4

0.12 1.88 2.00 65.8 68.1 48.7 6.5 4.3

0.18 1.48 1.66 65.9 68.5 44.4 7.2 3.8

0.19 1.78 1.97 65.9 70.0 43.9 6.8 3.9

0.21 1.52 1.72 68.9 71.3 45.3 6.4 4.3

0.23 1.41 1.64 66.9 69.1 48.4 6.8 4.0

0.25 1.13 1.37 66.4 68.9 43.6 7.1 4.9

0.29 1.43 1.72 67.3 69.7 46.4 6.4 6.2

0.33 1.39 1.73 65.8 68.6 47.7 7.3 4.8

0.49 1.24 1.72 63.9 66.1 44.4 6.8 5.1

0.57 0.97 1.54 63.8 65.9 44.4 6.8 6.0

0.72 0.79 1.65 63.3 64.7 47.2 6.9 6.6

PL 0.01 0.10 <0.01 <0.01 0.13 0.23 0.12

PQ 0.22 0.14 <0.01 <0.01 0.21 0.36 0.26

*= Observed probability for linear (L) or quadratic (Q) effects of increasing PKM

= Probability relationship used in bold

PALM OIL SUSTAINABILITY PARTNERSHIP: IMPLEMENTATION AND

CONNECTION WITH FARMERS INCOME


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ernawati HD and Zakky Fathoni

Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jambi

Jl. Raya Jambi - Muara Bulian Km 12, Mendalo Darat, Jambi 36361

0741-583051; [email protected]

Abstract

Partnership is a business strategy that performed by two or more parties in a certain

period to obtain the benefits together with the principle of mutual need and mutual

rearing. The study aims to observe and assess the implementation of the oil palm

agribusiness partnerships and analyze the level of farmers' income. This research used

a survey method. Descriptive analysis is used in data analysis, to provide an overview

of the implementation of partnerships applied by oil palm plantation companies in

Jambi Province. The results showed that agribusiness partnerships that implemented

by the palm oil company basically has managed to create independent farmers who

can canalize the aspirations of farmers, both in KKPA and PIR Trans

pattern. Empirically, the maximum value and benefit aspects of process management

partnerships as an indicator of the level of performance partnerships oil palm

plantation companies in Jambi Province is quite high, has reached 82.5%. But these

facts have not been fully supported by a partnership of cooperation actors, in the sense

that the level of achievement of the implementation aspects of the value of partnership

firm activities and performance of oil palm plantations has reached approximately

71%

Kata kunci : Oil Palm Agribusiness, Partnership, Income

BACKGROUND

Agribusiness partnership is a form of cooperation between small and medium-

sized businesses or large businesses along with business coaching and development

by medium / large businesses with the principle of mutual need, mutually reinforcing

and mutually beneficial. Agribusiness partnership aims to 1) increase the income of

small businesses and communities, 2) increase the benefit for the acquisition of

partnership actors, 3) improve equity and the empowerment of communities and small

businesses, 4) improve rural economic growth and national territory, 5) expand job

opportunities and 6) increase the resilience of the national economy.

Partnership of oil palm plantation companies and industries in Jambi Province

has started with a design such as PIR, creditor and is now famous for its independent

partnerships (partnerships that historically generation II / PRP), which form

partnerships that have developed between the company (core) with farmers via

cooperatives (plasma). When cooperative or farmer stronger, the corporate

exploitation to the farmers are not much and vice versa if the farmer or cooperative



-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

are weak, the partnership will give more benefits to oil palm company that will be

reflected from the letter of partnership agreement.

Asymmetrical and exploitative practices in plantation business partnership

relationships, such as decision-making in business activity is determined more by the

core companies or other parties (such as governments) that have greater strength, also

not optimal on distribution of value-added benefits that should be enjoyed by the

farmers make the imbalance of the system led to a partnership. Farmers only act as a

complement to the partnership structure

Farmer participation, both individually and collectively are still very rare

(especially in post-harvest activities) due to limitations in the ability of farmers to

follow a high-tech process. Meanwhile, the development of the plantation business

partnership is needed, because: 1) the demands of society (local) including

redistributing business opportunities, asset production, business benefits to farmers, 2)

the global challenges of conducting plantation business, which is "seized" that

controls the downstream industry and seize the largest margin industrial production

inputs burden of production costs of farmers and planters.

The challenges which are faced in the development of plantation system in the

framework of the development of agribusiness among others are the limited supply of

data and information technology, resources and markets, lack of support and

initiatives from various related functions at all levels in the growing interest and

participation of the community and the business world. Other challenges in

agribusiness development are lack of support infrastructure such as roads, ports,

means of communication and transportation in the area of development; tariff and

non-tariff barriers, including the application of international trade standards are more

rigorous; institutional planters who have established businesses, as well as the

emergence of a new competitor countries.

In the processing and quality product aspects, the challenges are the absence

of an integrated policy between upstream and downstream globally, unavailability of

commodities development road map that agreed by all parties and being the reference

for them. Product which has good quality still not received proportional incentives/

reasonable, strict demand of consumer for quality requirements, and the low interest

of investors to develop the downstream industry since the absence of guarantee for

certainty of sustainable business.

In the institutional aspect, the challenges are the community cultures that still

individuals in managing their plantation, the demand to increase government revenue

as VAT for primary products estates, levies, and charges. Other challenges in

institutional aspects are absence of institutional commodity with authority / full

authority in the development of commodity; and absence of commodity fund raising

policies for commodities.

METHOD


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The design used in this study is descriptive verification, the research aims to

gain an overview of the characteristics of the study variables and conduct a careful

examination of all variables/indicators of oil palm agribusiness

partnerships. Descriptive analysis used to provide an overview of the implementation

of the partnership implemented by oil palm plantation companies in Jambi

Province. Data analysis is performed by describing the gross income derived by

farmers participating in the partnership PIR Trans oil palm plantation company

PT. Agrowiyana and PT. KiranaSekernan.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A successful of partnership business strategy is largely determined by the

compliance between the partners in running the business ethics. Detailed

implementation partnership PIR-Trans (PT Agrowiyana) and creditor (PT Kirana

Sekernan) with plasma farmers can be explained as follows:

Tabel 1. Aspects and Indicators of Implementation on KKPA and PIR Trans

Patterns

No..

Variable

Implementation

Partnership

Partnership

PIR-Trans KKPA

1. Conversion

smallholding

Before the conversion was

not charged loan

payments. After the

conversion gets 30% cost

burden for installment

credit.

Before the conversion is charged to

credit payments begin on the first

harvest. After the conversion gets

30% cost burden for installment

credit.

2. Determination

MOU

Bank credit can be

transferred from the account

of the cooperative / plasma

to account for distribution to

the plasma core in the form

of agricultural inputs are

channeled through the

company.

Bank credit can be transferred from

the account of the cooperative /

plasma to account for distribution

to the plasma core in the form of

agricultural inputs are channeled

through the company.

3. Distribution

smallholding

Determining plots by means

drawn from a stretch of up

Distribution plots established by

cooperatives in collaboration with


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

to individuals. the company.

4. Installment /

credit

smallholding

Installment loans with 30%

of the cutting garden

products smallholders and

farmers receive 70% of the

gardens, lasted until the end

of the loan installments.

Installment loans with 70% of the

cutting garden products

smallholders and farmers receive

30% of the garden, done before the

conversion. After conversion, the

farmer receives 70% and 30% of

the product is cut garden

installment payment credit.

5. Institutional PIR Trans has a cooperative

5 to 5 sub units, in

cooperation with companies

in the areas of: sales TBS,

payment for farmers,

interest-free loans, and

credit deposit.

Patterns KKPA cooperate with one

cooperative in the areas of: sales

TBS, payment for farmers, lending

money without interest, channeling

subsidized and non-subsidized

fertilizer, and credit

deposit. Provide basic food and

some snacks.

6. FFB pricing 67% PIR Trans farmers are

satisfied with the price set

by Disbun, 33% other

farmers want the price as

high FFB time before the

global crisis hit.

All farmers KKPA pattern was

quite satisfied with the price set by

Disbun

7. Production Production smallholding

very varied, due to

maintenance activities of

each farmer is different.

Production has roughly the same,

due to the maintenance of the

garden to harvest simultaneously in

a single stretch.

8. Payment

Systems

Payments or the sale of TBS

depend on each KUD, there

are 2 weeks and there is 1

month.

Payments or the sale of FFB

performed 1 month and salary

taken by the head of each farmer

groups with payment details and

pieces if it has debt, credit, or other

purchases through the cooperative.

The income of the farmers is the revenue from the oil palm production that is

sold to palm oil factory. It will be processed and produces Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and

palm kernel. One of the most decisive factors on farmers income is the production of

oil palm.


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Differences in income received by farmers PIR-Trans and KKPA patterns due

to the difference in average production, where the average farmer production PIR-

Trans is greater than the average production of KKPA. The difference is due to the

production of the differences between the applications of patterns during maintenance

until harvest. In this case a partnership with farmers PIR-Trans plantation company

more profitable for farmers in terms of production.

Tabel 2. Farmers Average Revenue Per Month PIR-Trans and KKPA

Variables PIR-Trans KKPA Difference

Receipts (IDR) 5,529,893 5,392,992 136,901

Cost (Rp) 443,597 414,280 29,317

Revenue (IDR) 5,086,296 4,978,712 107,584

In its application, the company has always been help farmers to increase

production. The company always supervise and provide necessary assistance to

farmers to increase production or also to assist farmers in overcoming problems that

can interfere with the production of Oil Palm. In addition KUD also plays an active

role as an intermediary between the company and farmers. KUD also can help farmers

so that farmers can apply for a loan to be able to expand its land bank so that

production also increased.

In KKPA patterns, the company conducts surveillance on farmers while

harvesting, while in a maintenance company did not provide special assistance for

farmers to increase production of oil palm. KUD also plays an active role as an

intermediary between farmers and companies, it is just the location of the garden with

KUD far enough to make farmers cooperatives when it comes to sharing

only. Conditions of KKPA farmer who worked in his garden together in one plot also

affects farmers' production. In this case,farmers’ creditor patterns always share

equally the amount of production obtained in each expanse. So, the amount of

production that farmers obtained is relatively similar.

CONCLUSION

Agribusiness partnerships implemented by the palm oil company has managed to

create independent farmers who can channel the aspirations of farmers, both the


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pattern KKPA and PIR Trans. Farmers 'income who has become participants in

partnership oil palm plantation companies in Jambi Province is quite high, as

demonstrated by the average income of farmers PIR Trans and farmers' income

patterns each creditor per month or $ 571.80 USD 5,086,296 and USD 4,978,712 or $

559.71 (calculated based on the value of $ 1 = USD $ 8895.24 in October 2011).

REFERENCE

Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, 2007. Prospek dan Arah

Pengembangan Agribisnis Kelapa Sawit. Edisi Kedua. Departemen

Pertanian.

Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan, 2007. Pedoman Umum Program Revitalisasi

Perkebunan (Kelapa Sawit, Karet dan Kakao). Departemen Pertanian.

Ernawati HD., 1994. Peranan PIR Khusus II Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Sungai Bahar

dalam Pengembangan Wilayah Kabupaten Daerah Tingkat II Batang Hari.

Tesis Program Pascasarjana Universitas Padjadjaran Bandung.

Ernawati HD., 2012. Implementasi Kemitraan Agribisnis Kelapa Sawit dan Analisis

Pendapatan Petani Peserta Di Provinsi Jambi. Penelitian Disertasi Doktor,

Universitas Padjadjaran Bandung.

Herman Haeruman, 2001. Kemitraan dalam Pengembangan Ekonomi lokal: Bunga

Rampai. Jakarta: Yayasan Mitra Pembangunan Desa-Kota.

Iyung Pahan, 2010. Panduan Lengkap Kelapa Sawit Manajemen Agribisnis dari Hulu

hingga Hilir. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta.

Mohammad Jafar Hafsah. 2000. Kemitraan Usaha: Konsepsi dan Strategi. Pustaka

Sinar Harapan, Jakarta.

Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor : 33/Permentan/OT.140/7/2006 tentang

Pengembangan Perkebunan Melalui Program Revitalisasi Perkebunan.

Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 26 Juli 2006.

Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 44 Tahun 1997 tentang Kemitraan.

Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 17 November 1997.

Rante Tondok, A., 1997. Peranan Perkebunan Besar Sebagai Mitra Perkebunan

Rakyat. Majalah media Perkebunan, Nomor 15 April 1997.

Sihombing, R.S.M, 2004. Kemitraan usaha dalam Pemberdayaan UKM (Usaha Kecil

Menengah) (Studi tentang pelaksanaan kemitraan usaha dalam upaya

memberdayakan UKM tenun ulos di Kabupaten Toba Samosir, Sumatera

Utara). Tesis Pascasarjana Administrasi Negara Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan

Politik Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta.

Soepadiyo Mangoensoekarjo dan Haryono Semangun, 2005. Manajemen Agrobisnis

Kelapa Sawit. Gadjah Mada University Press.


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sunarko. 2009. Budidaya dan Pengelolaan Kebun Kelapa Sawit dengan Sistem

Kemitraan. Penerbit PT. AgroMedia Pustaka, Jakarta.

Undang Fadjar. 2006. Kemitraan Usaha Perkebunan: Perubahan Struktur yang

Belum Lengkap. Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi. Volume 24 No. 1, Juli

2006: 46 - 60.

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2004 tentang Perkebunan.

Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tang


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

VOLUNTARY PAPERS


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

AGRONOMY AND ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ACCOMPLISHMENT TECHNIQUE TO DELIBERATE AMOUNT OF

WATER REQUIRED and WATER BALANCE OF OIL PALM (Elaeis

guineensis Jacq.)

Salwati and Lutfi Izhar

Jambi Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology

Abstract

Water balance is a part of the hydrological cycle. Water balance means a

process that contains of rainfall as an input and evapotranspiration as one of the

outputs. Water balance calculation includes total precipitation on the crop canopy

surface and reduced by surface runoff, interception and evapotranspiration by the crop

canopy. The water balance calculation result is the infiltration into the soil and

becomes soil water content (SWC). This SWC will be used to predict whether the

soil still has a reserve of water during seasons. Soil water content is affected by

climate condition and soil characteristic. The water balance calculation will provide

recommendation whether the land should be treated by a special treatment to

overcome water shortages in that area. One of the special treatments could be a

"rorak" (gully), placed between oil palm trees with a specific dimension and

synchronized with field conditions. This research studies the effects of "rorak" to soil

water storage, evapotranspiration and surface runoff. Measurement of soil water

content using a sensor that uses the principle of electrical resistance that produces

electrical impedance (kΩ) shows the soil water content decreased with time at a depth

of 000-100 cm. In contrast to the 100-200 cm depth, soil moisture content increased

with time. The control treatment without "rorak" had the highest water loss due to

surface runoff that occurred. Although the highest soil moisture storage in the

treatment of B-2 which had the largest number of "rorak" where there was a rorak

between each line of palm trees, but it had also the highest evapotranspiration.

Key words: water balance, interception, soil water content, evapotranspiration


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

THE IMPACTS OF OIL PALM PLANTATIONS EXPANTION ON FISH

DIVERSITY: THE CASE STUDY ON JAMBI LOWLAND AREA

Hajar Setyaji1 and Metha Monica

2

1)Agriculture Faculty,

2)Animal Husbandry Faculty, University of Jambi

email: [email protected]

Abstract

The palm oil sector has created in the past few decades millions of jobs, and is still

expanding. Over the next decade for example, the Indonesian government plans to

double the annual production of palm oil, creating new jobs for an estimated 1.3

million households. Since 2009 Indonesia become the largest production of crude

palm oil on the world. In other hand the transformation of tropical peat forest into

palm oil plantations will lead to loss of ecosystem services and biodiversity and will

affect the social and cultural basis of forest dependent communities. The aims of the

research were to know the impacts of palm oil plantation on fish diversity on lowland

area at Jambi Province. Research based on three month (January-March 2013) survey

of fisherman yield of fish variety and water quality measurement on three location

(Kemantan, Sei Kemantan, Sungai Bengkal District of Tebo, Sei Bahar at Nyogan

Mestong District of Muaro Jambi, and Batang Pengabuan river at Muara Papalik

District of Tanjung Jabung Barat). Parameter of water quality i.e. nitrate, phosphor,

BOD,COD, pH and Total Density solid . Yield of the research showed that water

quality on kemantan river better than Seibahar and BatangPengabuan rivers so

Kemantan river still good of fish diversity, SeiBaharriver at Nyoganstill fairly and

BatangPengabuan at MuaraPapalik has poor on fish diversity.

Keywords: oil Palm, fish diversity, lowland



-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DEVELOPMENT PATTERN OF OIL PALM-CATTLE INTEGRATION

IN PTPN VI JAMBI PROVINCE

Bustami & Sari Yanti Hayanti

Jambi Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (AIAT)

Email : [email protected]

Abstract

Oil palm plantations in Jambi have the potential feed source reasonably

available forage grass and the rest of the plantation crops. PTPN VI is a state-owned

oil palm companies were commissioned to develop the area under plantation farms.

The basic consideration is the development of much of the literature that states that

cattle - oil palm integration and achieve mutually beneficial goals and Self-

Sufficiency Program Beef Buffalo 2014. Development began in February 2012 as

many as 50 of cattle seed. Maintenance system is intensive with model development

"Grati system". Capacities the cage is 25 individuals (24 females and one stud). The

technology used aims to maximize waste palm oil as the main source of feed. Concept

cattle business is oil - palm waste is a major source of feed and compost fertilizer

products which are directly used to plant oil palm. The results obtained by the

integration will increase the cattle population and production of compost. This paper

aims to provide information integration development pattern of palm cow in PTPN VI

in supporting the achievement of Self-Sufficiency Program Beef and Ox Year 2014.

Keywords : Integration, Oil Palm, Cattle, Grati System, Feed and Compost



-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LIVESTOCK GRAZING CAPACITY OF OIL PALM PLANTATION AREA

IN WEST TANJUNG JABUNG

Zubir & Sari Yanti Hayanti


E-mail : [email protected]

Abstract

Oil palm plantations has developed rapidly, including in West Tanjung

Jabung. Converting forest, grazing fields, and other land use into oil palm plantations

unstoppable. Therefore the another use of land only utilize interrupted or the rest of

them. It also occurs in cattle grazing paddock . Vast oil palm plantation becomes a

potential alternative fields for grazier . This study aims to determine the capacities of

grazing cattle in oil palm plantations. The activities located in the Purwodadi, Tebing

Tinggi district, West Tanjung Jabung. Measurements were made through a tile

sampling were 1 m2. Purposive sampling is done according to the age of oil, land

topography and vegetation diversity. The results showed that the grazing capacities in

oil palm plantations in the research location was 0.48 LSU/ha. There is a fairly high

variation between land on grazing capacity, that were 0.15 to 1.26 LSU/ha. The

younger oil palm plantation, Uneven heights, and has a lot of parts that lower surface

will have higher capacities. The twelve plantation old, uniform grows and has been

located at a higher altitude have lower capacities .

Keywords : cattle, oil palm, grazing capacity



-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Management Aspects


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

THE EXPOSURE OF FORMULA ALTERNATIVE OF COMPLETE FEED

TECHNOLOGY BASED ON PLANTATION BY PRODUCT AND OIL PALM

INDUSTRY BIOMASS FOR FATTENING BEEF CATTLE

Wahyuni, D.S., R. A. Gopar, Santoso, N. Adianto, S. Martono

Center for Agricultural Farming Production Technology, Agency for the Assessment

and Application of Application of Technology (BPPT)

Phone: 085691850044

Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Food agriculture and plantation sector has the potential to be a resource which

are byproduct and biomass that can be utilized for the development of animal

livestock. One of the biomass which is the most in Indonesia is oil palm. Most of the

potential of these resources have not been optimally, especially as animal feed. Oil

palm industrial byproducts that have not been used optimally consist of fronds, leaves,

palm oil sludge, palm kernel meal and palm oil meal. Most of these byproducts

contain high crude fiber. Therefore, when these are single given to ruminant, it will

cause animal nutritions deficiency (Jalaluddin et al., 1991). Effort which is made to

solve this problem is utilization of complete feed technology based on byproducts and

oil palm industry biomass and also Nutritech feed supplement (BPPT development

supplement). The aim of this study was to obtain efficient complete feed formula for

fattening beef cattle. Method of complete feed formulation technology that was used

was the method of trial and error (excel). The A complete feed formula with crude

protein (20.30%) and TDN (71.07%) was an efficient formula for fattening beef cattle

.

Keywords : Formula, Complete Feed, byproduct, Oil Palm, Beef Cattle


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

INHIBITING SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUMAND ESCHERICIA

COLI BY ORGANIC ACID SALT FROM SILAGE OF PALM OIL

BY PRODUCTS

Windu Negara1, M. Ridla

2, A.D. Lubis

2, Rahma I.A

1, I. Wayan A

1

1. Center for Agriculture Production Technology, BPPT.615bld, LAPTIAB-

PUSPIPTEK Serpong, Tangerang Selatan, Ph: 021 7560536 ext 7213. Email:

[email protected]

2. Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Bogor Agriculture Production Technology.

Abstract

Organic acid can be used as an alternative to substitute antibiotic (Revington, 2002).

Organic acid can reduce toxic substance that produced by bacteria, reducing the

colony of pathogenic bacteria in intestine, preventing the intestinal epithelial cells

damage (Lopez et al. 1995; Griggs dan Jacob 2005; Gunal et al. 2006), and increasing

chicken performance (Denli et al. 2003; Leeson et al. 2005). Salmonella typhimurium

and Eschericia coli are pathogenic bacterias that often founded in chicken digestive

tract. The aims of this research was to assesst the effectiveness of organic acid salt

from silage of oil palm by products to inhibit Salmonella typhimurium and Eschericia

coli In Vitro. Organic acids obtained from complete feed silage based palm oil by

products (Tabel 1). Organic acid salts made by reacting organic acids with bases

(NaOH, KOH, CaOH, and ZnO). Agar well method (Cintas et al., 1995) was used to

assess the inhibition effect of organic acid salts againt 106 CFU/ml Salmonella

typhimurium and Eschericia coli. The experiment conducted with completely

randomized design with 2 factor and 3 replicates, the first factor was kind of bases

(NaOH, KOH, CaOH, and ZnO) with concentration 1 N and the second factor was

doses of organic acids salt 12.5 %, 25 % and 50 %.

Keywords: palm oil, silage, organic acid



-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

FERMENTED PALM OIL SLUDGE BY TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM AS

BROILER FEED1

Nurhayati, Ella Hendalia, Mairizal, Resmi, Nelwida

Faculty of Animal Science, University of Jambi

Jl. Raya Jambi – Ma. Bulian KM 15 Mendalo, Jambi

Corresponding author : Nurhayati ([email protected])

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of fermented palm oil

sludge by Trichoderman harzianum as broiler feed on chicken performance. It was

conducted in 2 steps; the first step was fermentation palm oil sludge with different

level of Trichoderman harzianum (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5%) and

replicate 4 times. The parameters were crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat and ash.

The second step was feeding trial based on the result of the first step. The second step

used a hundred 2 days old broiler chicken and lasted for 5 weeks. The experiment was

assigned into Completely Randomized Design with 4 treatments, 5 replications, and 5

chickens in each replicate. The treatments were different level of fermented palm oil

sludge in the ration (T0 = ration contained 0% of fermented palm oil sludge as a

control group, T1 = ration contained 5% of fermented palm oil sludge, T2 = ration

contained 10% of fermented palm oil sludge dan T3 = ration contained 15% of

fermented palm oil sludge). Rations were formulated to meet the broiler chicken

requirement, isoprotein, and isocalorie. Measured parameters were feed consumption,

daily body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Results of this study showed that

fermentation used 2 % Trichoderman harzianum resulted better quality of fermented

POS. Then, offered fermented palm oil sludge into the broiler chicken did not

significantly (P>0.05) affect the feed consumption, daily body weight gain and feed

conversion ratio. It is concluded that fermentation palm oil sludge using 2 % of

Trichoderma harzianum produced better quality than other levels. Fermented palm oil

sludge by Trichoderma harzianum might feed to the broiler chicken up to 15 %

without any adverse effect to the performance.

Keywords : broiler performance, fermented palm oil sludge, Trichoderma

harzianum


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

FERMENTATION OF PALM KERNEL MEAL WITH TRICHODERMA

HARZIANUM AND ASPERGILLUS NIGER AS SOURCE OF PREBIOTIC

AND PROBIOTIC CARRIER

Ella Hendalia, Rahmi Dianita and Fahmida Manin

Faculty of Animal Science Jambi University

E-mail: [email protected] HP: 08127414150

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fermenting Palm Kernel

Meal (PKM) using T. harzianum, A. niger and its combination as source of prebiotics

and probiotics carrier. The experiments were performed using a completely

randomized design consisting of 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment were

fermenting PKM with T. Harzianum ( PKM - T ) , A. niger ( PKM - A ), combination

of T. harzianum + A.niger (PKM - TA ) and unfermented PKM as control (PKM).

Variables measured were the chemical characteristics of fermented BIS and the

growth of colonies of Lactic Acid Bacteria on fermented PKM. The data were

processed using SPSS 16, with Duncan's multiple range test. The results showed that

fermentation of PKM could decrease the content of crude fiber, NDF and

hemicellulose (β-mannan) (P <0.05), as well as increase the growth of lactic acid

bacteria (LAB) (P <0.05). No different result between fermented PKM using two

molds compare with one mold. Concluded that fermenting PKM with T. harzianum,

A. niger and the mixture of both can be used as source of prebiotic as well as

probiotic carrier.

Keywords : Palm kernel meal , Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus niger,

Prebiotics



-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SOCIO ECONOMIC ASPECTS


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DOES SISKA BECOME AN IDEAL MODEL OF PALM OIL FARMING ?

Edison

Dept. of Agribusiness Agriculture Faculty University of Jambi

[email protected]

Abstracts

Palm oil plantation in the Province of Jambi developed rapidly, it recorded

from 574.514 ha and about 65,5% of the area of the plantation is smallholder. Efforts

to address the issues facing farmers continue to be organized in order to increase the

efficiency and value added of plantation. It is required the Jambi palm oil must be

more competitive in the market and the farmer income. One of these efforts is by

implementing the pattern of SISKA. The issues facing oil palm farmers is risk and

uncertainty. Therefore, it becomes the big issues for this paper and whether the

pattern of SISKA can be made into a model ideal for oil palm farmers?

Keywords : SISKA, ideal model, and Palm Oil farming



-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PATTERNS OF LIVESTOCK AND AGRICULTURE INTEGRATED PALM

OIL TO INCREASE THE INCOME

Latifa Siswati

Faculty Of Agriculture , Lancang Kuning University`

Abstract

This study aims to determine a. the income of farmers and livestock integrated

farming palm plantation. b.how the capacity of oil palm plantations owned by the

people for the cattle . This study used a survey method . The unit of analysis is the

family livestock farmers who do farm palm plantations . Intake of sample villages

were selected by purposive sampling on the basis of certain considerations , the

village contained cattle farming and palm oil plantations . Selected from the village

family samples taken by purposive sampling criteria that families do cattle farming

and palm oil plantations . Capacity study results from the midrib forage , forage

leaves and weeds for the people of respondents palm ownership can be maintained

213.9 livestock units . This can meet the needs of cattle feed by farmers mix farming

.livestock Income Rp 1,050,000 , -/per head of the family . From the results of the

income from oil palm plantations on the Kampar Regency folk Rp 2.608.888/ha/per

head of household , the income of Rp 3,658.888 -/per integrated farming households.

Keywords ; patterns , integrated farming , livestock , oil palm people , income


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LINGKAGE OF GLOBALIZATION AND TRADE LIBERALIZATION IN

INDONESIAN

DOWNSTREAM PALM OIL INDUSTRY

Saad Murdy1, Saidin Nainggolan

1 and Ardhiyan Saputra

1

1Agribusiness Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Jambi University


Abstract

Globalization flows and trade liberalization have brought the economy across

countries depend on each other . Globalization and liberalization have led to too many

challenges and opportunities that require the countries in the world held various

adjustments and policy measures to deal with it. Some countries have managed to take

advantage of globalization and liberalization that occurred with capitalize upon the

opportunities that arise . The world Organization Trade (WTO) is an

international effort in realizing the trade liberalization targeted with clear rules for the

purpose of enhancing mutual prosperity . It is recognized that in the end if you want

to realize sustainable economic growth , the whole country should be interconnected

and conduct international trade. This situation encourages the countries in the world

to join in a multilateral trade cooperation mechanism as a means to achieve a rational

negotiate the interests of each lead on one occasion the arrangement of international

trade .

Keywords : Globalization, liberalization, international trade


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LINGKAGE OF GLOBALIZATION AND TRADE LIBERALIZATION IN

INDONESIAN UPSTREAM PALM OIL INDUSTRY

1Ardhiyan Saputra,

1 Saidin Nainggolan and

1Adlaida Malik

1Agribusiness Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Jambi University


Abstract

For Indonesia, the liberalization of the economy is not a new item.

Liberalization has been initiated since the late 1970s in an effort to increase national

economic growth . The liberalization sounds harder since Indonesia declared

themselves to be members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) with the

enactment of Law no . 1994 November 7th , 1994 on the ratification of the

establishment of the WTO , and WTO agreements legally binding for Indonesia. That

is , Indonesia is obliged to fulfill all the obligations that are required , as well entitled

to exploit the opportunities offered by these agreements .

Keywords : Liberalization, economic growth, agreements



-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN OF OIL PALM-BEEF CATTLE

INTEGRATION IN PELALAWAN REGENCY RIAU,

INDONESIA

Rofiq M. N., S.Martono, M. Surachman, Herdis.

Centre for the Agriculture Production Technology, The Agency for the Assessment

and Application of Technology (BPPT),

LAPTIAB 615 Bld. Kawasan PUSPIPTEK Serpong, Tangerang Selatan, 15314

Indonesia

[email protected].

Abstract

Pelalawan regency in Riau has wide oil palm plantation with area 334.603

hectare in 2012 which it is potential for developing oil palm livestock integration

system. High rate of beef cattle population growth 21.5% still had not enough to meet

meat consumption of people in Pelalawan Regency (BPS Kab. Pelalawan, 2012). Oil

palm plantation in Pelalawan regency supply a lot of feed ingredient such as oil palm

frond (OPF) and leaf, forage cover crops and some waste from oil palm processing.

There are some problems in oil palm-beef cattle integration. Beef cattle production in

oil palm plantation suspected of giving negative effect on oil palm product because of

decline in oil palm productivity. This review gives a solution with sustainable design

of the integration. Sustainable design for oil palm-beef cattle integration related to all

aspect for production include controlled grazing, feed supplement biotechnology,

health and reproduction management, oil palm plant management, fertilizer

management, weed land controlling and oil palm harvest management. Sustainable

design of the integration could be analyzed by SWOT analysis to a comprehensive

solution for some problem which was caused by integration and to get an optimum

advantage from potential of the integration. In conclusion, sustainable design would

be able to maintaine the integration system continously.

Keywords: Sustainable design, Oil palm, Beef cattle, Integration, Pelalawan.


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

BALI CATTLE BREEDING PATTERN OF FARMER IN OIL PALM

PLANTATION AREA IN WEST TANJUNG JABUNG, JAMBI

Bustami & Masito


Jl. Samarinda Paal V Kotabaru, Jambi

Email : [email protected]

Bali cattle is one of Indonesian native cattle cow that was a cross of the bull

that has been going on for years. The benefits of cattle for human life can be classified

in terms of economic, social and cultural nourishment. Farm business success is

largely determined by three factors are equally important, namely: 1) breeding

(breeders culture, seeds), 2) feeding (feed), and 3) management (governance).

However, if viewed from the total cost of production in an effort petenakan, then the

contribution of feed is the highest of about 75% of them. The purpose of this study

was to describe the governance, maintenance of existing beef cattle in the resource

group in the village fortune Purwodadi, Tanjung Jabung Barat, Jambi province. Has

obtained show the feed given to cattle in the form of a field of grass under the palm

trees of the company. Herd of cattle on grass and allowed to consume on the

plantation. Results of chest circumference, body weight and "body condition score",

including livestock development in good condition and suitable as seed.

Keywords: maintenance, bali cattle


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

POSTERS


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

OIL PALM TRUNK AS FEED RESOURCE FOR COST-EFFECTIVE BEEF

PRODUCTION UNDER OIL PALM PLANTATION

1M. Wan Zahari.,

2Nikkhoo,M. and

3Alimon, A.R.

1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Locked bag 36,

Pengkalan Chepa, 61000 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 2Department of Molecular Genetics and Animal Biotechnology,

Mazandaran University, Iran. 3Tropical Institute of Malaysia (ITA), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang,

Selangor, Malaysia

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Oil palm trunk (OPT) is only available after oil palms are felled for replanting at an

age of about 25 – 30 years. Feeling activities are commonly practiced, allowing OPT

to be constantly available all year round. The biomass consists mainly 45% of

vascular bundles and 55% of parenchyma tissues. The recovery of the parenchyma

tissue is about 38%. The moisture content in the core, middle and outer portion are

about 83%, 75% and 68% respectively. OPT can be collected and processed into

animal feeds, apart from producing pulp, paper and composite panels. For economic

reason, direct feeding of shredded OPT to beef cattle raised at the shredding site is

encouraged. OPT can also be chipped and preserved in the form of silagebefore

feeding. Excellent fermentation could be achieved at a low pH (3.2) and good

production of lactic acid. The preservation of OPT as silage depends upon the

production of sufficient acids to inhibit the activity of undesirable microorganisms

under anaerobic conditions. For small scale operation, air-tight plastic drum barrels

are suitable for ensiling process while vertical or bunker concrete silos are

recommended for large scale operation.OPT silage can be utilized for feeding after 21

days of controlled fermentation but with advances in microbial treatment it can be

reduced to less than 14 days. Without any treatment, the DM digestibility of OPT is

comparable to rice straw. The parenchyma portion is an excellent source of roughage

for beef cattle in feedlots. The biomass is readily consumed by the animals, even

feeding level higher than 50%. The nutritive value of OPT can be further enhanced

by physical, chemical or biological treatments. OPT-based ration can be formulated

for feeding beef cattle and the maximum level of inclusion is suggested to be

30%.Our experience in making OPT silage in a jumbo bag (total weight 200 kg) and

the advantages in maximizing OPT as one of the ingredients in the total mix ration

(TMR) for beef cattle raised under oil palm are discussed.

Keywords: Oil palm trunk, Beef cattle, Silage, Fermentation



-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

MANIPULATION OF RUMEN FOR EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF OIL

PALM BY-PRODUCTS

Anjas Asmara Samsudin

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia,

43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Research on rumen microorganisms has contributed greatly to our knowledge

of anaerobic microflora, and has also influenced feeding practices and modelling of

nutrition in ruminants. Animal nutritionists have been working on improving the

nutrient of ruminant by manipulation of the rumen microbial ecosystem to enhance

fibrous feed digestibility. The use of oil palm fronds has been successfully used to

replace tropical forages in ruminant producers in Malaysia. It is however contains

high fibre content that could limit the intake by the ruminants. This limitation can be

reduced by manipulation of the rumen microbial population by introducing a few

component or compound into the rumen. Feed additives, plant secondary compound

and dietary lipids can act as a potent modifier of ruminal fermentation as they are

found to be toxic to protozoa that will give direct impact on the population the rumen

protozoa. The population of rumen bacteria was affected by the presence of rumen

protozoa. Therefore the reduction in protozoa number will lead to the increased in

bacteria population, due to decreased in protozoal predation. A good example that

came out of our gut microbiology laboratory at UPM, Serdang is the study on the

effects of the dietary oils on the rumen microbial populations. This experiment was

conducted to evaluate the effect of olive oil (OL), palm olein oil (PO) and sunflower

oil (SF), all differing in the concentration of C-18 fatty acids on the protozoa

population in goats. At the same time, the number of total bacterial population and

fibre-degrading bacteria were also determined using quantitative real-time PCR.

Unsaturated long-chain fatty acids that is abundant present in sunflower oil seems to

have an effect in reducing the number of rumen microorganisms compared to

saturated long-chain fatty acids. This condition has caused reduction in fibre-

degrading bacteria by the increased level of unsaturated C18 fatty acids. It is however,

different responses towards C-18 fatty acids have been demonstrated in this study

where high number of general bacterial, F. succinogenes and R. flavefaciens

population have been recorded in OL, while in PO, all the three fibre-degrading

bacteria were present in high number as compared to SF group. It is also

demonstrated that the used of dietary oils has increased the number of bacteria and

reduced the rumen protozoal population as compared to the control group.

Unsaturated long-chain fatty acids, which is abundant in sunflower oil seems to have

higher level of microbial toxicity compared to saturated long-chain fatty acids. Based

on the present experiment conducted in our laboratory, it can be concluded that oils

supplementation did improved ruminal microorganism population particularly by

reducing the ruminal protozoa growth. The population of general bacteria and also

some of the fibre-degrading bacteria are remarkably increased by the supplementation

of olive oil, palm olein oil and sunflower oil. With the high number of the fibre-

degrading bacteria in the rumen, therefore it would help the ruminant to fully utilise

the used of oil-palm frond as a basal diet.

Keywords: oil palm by product, rumen manipulation



-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUPPLEMENTATION OF PERLAWIT (PERMEN LUMPUR SAWIT) AND

TEMULAWAK COMBINATION TO IMPROVE BALI’S CATTLE

PRODUCTIVITY

Sri Arnita Abutani, M. Afdal, Ulil Amri, Zafrullah Zein

Departemen of Animal Science ,Jambi University 0741-582907

Abstract

The aim of the research was to evaluate the response of supplementation of

perlawit and temulawak combination on productivity of Bali cattle. There are twelve

Bali cattles allocated into four treatments, P1 (Perlawit A + 15 % temulawak), P2

(Perlawit B + 20% temulawak), P3 (Perlawit C + 25% temulawak) and P4 (Perlawit D

+ 30% temulawak) in Randomized Block Design. Perlawit block contains palm oil

sludge, molasses, rice brain , corn, limestone, urea, salt, TSP, cement, mineral mix.

The variables that are going to collect are the ration of dry matter intake, body weight

gain, ration eficiency and the production cost of perlawit - temulawak kg/block.

Results showed that supplementation of perlawit and temulawak combination had

same effect in ration dry mater intake, body weight gain and ration eficiency.

However, perlawit A and 15% temulawak combination can used to farmer, because

the cost of perlawit and temulawak combination lower than another formula.

Keywords : Palm Oil Sludge, Temulawak, suplement block, body weight gain


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

No Participant Institution

1 Dr. Revis Asra, University of Jambi

2 Dr. Drh. Sri Wigati, MSc University of Jambi

3 Diyan Afriyanti Juanda University

4 Drh. Nur Adianto BPPT

5 Ruslan Abdul Gopar, SPt. BPPT

6 Prof. Dr. Ir. Kustantinah, DEA Universitas Gajah Mada

7 Ir. Sri Anita Abutani, MS Universitas Jambi

8 Dr. Ir. Teja Kaswari, MSc, Universitas Jambi

9 Ir. Surhaini, MP THP Universitas Jambi

10 Ir. Indriyani, MP THP Universitas Jambi

11 Dewi Fortuna Universitas Jambi

12 H. Defrizal, ST. MM Politeknik Jambi

13 Johannes Simatupang KUI Universitas Jambi

14 Yanuar Fitri Universitas Jambi

15 Margarettha Universitas Jambi

16 Ir. Suhessy Syarif, MP Universitas Jambi

17 Jul Andayani SPt, MP Universitas Jambi

18 Dr. Ir. Jalius, MSi Universitas Jambi

19 Dr. Ir. Suryono, MSi Universitas Jambi

20 Jaya Putra Jahidin, SPt Universitas Jambi

21 Dr. Drh. Hj. Fahmida Manin, MP Universitas Jambi

22 Ir. Gusniwati, M.P. Universitas Jambi

23 Dr. Lizawati, SP, MSi. Universitas Jambi

24 Dra. Evita, MS Universitas Jambi

25 Ir. Jasminarni, MSi. Universitas Jambi

26 Trias Novita, SP, MSi. Universitas Jambi

27 Ir Tiur Hermawati, MP Universitas Jambi

28 Ir Neliyati,Msi Universitas Jambi

29 Dr Ir. Adriani, MSi Universitas Jambi

30 Ir. Farizaldi, MP Universitas Jambi


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

31 Ir. Sri Novianti, MP Universitas Jambi

32 Drh Pudji Rahayu, MP Universitas Jambi

33 Ir. Ermadani, M,Sc Universitas Jambi

34 Arsyad Universitas Jambi

35 Dr. Ir. Hamzah. M.Si Universitas Jambi

36 Raja Sharah Fatricia, SE., M.Sc Universitas Jambi

37 Bambang Hariyadi Universitas Jambi

38 Zakky Fathoni Universitas Jambi

39 Dr. Sunarti Universitas Jambi

40 Heri Junaedi Universitas Jambi

41 Safrianto Kel Tani Ridho Ilahi Desa Suko Awin

Jaya

42 Zul Akmal Pangeran Kel Tani Ridho Ilahi Desa Suko Awin

Jaya

43 Arman Kel Tani Ridho Ilahi Desa Suko Awin

Jaya

44 Dr. Made Deviani Duadja Fakultas Pertanian

45 Basri UNJA

46 Melky Susandro UNJA

47 Julius Sembiring UNJA

48 Haria Veronita UNJA

49 Rina Noviana Sudiono UNJA

50 M. Nurhuda Nugraha Institut Pertanian Bogor

51 Bayu Aji Pamungkas Institut Pertanian Bogor

52 Zulfahmi Institut Pertanian Bogor


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LIST OF COMMITTEE

No Name Remark

1 Afdhal Coordinator Committee

2 Rahmi Dianita Committee

3 Yetno Committee

4 Upik Yelianti Committee

5 Ellis Kartika Committee


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Documents

“Oil Palm – Livestock Integration towards a Sustainable and … · 2014. 3. 28. · Tahun 2009 tentang Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan, khususnya pasal 6 dan pasal 19 sampai dengan