Anthropological Economics the Question of Distribution

7/29/2019 Anthropological Economics the Question of Distribution

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h Ch b u w h

ANTHROPOLOGICAL

ECONOMICS: THE QUESTION

OF DISTBUTON

Stephen udeman

f U f MM M

9618

hv id i f iui ithi ihrg I f h d i dig rid th itrig i dir i f i ii h

prr rd didh rituttivit dt, tht piec d rsistanc, h t dip

prd fr th , u h d hi d udu rhi hv rd udi. r hpgi h pii pt vid ut diit pti f hvi whih t jutd (49) r jid () O h fri id thr h r r u h hri ipii h prptiv d di r pr hvi (93) th hv pd t ufi ith dir hi (13 ); d fh ug fr-

i riu hv d frh iri udi (9) But h uivi hv qui hri (8) r ii (52 ht pt th dt t t Mrit h vidd utidrviw th tir tt (9)

gi d trditi divii th d i tw r thr) ppigprptiv, hwvr, r hut th rg f rt triutiMrkt d rktig, g udrdvpd r f tud, hv ivdpi thrti d piri ti (3 1 9, 99) tr th hr th iitti d vituwh ppid t ti dt r

kt d, whthr dvd r i i r iggrh.

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348 GUDEMAN

h r f th rat t ga ad , r a,aat a ha t a dvrt f rat ag athrgt aar t ra th t f g a aat utura

ha ( 12 58 10 rjt t favr f r ury atrrtat (290 1 thr ar uzzg t th rat th t( 1 1 14 , 2

But ur th t rarka urr f th at vra ar ha th ad rtat at hh Mara thught a had uathrgy ( 45 4 I th ttt ay f th Mart trt y th th ajr ha g t dtr th trutur f tta a frat ad t rrk Mar da ght f thgrah atra. Nth, art a a rut f thMara u, t rtv drt athrgyhav rgd. h rk f rak (4041 drrd th fat that gy atd atv ad aat ar ft dvy ud a t argr yt hh a th. h trrhr rtv a ft kd t a dt a hta hh tf tak ay hu I a arrvr htrt a y y that ta t aud,h a add t ay gf quta dtr hu, rt ath f tud aat , a ha ha gv t th htray hagg rat t th gg tyad th a ara g vtgatd (10, 1 1, 51 , 1; y trat, athrgt t h t dr rga grg a g ratv atd, f t t, tt (8, 58 O a gradr a dy(48, a r f tud, ha atttg t udrtad th tr-v htra at f vrt, thgy ad a rga-zat varu fra tra grg. aatry frarka qtd (50 )t th rk fr rvaat f

f th k qu tud f tr th ggrah ara v radr vt O] trhry dvt ad rat rtd th rta htra ad thrta rk f art(108, (1, ad a (2

I hava ha haratrzd th at dad athrgy,v r d t ark t rt htr f rr hr atat trvr ha ragg r ar t kdat th thrta dat aa r arga (4 82 I 190hvr, th tra ar f aga a attakd

ga grd y Pr raa (103 It a th raa tut ava hh t th argt. t th dat td, th thaa h rag agat th ad arda ad Mart t t a thrrd trvry h Martay arat thv th arda.

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ANHRGCA ECNMC 9

Fo athopologit thee appea to e eveal implicatio o thi tu-moil. Fit i aa ad the othe eoicadia ae coect, the uako the omait appoach ma o e evee daaged, i o a a

omait method ae aed uo eocaica theo. ecod the coto-ve ha ed to a eeadig o the caica choo i ecoomic; ided,to udetad the pace o the ecet cotiutio it i ecea to etuto dam mith ad icado eexamiatio o ome o the aumtioo caica thought hoeve, aie imotat iue o athooogLat the e cotiutio i ecoomic eet a eh eective ooducto ad ditiutio ( ditutio i meat ho th tota oduct i a ocit appotioed to diee ocial poitio, i hat quatitiead o what pupoe) Fo athopolog the tak which olo oadoptio o thi pepective i to ocae ad peci cutua dieetpatte o ditiutio ad to detemie the oce hich udeie them

h vw, heo, ea a tcte uoe 1 to toduce a cuetad cuca cotove ecoomic that evove aout the detmiato ditutio patte; 2. to decie aect o the hitocal ackgoudo th cotov ad o ae cta o th dcea coomit i adialogu with cotempoa athopoog to popo o thopoogi-cal coomic a e aatica amok, hich ocue o poductioditiutio, ad to uve, ithi the cotext o thi pepective, omeect thogaphic ok.

DM SMITH, DMNT ND SHLINSNNNT THS F STTN

ecoideatio o the Wah of Natons (9) i ueul oth i ight othe cuet ecoomic cotoveie ad athooog. Fit, a ude

tadig o dam mith ailue to aalze popel the ditiutioalpoem ig ito hap elie Sahli (89) povocative agumet coceig houehold ecoomie, uitece, ad the poductio o upu.he ok o mith ao occupie a ceta poitio i a ecet tud Dumot (2); i act, Dumot aaze the ve paage ha coideut moe impotat, Dumot ok epeet a ocioogica attackipaallel to the ecoomic citiqueo the cutua aumptio o modeecoomic o add to thi paticcio, ah (90) i et a ee ok aguemuch the ame a Dumot, athough he doe ot expicit examie dam

mith. Let u ot out thee iteove themePuihed ithi moth o each othe, the ecet wok o ahi adDumot compemet oe aothe. itia e might oeve that thitheoetical couctue o to athopologit ite exemlie thei vethei that the idiidua a ocioogica datum i o moe tha a cutua

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50 GUDMAN

pei hitoia deteied oeptio ad ot a uiea he oko oth ae oia at

ahi diide athopoogia ode o udetadig ito utua

ao ad patia eao the atte iudig oth utiit ad paxitheo etig ao thopoogia theoie to a eahig itiquehe d idde i ea a o the a eiae o patia eao aexpaatio o utua pheoea xtedig the itique to ax hedioe that paxi theo ao i udeai a atiutua ie Paxio ot atio i aid to i ao oi outua thought. ahi ee eahe hat at t ee to e a tageouio that Max iio o the ato i utua iited Maxeiio a i geea a eodig ougeoi ad atioa quaitie; ot

o i thi oguatio ited to a ige et o utue ee thee it ia ideoogia deuio. hu eithe utiit o paxi theo i tuapae o gapig eaigu utua dieee

Duot' teai i dieet he oue o etai eooi thike aa o a o dooy. otatig o to idiiduai osubstantilsm, and herarchy to alty o Duot dthat the atte hae o te peedig pai ae haateiti o odeWete oiet ad it pedoiat ideoogia expeio eooi.gai that hih a uppoed to e uiea i expoed a a oahitoia deeopet

ie that the oai peue the atioa atig atua axi-izig idiidua to e th ea datu ad iitia poit o aai (8, ,93), Duot ad ahi hae egiteed a ipotat ie agait a ageeget o atopoogia eooi. hei itique paae o ouethe oiga utatiit atta Poai ad hi ooe ut thee ia io hee i that Duot tae a eig tpia Wete a eeeta o tatal a oo to latoal o oty t toe udetad the utatii' atua ou o oia taatio ioppoitio to thei poaied iteet i utatie ateia thig a thetheoetia otaditio hih eeged i the oue o thei attept togai a oioogia udetadig o othe eooie egade it ipiipa the oait ho ut poide a ae to the oioogiaitiue

eod ipiatio o oth ahi' ad Duot' thee that thedeeope o a eooi athopoog ut e udetake ith autio eig a a i hih e expai ouee to ouee (ahi) ad

a oloy (Duot) the eooi o oe tha oe utue' et at t lt atoy t t ottt a a to tutua udetadig o othe. gai thi aguet paae the odtatt poit aout te tutua eeddig o the eoo ithi

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ANTHROPOLOGICAL ECONOMICS 3

oty t t o o ot ato ploy Dot t "opa a t a o pta to t ltal ll. o Dotay opa ot al Ia o Sal p o

pa ot to oWt ot ot a o tat tooy opa ot doa od oty ad t tdata p tot o ta o ot yt.Sal a Dot o lop a atopoloal oo to ot o ltally ato.

I Dot poto Ada St op a al poto o a t t o t laal t ad to lp t t dlopt o t oo oloy P t tpot o Dotaaly St toy o al o t toy od a unttr

nvuam" (2 p. ), a ot atly appat Stpo O poa apt o toy at ba a pota (o lao) at ta o latop. o Dot t at o a lal at ta a olt oloy. a Stppt ot to t oot lato t a otat ta t a

O o t pzzl po y t Walth of Naton olaot t at tat St ataly popod to to o a papo t ao oot o dataly oppod poto a alto all po o o ppot. Aod to t t dto alat t atty olao otad a ot y t o ala a t atty o lao a ojt ol oa opa at t aot olao o t old ad. (o to o ot o a a a o t ta-a o al.) Dot tt pot tat t al dto aot ply a o oo loa Rado (0, pp. 11) adot to lat a ld to t ddalt doloy

St a p.Dot aaly opl t ol o to ot l tollo. ao t t tot o po St a oto a o a ppod tat o at to lzd oty. H toptalzato o al t tatal o ddalt o a ald ot lay t p oa tat o t oo tapp alo ot o a ay O t ot a Stoto o t o tat o t (2 p. 5 opll toaopt t o o a olato o al. tlltal po

l t a to t a tato o t oal to t lzdtat. Ho t t ddalt pt t t dto add o t po tat ot a a paato o to ott a t o dto?

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352 GDEMAN

hi a a impoie tak; evethee a Dumot ho mithattepted to ue the to omuato o vaue takig the t thougha eie o appoximatio Utimate hoeve a ith coud do to

aet that age pot ad et ae the thee oigia ouce o aeveue a e a o a xchaeae vaue (9 p 5, hih i aeaoatio o the eco o exchae eitio a that the theeouce ae themeve meued ao (9 p 52) hich i the tdeitio mth eve uceeded i hoig ho the to aetio eeactua iked Fo Dumot thi dicepac i the agumet iutatethat mith thei had a poouced ideoogica udepiig a poit aomae ome time ago o oio (8) a hotei Vee (1)

hu Dumot povie ocioogica expaatio o hat aa ha

appeaed to e a iogica umet i ecoomic Fo hi pupoe he icotet to et the aai ee We hoeve ma pick up the theme aca t ito a moe tict ecoomic domai Oe coequece o hideooica pecoceptio a that mith popoed a oitea o oe-atioa theo o output aocatio We miht ae it a aeme thepa vie o itutio

Fit et u etace om o the tep oe o mith mot amouexampe he ague that i that ea ad ude tate o ociet hichpecede the accumuato o tock (9 p 9) the tappe o eave

a the hute o ee i exchae thei catch accoi to the amouto time the have expee the ht O coue thee i a couio heeetee the ought ad the i etee the moa deied ad the actuaa dieece o hich athopoogit ae acute cogizat But thee iao a ecod aumptio aumptio hich pace ith' aative ith the eam o ta o ea ociet doe uaited aoceate commoditie Beave ae uua tapped ad omeoe mut uidtee p ie e ute ue i utiie ome epo o ectioo itumet o ecicemet Moe tappe a hute hie chai thequa mut poe a tock o ood o hich to uit Both the ood adthe equipet hoeve mt have ee poduced a po ao pocehich i tu a udetae uig ood ad equipmet a o o i aiite eeio o ice oe pue ao ithout the aid o a pioaccumuatio ie a oect (O coue the mthica o ot oue mateia coitio cotitute a exceptio the ae o deoia ma had o to pck hi uteae ehap thi eaazedto mht ao e itepeted a the chate o a ao theo o vaue)

Fae thouh it ma e mith' otto tae i impotat pecie ecaue it povie the temia poit o moe coditio ude hich hito meaue o vaue copod the vaue o a oo i equa to theamout o ao o hich it ca e exchaged (deitio to) ad i thi

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labo te ol "facto of odcto (deto oe) te te toearelabor coaded/abor ebodedare eqa

Oce te Fal fro t bf tate a occrred ad accato

take place, te to eare are o loger detca, atog dereca codto te a be roortoa (eqa roorto of catalto abo aco a dtrie). Te dtribtoa qeto c are,teefoe at te k te oe cotet betee te to tadard of vae? For eape, f abor eboded (deto oe) earedb prce te aot b c te prce eceed epaceet cot prot,ad ret te age. Te age te oever rereet e aoteceved o a pevo obect (deto to) ad t ot ol cotadctte tal ato tat pice eae labo eboded bt leave e

laed te place of ot ad et. e cod apea eqall ee evere te ato. et abor coaded b a obect be eared pce deto to. pce l pce ce ot oloc ca becoe eboded a e obect (deto oe). e ce ofte e obect oeve ll eed to cove ot o age bt pot adet t pce o lao coaded deto to) t eceed te cot oft lao eoded (deto oe). ot ol elode eqvaleceof te to eae bt allo te elato betee age ad ce a ella te oe of ret ad ot rce forato to rea eced. epzzle te to detee at fao te tee copoet pat(9 p. 2) of pieage pot, ad etae oeted. Ho doe televel of oe of te cooet detee tat of te ote? Ho doe oeacco fo te reatve vae of te tee "orga or deedeto? al dtiboal obl a olved te Wah of Naion era fo te reao addced b Dot.

t te eceto of a fe ade (9, p. 5, ) St beqeated a atotc erectve o rice ad dtribto at ave

tered a aeble te art ve ad at Saa102,

. v) alabele a addg teor cetra cotrbto of Rcardo a tobeg te advace fro a decrtve to a reatoal ve of dtrbto.

Criol t atroolog a aaog of St erectve a beeoered. Sal (89) a ooed a e teor of r rodcto tat baed o te ok of Caaov (9) a ade, e gt ote tatSal agatve eorkg of Caaov a led evel oldbecola to cofe Caaov t Sa e fact te ogt cleato ave deretated te, a a (89, . 8) elf a carefl to do.

I eece, Caaov rooed a teor of ott for te eaatoeold, a teo c ca be paed t otpt ette at tat potee te at t of podct (t dead atfacto) baaced b telat t of t (te drdger of abo). Ug t teor Caaov a



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34 GDEMAN

al to t tat otpt d aog a paat ooldw pal ad o to workr ala for t atowold lp dtr t dgr of atfato gad pr rt of

laor addd. Now Caaov tor t oldl to olaal oo- a vaat of t od to of t . Idd larforlato a fod t rrt oo ltat o paat(70 6 ad o oo aftr rad Sal rtd Caaovtor wtot appartl ralzg t ( pp 078). I a ot lfpradd Caaov odl ( t t do w a tfar tak pla 2 30 34 3 6, t dtto tw Caaov'aalt ta ad Sa' aaralt ttato a ot ozd

( paalll draw tw Caaov tor ad od -roaal of t r ogt to qald at lat o rpt oot prport to ar ot ad otpt valt o tr t of wa aw atral ad pt ar all od to aoo a wl t odt otptw pall a o r-elane o e varou npu- ao eaured y a oney andard.Rgardl of t valdt of t pro t al t aalt to aror tat pot at w t lt p at t lat otpt ot ardlal. otat Caaov wold av ala t of aw laor

atd a ddwt owv a ooat a. Sl ot fat Caaov olto vao ad atat. It o dtatad plaator ol f a ltral all rlatg drdgr to atfatoa ad a por t f t o t t t ltal altol ttw t t ot of ottto oft t ao dtd fro t avor of t opot olo a t avo of t t ra totall ddtrdor dpdt po t t tlf Bt lt rt to al

Stppd of t trag lagag ad rdd to t tal Sal t aot to t follow. Pot t tat a oold oo(t Dot Mod of Poto) a a t p apta opto lvlT ot of dvdal lao a d t oold ortowok ato wll t adjt to t t tall vaglvl. (ot t dr: for Caaov otpt va oold apa-t ad d fo Sal at lat tall oold otpt t p pr apta opto rrt.) Now a tat t

a oold lvl td to a t w a a poltal p-trtr ad tat t polt ordr to ppotd opl aoold to pod a ta aot of otpt Sal vr pltltat t t fao togtr t two dot t

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pl poltal pldetee total otpt Ge t odel Sal able to et ay te ze of te extated poto expa adotat aod t te deelopet ad deolto of te poltal

pette. a a aely oe te to te t tatSal oe bt t et to ae te dtbtoal eto e doe ot oe at te elato betee te ze of te lextated ad te opto leel of te oeold? I fat, Sal aadaed a oteal, opoet a teoy of ott He a pooed,a d Ada St a aate atooloal fable alto te totoe e e at St' e of dtbto oeted to ppoto of a teoal poeo fo atal to lze oety,le te dte Sal led to atly atal patly eed

ad etaly fale xtaoto of doet ad poltal oety o bee te Sal otbto epeet a potat deed aeloadae oe te pl dtbto aet o a o deade ( 155, 5 , bt te leo of Rado ae yet to be alated.

DAVID RICARDO: A RELATIONAL THEORY

A atopoloal eoot oe eaed tat etoeoo aalyot to be "t Malo ot Rado (17 .1) bt atateet ee ad to tfy ede, Rado dplay a Mozataeleae opaed to Malo abl toal

ollo Dobb () exellet tdy, tee tad, peap tae, otot ay b t ao I ssay on rofts (81)bled 1 Rado popoe a o (e eat) teoy o ale eEssay ll oad ot of o atteto ate oee Pncpls0/Polcal Econoy (80) Rado ed to a oe eeal labo teoyof ale. atly al pae (8 1 )a Saa ( 10) a llated

Rado beae peoped t a dlt e oe ae dtbto ad te elato to appaet a e poblell eee lttle ote ee to t of atal teet to eootad bea detly o Saa o o.

I te Essay Rado ed et ad pot oodty te ao eto of te oetay ealet o Rado t a a pla-to lted te pal feate of aet, a aet ad a atal fo te debate o te Co a Palaet.ate e Rao ea to teat oey telf a a oodty e aba-

doed t etod bt te lato ot tot teet fo atopolot y allat t a le oodty Rado a able toeeal lealy oe of te ba dtbtoal elatop te eooyad elatop tably expaded foay ae applablty



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356 GUDEMAN

otde te labaed oty to w Rardo attaed te. Oe proble ofte oed for atroologal tde tat of deterg ow toopare, wt a gle oety, rodto proee ad prodt w

are lke Ifo rrey ed wat oo tadard a be dployed?Alteately f a oey ed bt t eter te loal yte tro aale ow ald t to tze eteally et pre order to opareprodte eort erfore for teal roe? Te delgtfl paradote tat Rardo fodato work ode eooa eayw (oewat erroeoly) gae re to te epreo "te Rardateory of ret ad w ed o te ot preoo oety yetto ae etedwa telf wrtte wtot referee to oey pre! Teetod t tatalze atropolot

e o of Rardo arget ae bet ee we te polea ordeologal otet wt w e wa wrt kept d I teE Rardo foed prarly po agrltre. e rt aed tato ret pad o lad ad tat bot real wae ad te eod ofprodto rea ota a a e lad area ltated. Ge teeoto e wa able to ow tat te rate of prot et atoatallyad e proeeded to arge tat prot all oter dtre t, deropette odto adapt to t leel. Agrltre potal otoRardo eld owed telf to te fat tat far prodt a worer b

tee eter to all oter prodto proee bt arltre doe ottze te prodt of tee oter trade Terefore e opettote rate of prot te eooy detered by te oe depedet dtry, agrltre. It follow tat f te Co aw ad a ral eeto agrltre tey ad a ral eet o te etre eooy. AltogRardo wa to abado te arget t for eoe of t or Sraa.

ao te oe te eteato of te rate of rot agrltre wa geo [ ot olete eale Rardo allated prot, wage, ad tal all qarter of weat To beg, eaed tat a ge aot of eed yeld a erta ole of rodtIf fro t prodt brated te aptal adaed (ot of teeed ad wae) te reader prot e rate of prot te e ratoof te prot to te aptal bot tated oerate oody ter.T, wt a ge wage leel ad eed rodto odto, rotad te rate of prot are detered atoatally arre, adtately te eooy

We Rardo ted to te plae of ret e wa able to ow tat protad ret are related atagotally. e ared tat ret a deretalbtrato fro te tota rodt detered eter by te etee ortee ar I pld for a ltato etee to area,

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ANHRGCA ECNMC 7

e erte ad ted. e at t o ad tae e o pooretaty "pa o ret ad t detere te rate o prot. e aroderee prodt otpt e ea appato o apta ad aor

oer te etre ad rae eoe te dereta ret pad or te ettert o ad. e rate o prot eaet or a t o ad t t aa poorer ad te poorer ad tated. Rardo oded tereoretat oer te ret " a ae a porto o te prot preootaed o te ad. It eer a e reato o reee t aa parto a reee aready reated 1 p. ).

e reotoar ap eparat t oepto ro tat o daSt t e reozed Wt od t Rardo deotrated tatret ad prot are ed ere Ue da St e ropoed a

tera or reatoa teor o dtrto. pareteta ote a ere e approprate. I reet ea eooa

xpntions hv nvdd onomi nthropoogy; t I woud hod witherta trtrat ( 90 tat te eroet te oy a eae to erta a ett. e eroet eer "a aeet a te eet o eroeta ae ad arato aadetered y te pattered ottto o te oa op tread t a pot ated y Rarda tot dereta ret ot a atra or e eoo ateory rater t a ateory o apta-

ke te ret apta or ae pad to abortakeaot erta ereta deree a te beoe reeat or apartar type o eoo dereta ret te eooa ateor pareeee o apta te a atre beoe portat orraped y ad dertood t a pe eoo patte Here aey trat tat eooga tde ot to be baed po a dertad o te et eoo ode ( 09). It od e added oeertat te od eoo dd ot appear t 0 year aer teEy; t ardy a ter o teret to Rardo!)

Coer te deterato o te ae or tee ee te tdeeet dtrbto Rardo ad tte to oer. I oe repet te aeee oped a pota poto aret or te Co a ererepeaed ad artra ood ere ported at a oer pre te teot o rea ae od a ad prot od reae. Prot ao odre eae e erte ad t e tdra ro tato) Ipt Rarda tot tereore a a eod ere reatop tatbetee ae ad prot p 26) t e te retprot eatp

Rardo a tte t oer oer te deterat o t eod dtrto. deed oe t dere te deree or Rardo etee teret/prot do ad te prot/ae do e orer teaydetered oe oter dto ae bee et t Rardote prear

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3 GUDMAN

altade o cla tat al ceet of catal o labo deteeot o wae Itead ad t wa qte cetal to aetcado aed te etece of a deedetl deteed btece

leel Moe tesay

e oed tat leel wa e b a foceotde ocet b ate fo t cotet e wote of "te ate ofa ( 1 5)

Pecel t eao owee ot cado elol cloe toAda St St et te cateo "de cet to ae a foda-to o wc to bld labo teo of ale; ea ofa a deocete wee tot to be cloe to ate t wa alo a atal lawaet cado wa ate oe tatfowad bt e too tatelaealed to ate a caate aet ad coaed to ocal ad

tec teatet of et ad ot cado dco of te b-tee leel daot. oe etacltal ato oweewa ccal wt te oeall aet fo we te deetal eect ofet a bee elated te ate of ot deteed atoatcall wete wae ate et Pot ad wae ae elated bt ad cado bee aatoolot e t ae eed wat detee te btece leelate o ocet?

e P wa bot ot2 ea ae te Ey ad clde aot of teet to atoolot cld a ea o dtbto

a ba towad ew te ecoo fo te tadot of acltalodcto ad te ato of a clabaed ocet wc a lad-owe eceed et ot a t "ewad bt te of oet owe.cado alo becae oe eocced wt te oble of te eectwot b a cae te dtbto atte He wa code ta-to wc eqlb ad tatoa tate wee ot to be aed afte tee ot tool take b te aalt cool of eco-ot o te foalt atoolo. Moe otat cadowtced fo a co teo to a labo teo of ale wt te elt tat

ot wee o loe ee to be deedet o wat aeed ac-tal odcto. ate ot wee ad to deed o te ootoof labo eeded to ode te woke btece (0 . 9 1).Neetele t ew oe aa led to te coclo tat te ate ofot deedet o a alead deteed leel of eal wae. cado coted to eak of te "atal ce of labo (0 .9). Stll aet acqed a ew twt fo e ow eceed tat t leel cltall deteed deed a e aed t o te "abt adcto of te eole (0 . 997). e caate aet all wa

deted ad bot wt te eal of ocet; owee a a-toolot ae oatl awae to oke cto ad tadto otto ela. I a tell cdo eded wt a elatoal ew of dtbto

Annu.Rev.Anthropol.1978.7:347-377

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ANTHROPOLOGICAL ECONOMCS 39

prot a a rt ar l rlyt ot a trattory Wat for Rcaro a t dpt aral or fact, cl-tral atorp of t tc ll ra to plad y a

tropolot, a call ty a carcly tak p or prcd.

T NO-RICARDIAN PRSPCTIV

raa 9 ol 3) t rlt of or ta tr ca of oraddd pcl r to a dat cooc tat ad a f yar arlr3 4). Crtaly t or rprt a portat attack o oclacalcooc 7) yt t rcpto ao Mart a ocal 94)o t a a pot aac 7) t otr t a a rtr to

prMara cocpto , , 88). O of ral pot of cotto tat t raa qato oprat prarly at t ll of prc orca rat t to o ot coc t t t tat laorcrat al alto t alo o ot cotrart tat t a at crtata ca rdcd to a pl laor tory of al. Notl t orc of ca rat fro aor al appartly too rt-cal for o Mart to accpt.

My tat t ral prpct oft oRcara 3 , 8 8)or c to a atropolocal cooc alto t art ofraa clarly ot drctly applcal to all coo a t totlf t alay cltrally

A a crt raa art ratr rt fro pror attac ooclacal cooc for a attptd to ol t ctral cocpt o t aral proctty of captal I pl tr ttaar cooc prot a to tr y t aral rtro t al or aral t of captal T a tat t cocpt of arat of prot pl a pror atty of captal po c c a rat

ay calclat raa otrat, or tat t pol tot captal a a aral tty c pror to a rat oprot T ar z of captal tlf dpt o t rat. t ft rar tr t al of t factor a c a t al of tfactor tr t rar, t o afl ca captal cor to a ral a pt tac. ry a of aralt toy a ct ro at t Mart o cor t llcor tat raa a oly otrat locally at ty a loko tat t captal cocpt prarly a cr, a apoloy k

t rly ralty of plotato Atropolot t alo at totrprt raa a pro frtr corato of tr prcpto tata cooy ocally cotrct, t local trprtato cltrally forlat Ecooc cator ar ot atr.



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360 GDEMAN

Bt ti i to oide te Saa o fo te eatie ide. PoitielSraa

Reitate Riado poidi a oltio to i ea fo a tadadof ale i old e iariat to ae i ditritio

. Poide oe oltio to te Maia prole of trafoi aleito pie.

e te eoo i a ilar poe i i optio feeda ito podtio. e etod i t oe loel ai to tat ofte laial ad prelaial ite ad to ode iptotpt taleta to a eooi i foe o te oea o fro fatoto ood.

4. ae aot of te fat tat all prodtio ltiatel eaate folao t doe ot ae tat lao i te oi of ale. e eitof te aali lie po o ooditie pode oodite ateta o laor prode ooditie. Perap Saa a ake ipedeeor oe tep rter epaizi eiter te elatio etee pero ad oet (Ada Sit or etee pero ad per-o (Ma t ete ojet eele

5 Poid a teial i of podtio ad dittio tee peeti a e ode of allati pl ad ti itot eferee to

oe. e etod derore te e prole of peifi diti-tioal patte ad loai tei deteriat. For ti eader e Sraaetod a illiated te eai of te Maria rate of eploitatio(pot diided a.

e Sraa te oeer a deied peiall fo te ali ofapitali ad eeal of te aptio are ot alid otide aeoo. Saa pee at tee i a tede for pot to e ealizedao all lie o idt a aptio i i oiol ot te o

all eooie He alo et tat te ditrtio of te et prodtetee pot ad ae ltiatel deteried te aki teto te rate of iteret. ai ti propoitio i ot alid for otof te eooie atopoloit oide t te eeal poit tat diti-tio i deteied otie podtioot aial podtiiti I ti of etal ipoae. atl Saa diid all ooditie ito"ai ad "oai ete ti oeptio a e tted to "leople eooie i tioale

Saa fold i aret eii it ipler otet ad

adai to oe opl itatio For ppoe ee e oide aadaptato of faet of i petatioe t te eitee of a eoo i i all podtio i fo

itee (tere i o l ad i i tere are ol to podtio

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ANHROOOGIA ONOM 36

o a ot o i t labl t to ot al b ia aiz. a oo t ito it o otio a a o bi-t a a a o otio a ito th otio o th oth oo

a a o bit. h ri i i th otio o i a a a o' bit it i lo i t otio o aiz a bit. iia aiz i a bit o t otio o i a a bit a o t otio o itlEi ith hothtia b, thi t o otio a oio b t a i ab Ditil th tab i to ba a olo it o ioa) o ri a ao bit 0 it o aiz, o bit i ito i a aiz it a o b it o i o

o otio l 50 it o aiz i o bit a. ai t ito th i t o otio a bot oota b t t aiz otio o o a oo i aiz t ito th i t a bit a ito it o otioa both a oo.

i i a bit t i t that it a ott abaa at it o o . h i a it ( itito i 00 it ito aiz) i ath b i a ott ( iti). iia th 0 0 it it o aiz a iat toth tota aiz otio

t hat ti i a otio t o tat at h o ah t to ot t b a i o to at oA ha at, tor at th bii oitio o th oriaitibtio o ot ao th o ill to b ti.I t al otli i ab thi i ha at o i ab o b tio o it o i il to b a o ait o aiz o t 5 o it o il b a

o 0 it o aiz a ti il o th oiia oitio o ti otio t 4it i 0 it aiz) I aiz h th0 it o ott a ha o th i it thi t ao ilb o to it iitial oitio.

itti t o i a a t t tatt t a o o ta it i o i lat. W

Table Susistnc producton and conumpon

Produon

posss

Ipu uts Yd Output uts

R Mz Rc Mz



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362 GUDEMAN

e i i ece f e ea f dci e ye yield al If e ae a if ae f l f b cee eeadle f ee e ece dc aea e eeica ble

i deteie te l all be allcated e l t bediibted i ti te ial ea f dcti i de fee be eal ate f l b accli ti te ai eaf dci t be aeaed t ice. i ilie at teae f ecae d ice be k a e e e aef ecae ee i ielf deedet e ate f l I fllta e ae f l ad te ce f te d t be deeiedilael

i e iati ay be eelied by alei e be f te

i eale. e i e ae ei i , a a lf 1 i f ice i yided a i able 2. e ble bece a f deeii a ecae ate c at e iial odcti cditi ae eealied ad bt ice ad aize aciee ealae f l. Oii e adaic eati e ly ecae aec ll at te e cdti it f ce f 1 t f aizeig i ice e a i ilaio, ace g e b f ece ce. Of e 6 i dced 40ae eccled diecl, 5 aeecaed f e 5 eeded aize i ad 5 eai a l e aef l i ice i deeied b diidi e acal l b e alea f dci 5/(+ 15) e ice ate f l i aeaable eelee ly 9. iila cai ca beade f aize ad e ae ae f l ill be fd

We a e bece caable f dci a l i ay yield ae ye f dc e a e e cdii i i dci bde ielf ee i dci f ee cdii eale,e l ce be ed ( ai e t dce ceie ie a ce a bad i ibiliy f l elead aa diii beee baic ad baic cdiie. aiccditie ae deed a e ic ee i e dci f allte cdiie ile baic d . eel f eale i a baiccdiy b eel ilay ae . aa ae at a ecy a alea e baic cdi

Tab Supus poo osupo

P

psss

Ma

pu s Y Oupu us

Ma Ma

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ANTHROOOGCA CONOMC 363

t this stage Sraa also remoes wages as a preetermine amount fromthe input sie; wages an prots, or subsistence an surplus, are now bothtaken from the rght han, output sie. n pace of the absolute quantities

of foostus as inputs, units of labor are entereThese new conitions raise seeral problematic points for the anthropo-logica tretment of prouction an istbution. Basic commoities, itought be note, neer incue the means of subsistence, that is, foo for thelaborers Basics are comprise only of those commoities which prouceother commoites n the aboe example, actually neither rice nor maizeis a true basc Each enters into the prouction of the other only by wayof worker subsistence, an worker subsistence is not itsef entere as a realitem Thus, some simpler economies may hae no basics in the strict sense

of the term if this is the case, howeer, how are the ierent prouctionprocesses to be compare an interrelae? One answer is to assume compee oo ereore eualaon o bo he rae o pro athe wage rate in the ierent ines of prouction 83), but this can harlybe a uniesa soution nthropoogists, by contrast, might wish to consier using pure labor units as the moe of comparison, for in the system,work inputs are irectly enumerate in place of the subsistence commoities Compaing by way of labor impies that all worker eorts can bereuce to numerical factors of simple, unskille, homogeneous labor units cannot hee eamine this assumption but wil only note that n spte ofMarxs welknown iscussion 65, pp. 386) an the fact that labor isoen more transparent in exotc than complex societies little coseratiohas been gien to the topic y anthropoogists 3, pp . One anaysisof exchange raes by a Marxist anthropologst is cruelly awe by its failureto recognize an take account of the istinction between ea an lie,sklle an unsklle, labor (

ut here is another implication of the latest assumptions. When a packet

of subsistence commoities is remoe from the input sie an replace byquantities of un reware labor, the whole of the wage n aition to theprot becomes a eucton rom the output The wage isel becomesarable rather than a preetermine natural an stationary enity Theresut s that the surplus in Sraa's system can be gien a ierentmeaning than in Marx's an those of other economists.

icaro, it will be recalle, neutralize or eiminate the eect of rent byiewing it as a ierental subtraction at the margn icaro i not stateit this way but surplus for him was what remaine after euction of the

technically etermine rent an the naturally gien wage The main constituent of the icarian surplus is prot Marx, of course, epane theenition of surplus to inclue al forms of etraction aboe he wage orsubsstence eel The Marian surplus, therefore, inclues not only prots



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364 GUDMAN

but also rents taxes tithes an similar appropriations. The Sraa systemin eect, further expns the ctegoy of supus so tht wges re incue.Surpus here consists of te excess of materil output oer materia input.

To be exact in orer to enote this quantity Sraa himself 3, p. 1 1)replaces the term surplus with natonal income Regarless the iterestingpoint which follows is tha the istribution of this ntionl income is precisely escribe by the Marxian rate of exploitation. What hae lle theSraa surplus is iie ito prot an wages. Therefore the ratio of theformer to the latter or th rate o exploittion is not simply ttement(at the lee of prices) about the number of unpai hours the laboer worksfor his employer but a nat summary of istributional pattes in theeconomy. n this fashion raa exposes the force of Marxs clculation.

Een more imporant, ioating the Sraa net income both permits anforces the anthropoogist t confront the soci question of the eterminantsof istribution. Consier gin the seera possibe eterminnts for cpitl-ism. n the Sraa system te rate of prot the size of prot the wage eelan the rato of prot to wages are al interrelate. But which s the eterii mnt? S ssts p h h pt itsinuence by the exte set interest rte, is the inepenent an etermining fctor in the system nsttutiony iewe, this woul accor acrucia role in the econom to bankers n their expectations icaro bycntrast suppose that it as th real wage lel which is th inepnentariable in a national economy an Emmanuel (32) oers a simlar argument, though in the contet of inteational exchanges. Marx (6 p. 171)also spoke of an historical n mora element inole in setting the alueof labor power. lteatiely in some instnces the absolute olume ofprot may rst be set. Peraps this form of etermination is true at certainstages of capitaism when apitists work to achiee n maintain a certainstye o e. we are wng to appy te perspecte outse captasm

it my inee be that the etermining element often is the olume of thesurplus extracte. One anthropoogist (87) for example has argue that itis the absolute "rentusig tht wor in an expane sensewhch is rstetermine an extracte; the subsistence retu to the proucers is thersiual. ot possbl eterminant is the rate of xpotation (5). Tocte ths rate as the inepeent ariable may seem puzzling for the rateis only a statistic summariing the iision between prots an wages Butthis iision is a sociological fact requiring interprettion. Of the ariouspossible eterminants the ate of expoitation is the only one that irectly

reprsnts a o or xample in the present ay an in practicalterms the rate of exploitatin may be etermine by the relatie bargainingpower an cultural expectations of big business an big lbor certiythere is some inication that this reltionship of the bigs has ha n isang a profon mpact on Weste economies

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ANHROOOGIA ONOMIS 35

eess of wc soton s coect o ppopte te mpotntconcson to e wn s tt t ts ste n te nyss of sttonnthopoogic expntion mght inee mst tke oe fom neocssic

intepettion. Not ony e the peceing sotions nonmgnist theyeqie the ntoction of fcto exte to "economics pope. t isto the eciton of the sociooic n ct fontons of stibton tht nthopoogy oght to be e to contite.

n sm S pesents ntopoogsts wth tht which they ck wyof conceptizing n ccting pocton n istibtionbt thtwhich they my ccept ony pon conition of pcing it within set ofhistoicy n cty etemine soci etionships To pphsethe phosophe this is metho n sech of socety.

ITIBUTIO THOOOGICPRSPCTIV

The nthopooc contibton to the soton of the stton eston s ee nytn t ste. Mny sstntsts n ef ppe toconte stton n te pysc sense of mon goos fom pocesto consmes wt stbton n te tecnc sense of poct shes (52,p 87) On the few occsons when the ct istibtion pocess hs been

consee by sbstntiists the popotionte consme ses he beenten s ens s cstom the thn s soc fcts to e epne (71)

The fomst cty n hnn stton s eent fo pt ofthei concept ppts ws signe to ccont fo istibtion. mpicy howee some fomists he pesente ey me gments. Fo exmpe one tho (78) tying to einete the eements whichccont fo the nonnifom pots me by pees in Sothen Mexicoenes be which he cs "entepenei biity. Ths is n impte ity n to "mese it the to empoys te poxy eof mp wich tsef s te eence between seing pice n yncost. The emonsttion then consists n showng tht "itons n entepene biity e signicnty ete to income (78 p. 71) Bt thepesentton s not conncing fo f the ieoogc spposton botentepenesp s oppe the ony pont emonstte s tt sze ofmkp s hy coete wth sze of pot wc s y n nexpecte nn n fct f cost mnmzton een e to mnteof mkp s te poxy e ten te coeton etween pox n

pot wo e een pefect Tht howee st poes notn otentepenesp. eetheess sch confsion n fomst thoght eectsmoe pon wenesses n te fnment theoy thn n methooocppcton The fct tt tte to popety ngs et oht not econfse wt the e tht popety "esees ew o tt te ete



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66 GUDMN

size of the rewar is technically etermine by the magnitu of thefactor contribution

acing not only consisent iscussions of istriution ut the armature

for analysis anthropology scarcely seems the place to loo for new contri-butions to the unerstaning of istrbution Yet some recent work if notrecte to the topc at least can be nterprete in the context of stribution. o set the omain in which the issues are to e conceie howeersome ref sggestions conceing a framewor for analysis mst rst eoere

s a starting point we focus on the prouction of goos an assume thatthe technical facts of prouction are gien The prouction functon ofcorse is socially etermi no natrally oraine althogh it is also the

locale were the enironmen is rst graspe y te economy presmenext that the essential proction processes can be interrelate conceptuallyby way of a homogeneous labor unit.

he total or oerall outut yiele y a system may e esignate thegross proct. To otain the gross proct certain material inpts (e-clin roucers' consmtion are reire herefore as a stae withina continuous process the gross output must constantly be apportionebetween that which nees t e use again an that which may e consumein other ways he recycle portion represents the real material costs of

prouction while the resiual or excess of material output oer matealinput may be labele the net prouct The ierence between grossprouct an net prouct oth stans for what the system requires to re-proce itself an is te rtan a most interestinginstance of istr-tion t is a statement abot the ecacy of a cultures prouction processpparently technically etermine in fact the gross prouctnet prouctproportion is socially manate being prescribe by the local technologywc se s a cra seecon n a gen enronmen s a s oftools technology an prctiity can e relate irectly to the patte ofistriution Might greater attention be pai to equpment paricularly interms of the proportion which aries by culture of the gross prouct whichis eote to sustaining agmenting or iminishing it?

Most istrtional qesions howeer reole aot the iision of thenet prouct an therefore a further istinction may be rawn: the ierence etween the subsistece an surplus portions of the net prouctBy susistence mean tha segment of the prouct which is consume ythe procers an their penents in the act of prouction shall not

belabor the point that subsitence is a socially ene leel or that this leelmay change oer time or that subsistence sometimes may be only theresiual aer a srplus hs een appropriate Nor shall atempt toelineae the iclt notion of who is a procer wol emphasize

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ANTHROPOLOGCAL CONOMCS 67

howeer the enitions seemingly innocuous part "in the act of prouction. Only hat prouct portion use to sustain laorers in the actiity ofprouction constitutes susistece Een the leisure time of workers falls

uner the ruric of surplus use t follows that the actual leel of susistenceconsumption (uring prouction) is in all cases relate to prouctiityoerall output an the istribution of the output. option of this enition allows an requires greater scope for an anthropological unerstaningof istution he unoccupie time of the agricultural proucer in ahouseholase economy which is supporte y consumption of a segment of his net prouct is as much a use of the surplus as is the uilingof Tikal Tese are alternatie uses of the means at han Both requireexplanation

These enitions must e istinguishe from those current in much of theneoMarxian literature Linking the term surplus simply to contexts inwhich proucers are exploiteto situations where nonproucers appropriate a portion of that which they i not proucelimits our perspectiefor unerstaning istriution (2 29 72 7 87) That the yamics of anexploitatie relationship often lie ehin surplus prouction is not at issueut exploitation is not a sucient explanation in that it oes not accountfor all instances of surplus prouction nor for all the culturally ierentways in which the net prouct may be use (19 2). For example theexploitation concept cannot e use to explain how an why the actualprouce iies his own retu etween that require to sustain himuring prouction an that neee to maintain him while paricipating inreligious celerations or eaing cash outsie his natie system. Such usesof the net pouct are istriutional facts which eman expanation.

ien thi framework some of the istributional issues may be assaye.nthropologists are accustome to examining systems that are in stasisthose which exhiit nonchanging istribution pattes an relatiely un

changing prouction leels. Of such selfsustaining formations howeerthere are many types Meillassoux (8) for example unpacks a ual meaning in "reprouctionontrol oer susistence foo which is the asis ofphysical reprouction an control oer women the basis of physiologicalreprouction. Yet there is a thir meaning which he leaes unelaorate.The istincte characteristic of selfsustaining systems is exactly their lackof growth through prouctie use of the surplus. eprouction of theproucers with the exception of certain forms of slaery is a requirementof any system ut strict reprouction of the system itself is the en of

certain economies only The mechanisms by which this is accomplishe arenot exhauste y examining how control is establishe an maintaine oersubsistence foostus an women; attention must e gien to the entireistriutional patte an what happens to the surplus.



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68 GUEMN

ctuay ths consirations rat ircty to Sahins's 89 "imrtinnt suggstion that "rimitis may b mor aunt than w unccan of cours ha many manings w unrstan it to rfr to a scic

stanar ofiing thn cary w ar mor aunt than thy On thothr han if aunc rrs to th fact that a o's sirs an goaso not far outstrp thir aaiab mans thn prhaps thy ar moraunt than w Aunc howr can ha a thir an mor ationamaning th uantitati aanc struc twn proucti ort anisur in an conomy this ratio is a function oth of th tchnoogy anth istriution of th nt ouct twn subsistnc an surpus Th ssof th prouct proportiony ot to subsistnc th argr th surpus which itsf can b u to support isur Ought w not aso ab

as aunt thos conomis in which ony a sma roortion of tim ispass in roucti ort

rhas th arn of n is th st iustration of an aunt isursocity in this sns but o ra socitis Mary Dougas (6) has roia most intrsting xamp r comparision of th L an Bushong isinstructi at oth th conomic an socioogica s Th Bushong apar to ha a highr of matia outut than th L an in thisspct a mor aunt But this matia wath os not com withoutcost for as Dougas shows Bushong mn wor som 80% mor tan thirL countrparts athr than mphasizing as os Dougas that th Lar poor th Bushong rih w ought aso to obs that in trms ofistribution th L by rssing thir consumption an prouctiorts gnrat a supus which is us to suport thir isur tim anothr nonproucti actiiis s this not aunc? (Th L aso put ins tim uiing thir tos s a rsut thy pnc a owr outputr i aor inut ut sa that aor which wou ha gon into toomang)

Sti th pasur in raing Dougass anaysis ris from th fact thatsis outining in nonuantitati trms th wath irncs shshows how th two istriution pattsth irging s of subsis-tncar ti into contrasting socia patts which incu form ofmarriag ag at marriag oitica an authority stucturs Th irnc btwn th istibuion atts is not a consqunc o rationacacuations about margina proucts an xpniturs nor a rsult of practics inta to a sparat sctor ca "th conomy but a function ofth ncompassing socia an cutura matics Th xpication by Dougas

sms o m o uit in in with oth th cassica an noicarianprsctis on istributionConcrning prcis uatitati anayss of static istribution patts

an th gr of surpus gnrat ony a imit amount of information

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is aailale. Some of Chayanos(9, pp. 777 101) ata lens support tothe contention that oer 50% of the ussian peasants time constitute useof the surplus. Johnson (59) an Johnson & Johnson (60) hae proie

ata on the Machiguenga of Peru which points to the conclusion that uring46% of a males time he consumes susistence while 56% is the comparalegure for a female. e interprets his ata ierently ut Brushs (7 p. 12)information on the peasants ofUchucmarca Peru suggests that the surplusto susistence ratio there is aout 056 ntimations of auence as eney the surplus to susistence ratio also can e gleane from Durrenergers(30) account of the Lisu in Thailan But the preceing examples amittely lac eactness for they are ase on the iision of the gross prouctwhereas susistence an surplus hae een ene as segments of the net

prouct lsewhere for some rural Panamanians (51) hae proiemore precise ata on the net prouct iision.

n uncangng peraps auent struton patte oes not tselause stasis n an economy. To unerstan such ity we must loo at theway the surlus is use an at its meaning. eisure is only one of seeralconsumption possiilities Often the surplus is conerte to permanent orperishale wealth repositories.

n our own society surplus taes the form primarily of prot an protin tu can e iie roughly into two categories: retaine eaings aniiens. Retaine eaings proie for growth oer an aoe simplereprouction. Their rationale is to increase future prots Diiens ycontrast may e conete to items of prestige such as railroa cars (ageneration ago) or sports teams (toay) Such luxury goos are inices ofquantitatie success Perhaps their piary function is to encoe this success et these inicators of size are not eoi of meaning Accoring tosome local interpretations prots hence iiens represent the ierential spoil won y the esering ictor in a fair competition for others prot

stans for extracte human laorn other cultures the surplus may coney quite a ierent meaning. Thusto equate the consumption of champagne with isplays of yams or collections of ne paintings with hoars of rass ros constitutes a theoreticalerror of magnitue (33), for this is to assume that the semantic content ofthe surplus generate in istant economies iers little from our own Morethe surplus in other contets is not always istinguishe as an en in itselfit is the time spent in the serice of the saints or maing large canoes tocarry argonauts on their expeitions of trae. To e sure exotic wealth

oects may e measure y the people yet they are not themseles pureintegers pure graphs on the wall the ottom line for the prot conceptoes not eerywhere meiate etween prouction an consumption.ather the meaning of the surpus may e emee in its concrete speci



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7 GUDN

ci he ccepi i he eiii perhp i me exic cmiehug de diiguih he mme f evi d h f ierprei (62, p. 223)

eame cuur vaiiy i ue meig d ppearace heuplu ut witi tatic tet i prvided y me recet tudie.Wat 1 1) ha argued at dmetic lave i Ciee peaa cieywere prductive. They ere a m f teaiu cumpti eigutaied y a aready prduced upu. Thi ccu f cure ed diere meig very i Chia h i he r where ve aredirect prducer 5). he e Afic Kigdm Gym 5) i ihe lave Ar chief wh hep prduce e urpu which ief ieatiuy preerved Cmpred pe Chi he viie idicif e urpu i here ite frm pepe hig u eve h acquiiti the edurig upu i idirec Ar cie expi heir cpivet prduce gd ut te me i immediatey trded away A erray 5pp. 14) pt ut gdice excage y prvidig e methdfr realzig te upu ahered y e chief py a imprta rei utaii t m ar amic u tra wi tra-fm he pperce f h uu my d mr h p ym i i. The empced uhiy rucure i upprted hrugh cquiii pweul dplay gd r gd eeded t ctol he vey poducer te upu. hi latter ucti icideay raie the queti whethergd ue t ctr acuy ctitute t a pat f te urpu ut aegmet either f the reprduci ct r f uitece egrde thecclui remai h lve i Gym re uied y cumpi f he ulu ad h exe d cmmercil ue f e phyiclurpu eed ead grwh r a chge i diriui

I her cex hwevr exe rde my e cid wih uudimiuti r eepage. ircfed ) argue tat te olas mae y Sa

a Cua wme ad ld hrugu e America rig pecuiaryadvatage t te pepe xchged fr e h maeria vaue meti te vaue te ar emdied tey repreet drai ecally prduced urpu ut thi ue te urpu ecme udertdale if we viuaize he la a cucia yml ciuity a matriiea ciety ad i Wt: ptulate a Cu deire fr equaity i ediiui f weh irchfed ugge h whe ccrppig wudertke y e ider Cu wme were phiied frm udekig pductive agcutural rk ve the geerl weat level grew ad

tu female tme pet makig olas a wa icreed wi te tedrai ti rereeted t prductive r uremuerated ola larad purcaed mateal The reut wever wa that te itegrity f

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ANHROPOOA ONOMIS 7

na socity was ps; th intial poction of hoshol)spls canno bcom h basis fo conomic staicaion (56 p ) foc agmnt phaps bt h na psn an objct lsson tha to

nstan how an conomy can chang in apparanc bt rmain h samynamically an aminaion of h s of h srpls is ir an thatto gasp th maning of h srpls in th sns of what it os how it tsan wha i psns h pspci of a clal conomics is ssntial.

s sggs by h na aa systms in which h isibtionalpatt is changing ar common. Of his form w may isingish a lasth ais

. Th may b a irct agmntation of h spls thogh boaning of th poplation bas of th conomy itslf. iman (4 4) in hisintrptation of achs (6) Kachin maial has popos somhingof this orr for crain sags of h Gmsa/Gmlao cycl as has Sahlins() fo th growth an cay of awaiian chiainships n sch cono-mis th istbtion patt os not chang fo thos alay within thsystm bt os fo thos nwly bogh in (sally by polical mans)Ths sam aa also sggs ha h proci pocss gos hoghlongrm cycls of pansion an contacion in orr o nrsan hconomy i ms b s ino a mpoal famwok

2 Th srpls may b agmn hogh a chang in isibion of hpoct bwn srpls an sbsisnc Wih consan op h srplscan b incas by pssing h al sana of liing of h immiaprocrs o th liing sana of h woks can b lf alon an hsrpls poc pan by incasing h labo or Sch pas ofagmning h amon ac fom h sam poplaion may ha bn of h Kachin (2 ) an awaian (8) proci mos as wllas cain stags of falism (8 p. 7)

Th magnit of th spls an h ni isibion patt may

b ac by a chang in pocion mhos nhopologists ha paiscan anion o his possibiliy spi h aow ins in chnological chang (). aing o on si chnological "olion a poo wofo an nsing pocss w migh isingish wo forms of pocichangs. om altrations in th procti pocss ha th ct of c-ing th tim n in acal proction b of riring a smila ortasbfo in pocing h mns of poction. This fom of chag colsl fom a shif in ools s o fom a oganization of h pociontchnis. To b isingish fom his typ is ha form which las o

a tion of tim n whil pocing th mans of proction bnot to a imintion of or in actal poction Th Sian sbstittionofsl as fo ston implmns (5 ) is an instanc whr both changs



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372 GUDMN

occurred at oc he a actually used the techologcal sh to creasthr surplus product whc tu they covtd to opoducte actvtes.

ll ths xamples howr srv oly to preset dstrbuto by stallmts as t wer rageted Fotuately M. . Fley (33) hasprovded a vely ad overall dscpto o the early rk ad omacoomy (B.-5 A.D) v though o quattatv data are cluded t the hstoas ccout capsulates so may oth dstbutossus tat br aalytcl summary s llustratv.

Fley sows tat agcultural producto was the bass o th acetecoomy altough other productve actvtes also wre udtae The"ecoomy tsel howver was ecompassd wth te poltcal order toow lad oe had to be ctz ad coversly ladowers reters)dvotd ther tme ot to productve actvtes but to poltcal admstrato Ts poltcal stg the coomy was so pervasv tat leyclams eve credt cses were causd by poltcal ot ecoomc dsturbaces Furthr oe cetal ad cosstet am o poltcal plcy wasprcsly to assur a ul o populac rcv s sussc

s t was th st o th dstbuto patt. suplus tsel

was gve prmaly a poltcal meag. Thre uses o the agculturalsurplus wr o cetral portac: holg oces gvg lurgs adpayg taxes. oltcal ocolrs wr supporte by cosumpto o thagcultural surplus devd rom ter lads addto classcalreec astocratc houseolds pod mpotat but oproductvesocal servces such as cg the costucto o publc buldgs oroldg gams ll such ats wr termed "lturgs. Compulsory ooc vcg a compettve elemet ad ote drected to the relgoussphere such lturges Fy remarks wre o metod or ualzg te

burde btwee c ad poor a democratc stat. But lturges were alsoa mod o ralzg t sulus o tug t to tagbl ect ad lturgsaordd a way or the mmedat producers to partcpat dologcally t cosumpto o the sulus 45 pp. 9).

Taxes as a om o suplu us also reprstd a polcal ecompassmto t coomy. r ly rvals a orr s o cocos amogtaxao support o th mltay th collcto o booty xpaso o thoma Empr th harsg o a largr agrcultural surplus ad thrcp o mor axs. W dur t latr Empr t ovrall ppulato

bas could o logr b xpdd t crcular sres o lkags was brokevrtlss or axs r ard s t a ur rwor os w t sys. Tus t lat pro wss a s t



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ANTHROPOLOGCAL ECONOMCS 33

tto o th t poct. Th altato ttv patt wama pol y th omac o th poltcal ph t paaoxcallyth h tl may hav cott gcatly to th mp all.

ANTROPOLOICAL ECONOMICSAND DISTRITION

o om ya mplctly a xplctly w hav akg o olvwhat th lato tw athopology a coomc h aw tappa mt hav at lat two mo A a mpcal l a-thopology o w oma o th applcato o coomc cocptwth all th polt th ao o th xpao a mato o

th tch wom. Bt what oght to t a ha oly commot appat om th Maxt cotto that athopology gat oga t o compmay o at o oy t capacty to lcat t coom a ytm. taly athoologt hav al to llmat t coomc mchamggvg cpocty maktg havo om o agcltet oa thy hav l ccl at covyg th cocpt that ttotal o ytmc coomc cogato xt

Sch a thogaphc hotcomg howv patly a cato oa wak th thotcal appaat a th lat to th co lktw athopology a coomc th cocptal ovlap. At whatpot o ocologcal omato t to coomc xplaato? A-thopologt hav l at th qto t way Th catchallcocpt o th "mg o th coomy octy a pat aw a th oto o th ol o th mo o pocto wth a total ocalomato o th ollow o tlty thoy th olto pov y thcoomc potlat o val choc a maxmzato amto

whch th a xpa to apply to all ocal havo o a a tov om th ovato o "atal o pcltal ma.ompa to th val ppctv my ow amwok lack lao

ato a lgac t t o ogat tmhoo a ct thoy.My vw g wth a oc o poctotto. Th poctvpoc cyclcal o t tm th tmoal mo o pocto mplct th actal ovato that ay poctv ytmaom that th Ga o pt po a vo accmlato o th avg o pat lao. Bt th poctv poc alo cltally

c a y xamg allocato o th poct w ga a mpotattag o th yamc o a coomy. It ollow that a ctalqto how o w apph a patt o ttv otpt I hav



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3 GEMAN

arged for he rejecio of he eocaica margiai view whih wodreduce he eaaio of diic cuura aer o idividua moiveahough a ormaive or eciive oo he oio of choice ad oor

i foregoe are vaa. have ggeed oo ha he Maria oioof eoiaio rovide a rehoeed view of he vaai of dri-ive aer ad have hied ha eoiaio a eaaio of diri-io i oied o a uidimeioa vew of huma aure.

cora o he ecoomi arooogi ca oer a oa or reaioa view of diriio ad hi i a doue ee. O he oe had wema ad m ak agai h iece re or a ee a ceraieve i m e gaed ha hee ae eemea o aomiic eqeio ad he awer re o e ogh i he coe of he oa ad

cra ie diriio ae. O he oher had hi fom ofderadig doe o reuire he amio of "cuura cocoo ofma ieigiii amog ecoomie for diic diriio aeare heeve o e comreheded a raform of oe aoher eigcra eecio from h oie aorded are ae of oaloation onstitute a seri:s of omarae strutures emraing dierentmaeria coe Th ecomic diriuive ae ad heir deermia are o e uderood ahrooogica u hi o deoig ahe oo a our commad: diiuio a a meaigfu em diriuioi igh of ocia force ad diiio a a rcrea rcre however which i forever jec o he viciide of are ad hior.

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ANHRPGCA CNMCS 5

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