Answer Keys - Amazon S3 · history; legends, beliefs, and myths passed on by word of mouth for generations. 6 Answers vary. Previous knowledge and background ... Answer Keys Lessons

Answer Keysfor Daily Work

Lessons 1–20

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Contents

History Lesson Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Art History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Science Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Science Textbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Science Lesson Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Reading Lesson Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Reading Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

C A LV E R T E D U C AT I O N

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Lessons 1–20 History Lesson ManuaL answer Key

Lesson 11 Answers vary. How someone is treated or treats others may influence their perception. 2 Many items we use today can be found in ancient civilizations. As our tools were perfected, so were the inventions. 3 Answers vary, but it seems that family structures have remained somewhat consistent throughout time according to the criteria set on p. 8. 4 the study of the past

Lesson 31 Answers vary. Possible answer: rubber balls 2 Culture is reflected in artwork, literature, language, inventions, and traditions of people. 3 Because culture is reflected in the language, knowing the language would be helpful. 4 Learning to make basic tools was the first important accomplishment. The second accomplishment was learning how to farm. Once people were able to feed themselves, other useful trades and skills could be developed. As larger cities formed, government was created to maintain order. 5 Cultures change with new ideas and inventions, changes in climate, natural disasters, extended contact with people, both inside and outside existing cities.

Lesson 51 Trees are cut down for lumber, to clear land, for grazing, growing crops, or building settlements. 2 Answers vary. Possible answers: growth and industry 3 Deforestation causes flooding or an actual lack of water when forests no longer cover streams which supply water for living and farming to towns or cities below. Deforestation also destroys the habitat of native animals and plants.

4 Learning from the mistakes of previous cultures helps us to make more informed decisions about the future.

Lesson 61 Climates conducive to farming and rivers promoting travel and transportation promote high population and growth. 2 Early settlements always sprouted up around rivers for this very reason. 3 Early empires hugged the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and major rivers (Indus, Ganges, Huang He). 4 People living in the Sichuan Basin have created terraces or flat lands in order to farm more efficiently. 5 On the plateau of Tibet, herders have adapted their lifestyle to the bi-products of the yak, an animal that has learned to adapt to the cold, rough climate. 6 Answers vary. 7 Answers vary.

Lesson 81 People move because they are unable to modify or adapt to their present environment. 2 There are three types of movement. Cyclical movement occurs on a regular basis between the same places. Periodic movement entails moving to a different place for a period of time, but never staying in one place permanently. Migration is movement from one place never to return. 3 Diffusion is the spread of ideas, values, and inventions of one culture to another. The yo-yo and the alphabet are examples of diffusion. 4 Answers vary. 5 Regions are areas having similar characteristics. Regions can be defined in terms of climate, language, topographic elements, religions, and sports. 6 The world is divided into regions so geographers can better understand how people interact. 7 Boundaries can be natural

or artificial. 8 Boundaries that are man-made can cause disputes because they may shift. Answers vary for part 2. 9 Answers vary. Possible answers: climate, topography, population

Lesson 101 People wanted to trade. 2 Hippalus sailed directly across the Arabic Sea to India using monsoon and dry winds to power his boat. 3 Records were important in order to maintain travel routes or explore new lands conquered. 4 Alexander took historians, astronomers, and “steppers” to accurately calculate where they were going or where they had been. 5 loadstones, astrolabe, gnomon

Lesson 111 Prehistory is history before writing was developed. 2 Non-written sources include: fossils, artifacts, oral tradition, and tombs or monuments. 3 A fossil is the remains or imprint of a living thing while humans make artifacts. 4 Ruins give us a picture of how life was in the past. 5 Oral tradition is a non-written source of history; legends, beliefs, and myths passed on by word of mouth for generations. 6 Answers vary. Previous knowledge and background will affect the point of view. 7 Historians must evaluate how accurate the source may be. 8 Primary sources are produced during the same time period as the event. Secondary sources are produced later. Primary sources are more accurate because the information about the event was fresh in the recorder’s mind. 9 primary; It was created by Ptolemy based on what was known or believed about the world at the time.

Answer KeysLessons 1–20

History Lesson Manual


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Lessons 1–20 History Lesson ManuaL answer Key

Lesson 131 Artifacts, ruins, bones, and fossils make up an archaeological record. 2 An archaeologist can learn how people lived, what they ate, diseases they had, and even how they died from archaeological records. 3 Archaeological records are formed as time passes and soil covers the site, eventually sealing beneath layers of earth. 4 Remains are revealed through excavation. 5 Excavation is the process of digging up remains of the past. 6 Stratisgraphy is the study of the remains found in layers of rock. Answers vary. 7 When the ground is disturbed, older layers may be brought closer to the surface. 8 Cultural dating is comparing artifacts to others found at that time or related to materials of that time. Examples: coins, pottery 9 Absolute and relative dating are two types of cultural dating. Absolute dating gives the piece an age. Relative dating determines only if something is older or newer than a particular object. 10 Pottery was very common and changed a great deal over time. The age of styles determines its relative age.

Lesson 151 Dendrochronology is tree-ring counting. Wooden artifacts can be dated with this method as wooden patterns or tree ring patterns have been pieced together. 2 Pottery is not a living thing and therefore can’t be dated with radiocarbon dating. 3 Living things absorb carbon. When it dies, the radioactive carbon within begins to decay at its own rate. Scientists can determine an age based on the amount of radiocarbon remaining within. Its accuracy can be affected by smoke and pollution. 4 Radiocarbon dating has caused archaeologists to rethink some of their ideas about the past. They used to believe that the pyramids were the oldest stone monuments in the world, but from radiocarbon dating, we can

determine that there are monuments in Western Europe that are older. 5 potassium-argon dating, tree-ring dating, written records 6 Answers vary. 7 Archaeologists used radiocarbon dating and written records to learn about Tollund Man.

Lesson 161 The tomb was hidden under the ancient foundations of worker’s huts. 2 Classic archaeology searches for spectacular (expensive) artifacts from the past. 3 Modern archaeologists are interested in “kitchen midden” or more commonplace artifacts or rubbish. 4 Kitchen midden provides insight into diet, daily activity, and contact with other cultures. 5 Detailed notes assure scientist that each object and its placement are noted. 6 Answers vary.

Lesson 181 Cultures make contact to trade goods. 2 Artifacts or written accounts are found in lands far from their point of origin. 3 We think it took over ten years to build Stonehenge. 4 Similar problems in different cultures, far from each other, can result in similar solutions. Cultures adapted each other’s needs to meet their own needs. 5 Radiocarbon dating proves that Stonehenge is older by hundreds of years.


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Lessons 1–20 art History answer Key

Lesson 31 In a high relief, the figures are cut halfway out of the background, but when a statue in-the-round is made, the sculptor cuts away the background entirely so that the figure stands out all by itself. 2 Answers will vary but may include: the feet are stepping directly sideways and the faces are all turned sideways, but the shoulders are front view; the eye is the shape of an eye as seen from the front although the relief shows the side view of the figure. 3 Yes, the goddess Isis is a relief called low relief, or bas-relief. 4 The Temple at Abu Simbel is a high relief and the figures, all of Rameses II, are almost entirely cut away from the background.

Lesson 81 These statues were usually gigantic in size, as tall as a house—colossal. 2 It is the Great Sphinx in Egypt. 3 It is a statue of an Egyptian king named Amenhotep. 4 Answers will vary but may include: Although it is one of the oldest pieces of sculpture in the world, the Schoolmaster of Boulac is made of wood. It is a statue of a schoolteacher. It is smaller than the size of a real man. It is the figure of a rather small, fat bald-headed man carrying a tall walking stick. It can be found in a museum in Cairo. It is more natural and lifelike than later Egyptian sculpture. The Egyptians thought it so natural that they chained its feet to keep it from walking off. 5 The Seated Scribe, a figure of a man seated and holding a writing tablet on his lap, was made of stone and painted red. 6 The statuettes were tiny—many only a few inches high—and were of kings and queens, their gods and goddesses, and sacred animals. They were made of the hardest stone.

Lesson 131 It is called a cherub. 2 The Assyrian cherub had five legs so that from the front it appeared that he was standing still. From the side it appeared that he was running. 3 They used alabaster, a soft white stone. 4 Most of the reliefs show the things they liked to do best—their two chief sports, which were hunting animals and killing people in battle. 5 It shows the front view of an eye on the side view of a face. 6 They were spools with tiny reliefs carved on their surfaces. An axle was inserted through a hole in the center of each so it became a sort of rolling pin that left an imprint when rolled on a flat surface. 7 Most are in the British Museum in London and the Louvre in Paris.

Lesson 181 The statue is Apollo of Tenea. 2 Athena looks more like a man than a girl. Although she is facing front, Athena’s foot is twisted sideways so it falls inside the picture. Medusa’s right leg is longer than the left. Pegasus is shown as a tiny toy horse and his hind legs are like those of a kangaroo—they are much longer than his front legs. 3 They used marble. 4 Answers will vary but may include: If you can’t sculpt well, it doesn’t matter how good the material that you use is. Great sculpture is the result of a great artist, not great material.


Art History

Lessons 1–20 science activities answer Key


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ACTIVITY 1

Hard Candy Experiment(Science Lesson 2)Hypothesis Answers will vary.samples Candies dissolve, colors dispense into water; Materials: listed in lesson; Results: answers will vary.sample Candies dissolve, concentric layers of colors disperse into water, adjoining colors do not readily mix, colored water forms wedge shaped areas in the dish.Conclusion Answers will vary.

ACTIVITY 2

Observing Oobleck(Science Lesson 4)observations Qualitative Answers will vary. Quantitative Answers will vary. 1 Answers will vary. 2 Answers will vary. 3 Scientists rely on quantitative observations because they are more precise. 4 Answers will vary: samples: She is five feet tall. The flower has seven petals. 5 If I were repeating an experiment, the observation would be quantitative. I would repeat the experiment over and over to make sure the results are consistent.

ACTIVITY 3Experimenting with Oobleck(Science Lesson 5) 1 A scientific investigation is different from just trying something out because it includes the exact steps performed and results. It can be easily repeated. 2 You need to record all your steps and materials so that another scientist can repeat your experiment exactly.

ACTIVITY 4

Colliding Water Drops(Science Lesson 12)Conclusions Answers will vary; sample: the water droplets move together and become a larger droplet. Why? Answers will vary; sample: due to surface tension the molecules of water are pulled together.

ACTIVITY 5 (enrICHmenT)

Which State?(Science Lesson 14)Conclusions Answers will vary;sample Shaving cream is a combination of a liquid and a gas. When it is exposed to air for a few days, the liquid evaporates, and the gas escapes. A very light solid soap material is left behind.

ACTIVITY 6

Organizing the Elements(Science Lesson 19)1 atomic number 2 chemical symbol 3 element name 4 atomic mass 5 Mendeleev arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass. 6 Elements in a column have similar properties. 7 You can predict an element’s properties.


Science Activities


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Lessons 1–20 science textbooK answer Key

Chemical Building Blocks

Careers in Science

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Writing in Science scoring rubric: 4 Exceeds criteria; includes a concise, grammatically correct paragraph with precise details that completely describe the steps a researcher might follow to get an invention manufactured and sold 3 Meets criteria 2 Includes sketchy details and/or minor errors 1 Paragraph is incomplete and/or has serious errors

CHAPTer 1

Section 1 Describing Matter

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Discover Activity expected outcome Student will likely group objects of the same type together. For example, he may put checkers in one group and paper clips in another.Think It over Sample answer: A substance has one set of properties. A mixture is made up of parts that have different properties.

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Skills Activity expected outcome Water—liquid; ethanol—liquid; propane—gas; table salt—solid. A substance is a solid at room temperature if its melting point is greater than 20°C. It’s a liquid if its melting point is less than 20°C and its boiling point is greater than 20°C. It’s a gas if its boiling point is less than 20°C.

Page 9reading Checkpoint Try to change the substance to another substance.

Page 11reading Checkpoint A molecule is made up of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

Page 12reading Checkpoint A chemical formula shows the elements in the compound and the ratio of atoms.

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Section 1 Assessment reviewing Key Concepts 1 a Physical properties can be observed without changing pure substances into other substances. Chemical properties can be observed only by changing pure substances into other substances. b Melting point is a physical property because the metal is still the same substance, it is only changing. c No. The fact that helium does not react with any other substance is a chemical property because it describes helium’s ability to change (or not change) into different substances. 2 a Both elements and compounds are pure substances. While elements are not made of simpler substances, compounds are made up of two or more elements. b C6H12O6 is made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 3a You can see the different parts of heterogeneous mixture, but the substances in a homogeneous mixture are so thoroughly mixed that you cannot see them. b Seawater is a mixture made up of salt, water, and many other substances. c Sample answer: You could put some of the liquid in an open container. When the water in the solution evaporates, solid baking soda would remain.

Section 2 Measuring Matter

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Discover ActivityThink It over The student may predict that the larger objects are heavier, but should conclude that small objects can be heavier than large objects, depending on their density (although the student might not yet know the term).

Page 17reading Checkpoint The kilogram is the SI unit of mass.

Page 18reading Checkpoint One milliliter and one cubic centimeter are exactly the same volume.

Page 19Math Practice 1 1.5 g/mL 2 2.9 g/cm3

Page 20reading Checkpoint The oil in salad dressing is less dense than other kinds of liquids in the bottle.

Section 2 Assessment reviewing Key Concepts 1 a Mass is the measure of the amount of matter in an object. b The mass of an object is constant. Its weight, however, can vary from place to place because weight is a measure of the force of gravity on the object. 2 a Volume b 1,000 milliliters equal one liter c 620 cm3 (rounded from 619.65 cm3) 3 a Mass and volume b Sample answer: Put the solid object in water. If it sinks, it is more dense than water. If it floats, it is less dense than water. c Sample answer: Using a balance, measure the mass of an empty balloon. Fill the balloon with air. Measure the mass of the filled balloon. The


Science Textbook

© Pearson Prentice Hall


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difference in the two values is the mass of the air. Then measure the volume of the balloon using the water displacement method. Calculate the density of the air by dividing the mass by the volume. (Accept all reasonable answers. This question is a good opportunity for discussion. Student may not know that the buoyancy of the filled balloon and other factors will make this plan for finding the mass of air unworkable. However, using a large, plastic trash bag may give a better result. Alternatively, your student may suggest using a bottle or flask and finding its mass before and after the air has been evacuated.) 4 277 g/38 cm3 = 7.289 g/cm3. The metal is Tin.

Page 21Skills Labexpected outcome Density values for all samples of each object should be equal.Analyze and Conclude 1 The density of the whole object should equal the density of each piece. 2 Because every sample of a material has the same density, density is a characteristic of that material. 3 If the objects were wet, the mass and volume measurements would include water, introducing a source of error into the calculations. 4 Sample answer: Measure the mass and volume of each object several times. Then find the average mass and average volume in each case, and use these values to calculate density. Having more data would provide stronger evidence to support the answers to Questions 1 and 2.

Section 3 Changes in Matter

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Discover Activity expected outcome Crushing the chalk changes only its physical appearance. When vinegar is added to the crushed chalk, the chalk bubbles.

Page 23reading Checkpoint When an ice cube melts, it is still water.

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Skills Activity expected outcome Student should identify changes that produce new substances as chemical changes and changes in form or physical state as physical changes.

Page 25reading Checkpoint Combustion involves the rapid combination of a fuel with oxygen to produce new substances.

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Section 3 Assessment reviewing Key Concepts 1 a Sample answer: Bend the spoon, break it in pieces, and melt it. b Lighting a match is not a physical change. 2 a If a new substance is formed, a chemical change has occurred. b In electrolysis, water is broken down into hydrogen and oxygen, two different substances. When water freezes, it is the same substance, but in a different form. c During rusting, oxygen in the air combines with iron in the nail. The rusted nail has atoms of oxygen that the nail did not have before it rusted. 3 a Thermal energy is the total energy of all of the particles in an object. b If the temperatures are different, the glass of water with the higher temperature has the greater thermal energy c You have to add thermal energy (in the form of heat) to start the reaction and then keep adding energy.

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You Decide

1 Sample answer: Although many hazardous chemicals are transported safely, accidents do happen. When a hazardous chemical spills, it can

damage the environment and harm people. 2 Sample answer: Greater regulation of transporting chemicals might be such burden to chemical industries that they can no longer afford to be in business. However, more regulation might prevent accidental spills, keeping people and the environment safe. 3 Regulations that students might propose include designating special roads for the transport of hazardous chemicals, mandatory stops at inspection points, allowing transport only during hours of light traffic, requiring the trucks to travel at reduced speeds, or requiring vehicles with flashing lights to escort trucks through the city.

Section 4 Energy and Matter

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Discover Activity expected outcome Water temperature will increase and a black residue will form on the bottom of the can.Think It over The water absorbed thermal energy from the burning marshmallow. The burning marshmallow gave off energy and left a black residue on the bottom of the can. Light and thermal energy were released. The energy released had been stored in the marshmallow.

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Try This Activity expected outcome The ball has the most potential energy at the greatest height. The ball has the most kinetic energy just before it hits the ground after it is dropped from the greatest height.

Page 32reading Checkpoint In the chemical bonds between atoms


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Page 33reading Checkpoint Electromagnetic energy to chemical energy

Section 4 Assessment reviewing Key Concepts 1 a Kinetic, potential, chemical, electromagnetic, electrical, and thermal energy b When the book is lying on the desk, it has potential energy. When the book is falling, it has kinetic energy. c Energy may be transformed from one form to another. 2 a During a chemical change, chemical energy is changed to other forms of energy. b Chemical energy stored in the paper is transformed and released as electromagnetic energy and thermal energy. c Electromagnetic energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by plants during photosynthesis. When you eat plants or plant products, this energy becomes available to your body. Your body converts this chemical energy as you turn a page.

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Skills LabAnalyze and Conclude 1 Student’s diagram should include all parts of the setup and be labeled correctly. 2 Solid copper forms on the negative eletrode. Bubbles of chlorine gas form at the positive electrode. 3 Copper is a shiny, orange-colored metal. Chlorine is a gas with an irritating odor. Copper chloride solution is a clear green liquid. 4 The color of the solution changed, indicating that the copper chloride changed chemically to form new substances. 5 Yes, the dissolved copper chloride underwent chemical changes that formed new substances, solid copper and chlorine gas. 6 Sample answer: Electrolysis caused a chemical change by breaking the chemical bonds of copper chloride and separating the compound into copper and chlorine.Design an experiment Student may predict that the copper and chlorine

will form on the opposite electrodes when the polarity is reversed.

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Review and Assessmentorganizing Information a Elements (or Compounds) b Compounds (or Elements) c Physical change d Heterogeneous (or Homogeneous) e Homogeneous (or Heterogeneous) f Sample answer: Combustionreviewing Key Terms 1 a 2 c 3 b 4 d 5 b 6 Matter 7 compound 8 true 9 endothermic 10 true

Writing in ScienceWriting mode Exposition/How-to scoring rubric: 4 Exceeds criteria; includes highly detailed, step-by-step directions that describe how to build and use a device to get fresh water from the ocean 3 Meets criteria 2 Includes brief directions that contain a few errors or omissions 1 Includes sketchy directions with serious errorsChecking Concepts 11 Compounds: pure substances made up of two or more elements chemically combined, elements combined in a specific ratio, properties differ from those of combined elements; mixtures: not pure substances made up of two or more elements and/or compounds not chemically combined, parts not combined in a specific ratio, mixed substances retain individual properties 12 Mass and volume 13 The material is less dense than water. 14 The burning wax releases energy in the form of light (electromagnetic energy) and heat (thermal energy). A change that gives off energy is an exothermic change. 15 Sample answer: Kinetic energy is the energy of matter in motion. Moving cars have kinetic energy.Thinking Critically 16 Fruit punch is a solution because its parts retain their individual properties but are evenly mixed. 17 The 5-cm diagonal is not needed because volume is calculated by multiplying the length,

width, and height of an object. 18 The volume of a kilogram of water increases when it freezes to ice. 19 Sample answer: The solution would taste salty so the salt would still be present. Boiling the liquid separates the water from the salt.math Practice 20 2:5; the compound P2O5 has two atoms of phosphorus for every five atoms of oxygen. 21 1.74 g/cm3

Applying skills 22 Diagrams A and B represent single elements because each is made up of a single type of atom. 23 Diagrams A, B, and D represent pure substances. Diagrams A and B represent elements. Diagram D represents a compound because its two kinds of atoms are chemically combined in a set ratio. 24 A—a single kind of atom; D—two kinds of atoms 25 Diagram C represents a mixture because it contains several dif-ferent kinds of substances that are not chemically combined.

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Standardized Test Prep 1 C 2 F 3 D 4 H 5 D 6 Sample answer: Chemical energy is the potential energy in the chemical bonds between atoms. During chemical reactions, chemical energy may be converted to other forms of energy. For example, when wood burns, energy is released in the form of heat and light. Microwaves, one form of electromagnetic energy, can be used to cook food. Adding thermal energy can melt ice.

CHAPTer 2

Section 1 States of Matter

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Discover Activityexpected outcome The balloon inflates with carbon dioxide produced by the reaction of the antacid and water.


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Think it over Sample answer: solid: tablet, balloon, bottle; liquid: water; gas: bubbles. Sample definitions: Gas can form bubbles in water or inflate a balloon; liquid takes the shape of its container; solid keeps its shape.

Page 44reading Checkpoint Crystalline solid: particles arranged in a regular, repeating pattern; distinct melting point. Amorphous solid: particles not in a regular pattern; no distinct melting point

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Try This Activity expected outcome Honey has the greater viscosity. The air bubble in the jar of vegetable oil rose faster than the air bubble in the jar of honey.reading Checkpoint surface tension

Page 47reading Checkpoint While you’re breathing, gases in the air flow freely through the body and back out again.

Section 1 Assessmentreviewing Key Concepts 1 a Solids have definite shapes and definite volumes. b Crystalline solid particles form a regular, repeating pattern and melt at a distinct temperature; amorphous solid particles are not arranged in a regular pattern and melt over a range of temperatures. c Glass is an amorphous solid. Because glass does not have a definite melting point, it becomes softer and softer as it is heated. This is why heated glass may be soft enough to bend. 2 a Liquids do not have definite shape, but do have definite volume. b Because its particles can move freely around one another, a liquid takes the shape of its container. Because its particles are packed closely together, a liquid has definite volume. c Due to surface tension, a needle can float on the surface of water; the surface of the water acts as a sort of skin. 3 a The shape and volume of a gas are the

same as those of its container. b A gas has neither definite shape nor definite volume because its particles spread apart and move freely in all directions, restricted only by the walls of its container.

Section 2 Changes of State

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Discover Activityexpected outcome When held close to the face, water vapor in warm breath will condense on the mirror’s cool surface, and the mirror will become clouded or fogged.Think It over Something clouded the surface of the mirror. Your student might explain that moisture from his warm breath condensed on the mirror’s cool surface. At greater distances, the moisture in his breath dispersed in the air before reaching the mirror’s surface.

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Try This Activityexpected outcome The rubbing alcohol must evaporate faster because the thermometer with the alcohol cools faster than the thermometer with the water.reading Checkpoint The particles move more and more slowly.

Page 53reading Checkpoint the liquid state

Section 2 Assessmentreviewing Key Concepts 1 a The particles break free from their fixed positions and begin to move about. b The thermal energy increases. c You should melt snow and then drink it. If you eat snow, your body must use some of its valuable energy to change the snow to a liquid. 2 a the change from a liquid to a gas b Evaporation and boiling; in both, a liquid becomes a gas. Evaporation occurs only on a liquid’s surface,

while boiling occurs both on the surface and below the surface. c Your body supplies the thermal energy necessary to change the sweat from a liquid to a gas, causing the body to lose heat and become cooler. 3 a sublimation b water vapor; the water vapor in the air is cooled and condenses when dry ice sublimes

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Skills LabAnalyze and Conclude 1 Sample answer: I predicted that the ice cubes in warm water would melt faster, and that happened in the experiment. 2 in the cup with warm water; greater difference between initial temperature and melting point 3 the thermal energy of the water in each cupDesign an experiment Sample experiment: A partially frozen container of water with a layer of ice on top is exposed to a lamp (the “sun) while the other is kept in the shade. Check plans for safety.

Section 3 Gas Behavior

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Discover Activity (Enrichment)expected outcome The chalk will break when dropped by itself and when wrapped in wax paper or plastic wrap. It will not break when wrapped in bubble wrap.Think It over The chalk did not break when wrapped in bubble wrap. Sample answer: The particles of air inside the bubble wrap squeezed together when it hit the floor and absorbed the force of impact.

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Math Skills

P = 5,600 N = 16,374 Pa0.342 m2

(Using significant figures, the answer is 16,000 Pa.)


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reading Checkpoint Pascals (Pa) or kilopascals (kPa)

Page 58reading Checkpoint Decreasing outside pressure causes the helium inside the balloon to expand, which would eventually stretch the balloon so much it would burst.

Page 61reading Checkpoint pressure

Section 3 Assessmentreviewing Key Concepts 1 a Gas pressure is the force of its outward push divided by the area of the walls of its container. b As the moving gas particles collide with the walls of their container, they push on the container walls. c The greater the number of gas particles inside the basketball results in more collisions, which increase the outward push of the gas. 2 a At constant temperature, when gas pressure increases, gas volume decreases. b When the temperature increases, gas particles move faster and collide more frequently with greater force. If the container is rigid, it cannot expand, and the pressure increases. c Because you know that the temperature will increase, the volume of the gas in the balloons will also increase. To prevent the expansion from bursting the balloons, you should not completely fill the balloons.

Section 4 Graphing Gas Behavior

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Discover Activityexpected outcome The graphed data will define a line that slants upward to the right.Think It over The pressure increases as temperature increases.

Page 63reading Checkpoint Scientists often work with gas temperatures in units called kelvins.

Page 65reading Checkpoint volume

Section 4 Assessmentreviewing Key Concepts 1 a directly proportional b The volume increases. c approximately 74 mL 2 a The pressure and the volume of a gas are inversely proportional. b approximately 49 kPa c directly proportional—the graph is a straight line that could pass through the origin; vary inversely—the graph is a curve that is steeper near the y-axis and less steep near the x-axis

At-Home Activity (Enrichment)Finding Graphs Before your student begins, suggest that he defines the following terms: manipulated variable, responding variable, directly proportional, and vary inversely.

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Skills LabAnalyze and Conclude 1 The student’s graph should have correct labels. Gas volume should decrease as books are added. 2 The student’s graph should have correct labels. Volume should increase as books are removed. 3 Predictions from Step 6 will likely be confirmed. Predictions from Step 9 may not be confirmed because the volume may not return to the original volume. As books are removed, gas volume may increase less than it decreased because of friction in the syringe. 4 Sample answer: The graphs are about the same shape. However, the data points differ because of friction in the syringe. 5 Increasing the pressure (by adding books) decreases the volume of air in the syringe. 6 Sample answer: Gas volume decreases by a smaller amount each time a book is added. Gas particles are being forced closer together as more weight is

added. Eventually, volume will no longer decrease because the gas particles are as close as they can be.Design an experiment The student may suggest placing the sealed syringe in a freezer or in ice water, then at room temperature, and then in hot water. The amount of volume change for this temperature range, however, might not be very dramatic.

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Review and Assessmentorganizing Information a solid b definite c not definite d sample: water e not definite f sample: oxygenreviewing Key Terms 1 b 2 c 3 d 4 b 5 a 6 amorphous 7 true 8 melting point 9 pressure 10 true

Writing in ScienceWriting mode Explanation scoring rubric: 4 Exceeds criteria; includes a detailed, accurate explanation of what happens to gas molecules at high pressure and how to use this knowledge to develop safe practices for deep-sea divers 3 Meets criteria 2 Includes a brief explanation and/or contains a few errors or omissions 1 Includes a sketchy explanation with serious errorsChecking Concepts 11 Particles in a solid vibrate in place. 12 Both liquids and gases have freely moving particles that can flow from place to place. 13 All liquids flow. However, liquids with high viscosity flow more slowly than liquids with low viscosity. 14 As thermal energy increases, matter changes from solid to liquid and from liquid to gas. 15 Sample answer: Ice melting is solid to liquid. Water freezing is liquid to solid. Water boiling is liquid to gas. Clouds forming is gas to liquid. 16 Water molecules gain enough energy to become a gas. 17 The gas particles inside the ball are at a higher pressure than the air outside the ball, so they hit the inner surface of the ball more often, reach the hole, and escape. Then the gas particles move away


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from one another as they leak out of the ball. 18 The pressure of the gas increases. math Practice 19

pressure = 660 N = 3,300 Pa 0.20 m2

Thinking Critically 20 Heating the table-tennis ball causes the air inside it to expand and push the dent out of the ball. 21 Through sublimation, the solid turns into a gas as the room freshener’s particles escape and mix with the air in the room. 22 The graph will be a curve that slopes downward from left to right, showing that pressure varies inversely with volume.Applying skills 23 Graphs will have a straight line pointing up and to the right. Temperature is plotted on the x-axis, and the mass of the compound dissolved is plotted on the y-axis. The range of values on each axis should be reasonable. For example, on the x-axis, the temperature could range from zero to at least 40°C, in increments of 5 or 10. On the y-axis, the mass could range from zero to at least 75 or 80 g, in increments of 10 or 15. 24 The warmer the water, the more compound that dissolves in it. 25 About 85 g will dissolve.

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Standardized Test Prep 1 C 2 F 3 D 4 H 5 As the gas molecules in the can gain thermal energy, they move faster and hit the sides of the can more frequently and with greater force. The result is an increase in pressure inside the can. As the pressure increases, there is a greater danger that the can will explode.

CHAPTer 3

Section 1 Introduction to Atoms

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Discover Activity Think It over Student’s sketch should be consistent with his observations, but may not be correct. Student should explain how his indirect observation led him to identify certain properties of the object. For example, a round object will roll and a soft object will make less sound when hitting the sides of the box.

Page 75reading Checkpoint A proton has a positive charge.

Page 79reading Checkpoint Sample answer: When objects or events are too small, too large, too slow, too dangerous, or too far away to see.

Section 1 Assessmentreviewing Key Concepts 1 a protons, neutrons, and electrons b proton—positive charge; neutron—no charge; electron—negative charge c Each atom has equal numbers of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons. 2 a The number of protons in each atom of that element. b Each element has a unique atomic number because all atoms of that element have the same number of protons. c Each atom of nitrogen-15 contains 7 protons, 8 neutrons, and 7 electrons. 3 a Atoms are too small to be seen. b to describe the structure of atoms and explain how matter behaves

Section 2 Organizing the Elements

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Discover Activityexpected outcome It will take less time for the student to locate squares in an ordered pattern.Think it over Average times will be shorter for Step 6. Sample answer: It takes much longer to find a numbered square when the squares are not in any order.

Page 83reading Checkpoint because most elements consist of a mixture of isotopes

Page 87reading Checkpoint eighteen

Section 2 Assessment reviewing Key Concepts 1 a Mendeleev arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass. b Mendeleev found that the properties of the elements repeated. c In the modern periodic table, new elements have been added and the elements are ordered by atomic number. 2 a Sample answers: element’s name, chemical symbol, atomic number, and atomic mass. b silver c The atomic mass is an average mass based on the combined percentages of all the isotopes of an element. 3 a An element’s location in the periodic table gives you information about its properties. b The student’s answer should include two of the following: beryllium, magnesium, strontium, barium, or radium.

Pages 113–114

Review and Assessmentorganizing Information sample title: Organization of the Periodic Table a Elements b Atomic number c Periods d Families (or Groups) e Groups (or Families)


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reviewing Key Terms 1 a 2 b 3 a 4 c 5 c 6 d

Writing in ScienceWriting mode Descriptionscoring rubric: 4 Exceeds criteria; includes a highly detailed and accurate description of the life cycle of a star, including what elements are formed and how they are dispersed 3 Meets criteria 2 Includes a brief description that contains a few errors and/or omissions 1 Includes a sketchy description that contains serious errors and/or omissionsChecking Concepts 7 Two isotopes of an element have different numbers of neutrons in the nuclei of their atoms. 8 Phosphorus has an average atomic mass nearest to 31. 9 Sample answer: Fluorine and bromine have properties similar to those of chlorine. 10 Tin and lead are the two elements in Group 14 that are most likely to be malleable and good conductors of electricity. 11 Iodine is most likely to be a poor conductor of electricity and a brittle solid at room temperature. 12 Stars like the sun do not contain enough energy to produce elements heavier than oxygen. Thinking Critically 13 Proton: mass—about one amu, location—nucleus; neutron: mass—about one amu, location—nucleus; electron: mass—about 1/2000 amu, location—outside the nucleus 14 A 28—atomic number; B Ni—chemical symbol; C Nickel—name; D 58.71—atomic mass 15 Particle accelerators cause nuclei to crash into the nuclei of other elements with enough energy to combine into nuclei of new elements. 16 The materials used in computer chips are semiconductors, which have the property of conducting electricity under some conditions and not other conditions. 17 Because of their like (positive) charges, atomic nuclei repel one another strongly. The extremely high pressures found in stars squeeze the nuclei together.

Applying skills 18 Elements A and B are most likely nonmetals because they are gases that do not conduct electricity. Elements C and D are most likely metals because they are silvery and conduct electricity. Element E is a weak conductor, but it is most likely a metal because of its appearance. 19 Almost all of the mass of an atom comes from its protons and neutrons. Although each element has a characteristic number of protons, the number of neutrons can vary and may cause two different elements to have similar atomic masses. 20 A: nitrogen; B: argon; C: calcium; D: mercury: E: lead 21 No. Element A (nitrogen) and element B (argon) are in different groups, or families. 22 No. Element C (calcium) is an alkaline earth metal. Elements in this group are not found as elements in nature.

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Standardized Test Prep 1 B 2 G 3 D 4 F 5 C 6 The modern model of an atom includes three main types of atomic particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons. The protons and neutrons are clustered together in an atom’s central core, or nucleus. Electrons move rapidly in the space outside the nucleus. Protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons have no charge. An atom has an equal number of protons and electrons, so its overall charge is neutral.

Pages 158–159

Skills Handbookobserving Activity Some observations that your student may make include that the boy is skateboarding, wearing a white helmet, and flying in the air. Make sure that your student’s observations are confined to only things that they can actually see in the photograph.Classifying Activity Some characteristics student might use

include color, pattern of color, use of balls, and size. Student’s criteria for classification should clearly divide the balls into two, and then three, distinct groups.making models Activity The flashlight represents the sun and the ball represents Earth.

Lessons 1–20 science Lesson ManuaL answer Key


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Lesson 6Discussion Questions 1 They won the award in 1998. 2 Because solvents are found everywhere, Dr. Datta is concerned about how widespread use of such chemicals affects the environment and the people who use them. 3 Petrochemicals may be harmful to people, are slow to break down, and the supply of petroleum is limited. 4 The most difficult part of the process is the recovering and purifying the products of fermentation. 5 Dr. Datta solved the problem by developing a new kind of plastic that acts like a very fine filter.

Lesson 7Application 1 P 2 C 3 P 4 C 5 C1 heterogeneous mixture 2 heterogeneous mixture 3 heterogeneous mixture 4 homogeneous mixture 5 homogeneous mixture 6 homogeneous mixture 7 heterogeneous mixture 8 heterogeneous mixture 9 heterogeneous mixture 10 heterogeneous mixture 11 heterogeneous mixture

Lesson 15Gas Particles Activity 2 The marbles or pennies are modeling gas particles at high temperature. 3 The pressure increased because the gas particles hit the sides of the box more often.math skills Activity 1 The unit of force being measured must be Newtons. 2 The unit of measure for area is meters squared

Lesson 16Instruction 1 The horizontal axis is divided into intervals of 5°C. 2 The vertical axis is divided into intervals of 2.0 kPa.Application 1 the horizontal axis 2 the vertical axis 3 the temperature 4 the volume 5 the pressure 6 The volume of a gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature under constant pressure, as defined by Charles’ Law.Application 1 As volume of a gas increases, gas pressure decreases. 2 The units of a pressure gauge are measured in kPa. 3 Temperature is the property of gas that has remained constant in this experiment. 4 The gas particles will be closer if the piston is pushed down and the arrow on the gauge will point to a higher pressure.

Lesson 17model of an Atom LabConclusion 1 The atom that is being modeled is nitrogen. 2 Electrons are shown as clouds because they move all the time and may be anywhere in the space modeled as a cloud. 3 Answer may vary.

Element # of protons

# of neutrons

# of electrons

Atomic number

Mass number

Copper 29 35 29 a 29 b 64

Oxygen 8 c 8 8 d 8 16


Science Lesson Manual


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Lessons 1–20 reading Lesson ManuaL answer Key

Lesson 2InstructionApollo — sun god; god of music and prophecy; lyre and chariotDionysos — god of wine; grapesAthena — goddess of wisdom and war; owl and breastplate (armor)Hermes — messenger god; winged cap and sandalsZeus — father of gods, goddesses and mortals; thunderbolt and eagleApplicationSuggested response for character list:Theras — main character; 7 yrs. oldPheidon — fatherLampon — slave and pedagogueOpis — little sisterAglaia — little sisterEpikides — friend of Pheidon (father)Klinias — older classmate; plays lyre as Theras sings; won race at school; friendly with TherasPerimedes — older classmate; sang about Trojan horse; good at long jumpTelamon — older classmate, best runner in AthensArethusa — motherDryas and Koretas — classmates

Lesson 3InstructionArtemis — the virgin goddess of the hunt, the woods, and wild creatures; bow and arrow, a stag, and a crescent moonHygeia — goddess of healthApplicationQuestions 1 Suggested answers follow. Pheidon does not have to earn a living, yet he is busy all day. He owns a home in the city, a farm, and several ships. He volunteered as a

judge and was expected to be fair and just in his decisions. He sponsored a chorus and was helping to train the singers. Pheidon was also a soldier and practiced running and wrestling every day. He enjoyed all of his duties. 2 The two men were famous because they sacrificed their own lives to kill a tyrant who was taking away the Athenians’ freedom and democratic government. 3 When the gates were closed, the wall kept the citizens safe inside. Because people fought without cannons and bombs, the wall could not be knocked down. 4 First of all, Theras’ formal education is just beginning and he mistakes images for real life. For example, he asked his father if the statues of Harmodios and Aristogeiton were alive! Secondly, he is dazzled by the beauty of the Akropolis which is dedicated to Athena. When he sees the giant statue of Athena shining brightly in the sunlight, he believes he is really seeing the goddess. 5 Suggested answers follow. Pheidon may be overcome with gratitude for Athena’s protection of his ship which had just safely returned home. Pheidon may also be overcome with awe at the beautiful statue made of ivory and gold. 6 The word in use today that comes from Hygeia is hygiene, meaning the science or practice of staying healthy.

Lesson 4ApplicationQuestions 1 Theras went to the marketplace alone because Gorgo, the nurse, who knew him well, insisted that he would lose the money before his father could take him to spend it. Because he realized he probably would lose the coins, he decided to go to the marketplace and spend them. 2 Because of Theras’ adventure, the reader realizes that boys are often

kidnapped and sold into slavery. 3 “But there was good reason, as Theras was to find out before the day was done.” 4 Theras paid the asking price for the ball and barley cakes, and the reader knows that both merchants cheated him. Therefore, customers must be expected to bargain for what they want to buy. 5 Suggested responses follow. Theras appreciates beauty; he enjoys the smell of the myrrh and loves the sight of the sea. Theras is inexperienced; he does not know how to offer the gifts and he wonders if the goddess would like to have the ball that he had bought. Theras is religious and thoughtful; he offers gifts to the goddess who had no gifts and he prays for his family before he prays for himself. 6 The toy man is the person who opposes Theras. He wants to kidnap Theras and sell him into slavery. 7 Theras wants to escape or be rescued from the kidnappers. 8 One reason the toy man was able to kidnap Theras was because Theras is an inexperienced and trusting child. Since Theras is a boy, the toy man was able to catch his interest by talking about and promising to show Theras the newest ship in the Athenian navy. Down at the waterfront, the toy man got Theras on a little boat, offering to let him see the ship up close. During this time the toy man appeared to be friendly and kind.

Lesson 5ApplicationQuestions 1 Pheidon himself is in a serious mood; he understands how dangerous fighting is. The slaves and Arethusa also know that Pheidon might be killed in battle. She runs upstairs before her husband can see her cyring. Theras, however, is proud of his father and excited. He wants to be a soldier, too. 2 Pheidon changes


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his mind because of Theras’ reaction. Seeing the chained boy for sale reminded Theras of how he felt when he realized that he was going to be sold as a slave. Because of his own experience feeling horror, fright, and helplessness, he wants to rescue the boy. Theras also completely trusts that his father will do the right thing: “Oh, but you won’t let him be sold!” Pheidon is proud that his son is kind-hearted. 3 The language that Maro spoke reflected his pure Greek upbringing. 4 “That” refers to the father’s deed of kindness which was buying Maro. Because Pheidon knows that he may be killed in battle, he wants to leave Theras with a good memory of his father, the memory that Pheidon rescued a little boy from slavery. 5 Lampon sees an owl fly past their door. Lampon’s interpretation is that Athena will protect Pheidon and bring him home. A ‘wise’ owl is an appropriate symbol for the goddess of wisdom who would know whether or not Pheidon will live through the battle. 6 Metion tells Arethusa that Pheidon’s ship had sunk, that the crops had failed, and that Pheidon was killed in the battle at Samos. 7 Suggested responses follow. The author makes Metion an antagonist by having him deliver bad news every time he shows up. He is also described as “a selfish man” who had not volunteered to fight so that he could look after his own interests. His selfish nature extends to being angry at Pheidon for getting killed and causing him the trouble of looking after his family. He is also angry because Pheidon’s wealth is lost and he might have been able to have some of it. Moreover, knowing that he has to take care of Pheidon’s family, Metion reduces the burden on himself by giving Theras to Hippias even though Hippias is a Spartan. Finally, as Arethusa remembers that Sparta and Athens are rivals, she does not like that the man Metion chose to adopt Theras is from Sparta.

Lesson 7InstructionA pentagon is a polygon of five angles and five sides.Aurora is the goddess of the dawn; a colorful sunrise.ApplicationQuestions 1 Some details that suggest Theras will not be happy in Sparta: Hippias holds Theras’s hand tightly and a slave walks on the other side of him so that he cannot escape; Hippias hits Theras; the slave hustles Theras away; the Spartans who meet them at the gate do not have a good opinion of Athenians; and Theras has trouble keeping up with the fast-walking Spartans. 2 The Spartans think that the Athenians are unmannerly, barbaric, and too talkative. 3 One reason is because the inn at Megara is “a miserable, dark hovel where the beds were foul and hard as boards.” Another reason is that the Megarians had lost contests to the Athenians in the Olympic Games. 4 The Spartans with their weapons thought they could handle any robbers who might try to attack them. They even laughed at the joke that it was “a good place to spend the night.” 5 Agis means that Theras is only a boy (chicken just out of its shell) but he talks as if he is a man (full-grown cock, a rooster). This is an insult because he is reminding Theras that he is just a boy who cannot possibly do what adults can. Also, to crow is a verb that could mean to make the noise that a bird does or to boast or gloat. This is a further put-down.

Lesson 8InstructionThe Gulf of Corinth is to the left or west of the isthmus and the Aegean Sea is to the right or east.Application Questions 1 Theras’s happy mood changes when Hippias suggests that Theras could run for the honor of

Sparta. 2 Theras says he does not care what Theseus did; he believes that what Agis did was mean and sacrilegious. He is asserting what he himself believes; he also believes that the Athenians he knows would also refrain from dishonoring a dead body. 3 Theras is impressed, amazed, and excited. He wants to belong to the company. 4 While they were drilling, the Spartan boys knocked Theras down, jumped over him, and called him “girlie” because his hair was long. When the boys were cutting rushes to sleep on at night, not one of the boys told him what to do. Consequently, he had to sleep on the bare floor and they teased him about it. Suggested response for inference follows. The boys probably treat Theras in such a cruel way because of the values of their community. They value physical fitness, strength, and determination, not kindness or helpfulness. 5 Theras beats them at swimming. 6 They developed the ritual because they believed Artemis Othia, who had been given human sacrifices while in Tauris, still liked human blood when her image was brought to Sparta. Instead of offering humans as sacrifices to her, the Spartans developed a contest in which several boys were flogged until they bled. The underlying belief is that if the goddess were not offered blood, she would get angry and punish the Spartans. 7 The major difference in the goddesses is their personalities; one instills fear and demands blood sacrifice while the other is kind and asks for the girls’ toys when they are finished with them.

Lesson 9ApplicationQuestions 1 She has oddly colored glass frames and one foot is quite a bit bigger than the other. 2 Because the speaker’s nickname is Tubby, she is probably overweight. 3 Although the two girls are both alienated by their classmates, they are not friends. They endure the same experience, but they


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do not even look at one another while they wait to be picked for a team. 4 The bird is free to fly where it wants. It symbolizes freedom. The image of the bird subtly reminds the reader that the girls are stuck in a humiliating situation and cannot escape. There is even a fence that keeps them on the playing field. 5 After everyone else has been picked for a team and only Tich and Tubby are left, the speaker is usually chosen before Tich. 6 The speaker gets revenge for all those humiliating experiences by growing into a good student. The athletes who were the cause of Tubby’s psychological pain have turned out to be poor students (“couldn’t spell”).

Lesson 10InstructionSee Activity Pages Answer Key.ApplicationCheck structure: topic sentence, body, concluding sentence.Check content, especially in the body. See Reading Activity 5 for examples and details.

Lesson 11ApplicationQuestions 1 Perioikoi means “dwell near;” the Spartans called the people living on the land around Sparta by that name. Even though the Perioikoi, who called themselves Achaeans, had lived on the land for many generations, the newly arrived Spartans took away their cities and their rights. 2 In Athens only slaves do the farming and herding, so he assumed that the shepherd boy’s family were slaves. 3 Haemon is arrested by the Spartans because he had shown more bravery than some Spartans who were too afraid to rescue their friend. The Spartans want to maintain their supremacy so they arrest Perioikoi and Helots who are too brave or clever. 4 The battle

between two groups of older boys shows that the Spartans valued physical strength, knowledge of fighting techniques, and bravery. 5 Theras decides to run away because he thought that Drako had been killed in the Platantistos. He says, ‘“I won’t go back where they kill their own boys for fun.”’ It is at this point that Theras realizes that Abas and his family were correct; Haemon had been killed for his bravery. 6 Sample Answer: The author uses the method of revealing the main character’s thoughts, words, and actions. An example would be when Theras believes that Drako is killed in the Platantistos. Theras wants to help Drako, but is not allowed. Drako becomes so distressed, he runs away. 7 savage; civilized

Lesson 13IntroductionAt the end of Part Two Theras decided to run away from Sparta and to take Abas with him.ApplicationQuestions 1 Because Theras now believes that the Spartans killed Haemon, he also believes that the Spartans will eventually want to kill Abas. 2 Theras reminds Baukis of Haemon’s fate and the similar one awaiting Abas. He then promises that he will get an Athenian adult to make Abas a freedman. 3 Both boys are feeling fear of being caught by the Spartans, but they do not talk about it. 4 Kairos, Abas’ dog, finds the boys. He will be a companion and he can hunt rabbits so that the boys can have something to eat. 5 The boys identify themselves with a piece of cloth that Abbas’ mother had woven. It showed her signature pattern. 6 Suggested answers follow. Theras is horrified because the Spartans search Bion’s hut and that is where the boys thought they were going to hide. Another group of soldiers is searching for Theras on the Athens road. The Spartans were using dogs to track

Theras. The soldiers tempt Bion with a reward for the capture of Theras. 7 Bion’s mark is a little piece of wood carved with the picture of a goat. It suggests that he is a shepherd who raises goats. 8 Suggested responses follow. Baukis struggles to make a decision about letting Abas run away with Theras (internal). The boys struggle to hike at night in the mountains without getting hurt, caught by the Spartans, or attacked by wild animals (external). Theras struggles with his fear as the Spartans question Bion (internal); he also wonders if Bion will turn them over to the Spartans. Should he run now or stay (internal)? opinion One specific detail that supports the prediction that Theras will successfully complete his journey home is at the end of Chapter XXXI. “Good, honest Bion! Yes, all his life Theras remembered him and thanked him.”

Lesson 14InstructionPan — god of shepherds and the woods and forests; shepherd’s pipesApplicationQuestions 1 The boys stay together because they are honorable and care about each other. Theras feels guilty that Abas is suffering because of him and he encourages Abas to return home. Even though Abas is tempted, he knows he would feel ashamed leaving Theras by himself. 2 Pan is the god of shepherds, and shepherds tend their flocks in the countryside. The boys’ route is through the mountainous countryside of Arkadia, and shepherds like Bion and Leon have helped the boys on their way. 3 Leon could tell that Theras was from an upperclass family who, in Greece, learned to fight with spears and swords. Leon, a Perioikoi himself, must have recognized Abas as one. Those people usually fought with bows and arrows. 4 The last sentence


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of Chapter XXXIII is an example of foreshadowing. It gives a hint or clue about something that will happen later in the story involving Theras and the spear. 5 Abas grows timid and shy around strangers. Up to this point, because of his family life, he was the authority on paths and outdoor noises. He is also one of the Perioikoi and can relate to the shepherds that they meet. On the other hand, the closer that Theras gets to Athens, the happier he is. When they meet townspeople, he is now the one who can talk to strangers because of his upbringing in a town. 6 Unlike the boys’ experience with Corinth’s shepherds and farmers, Greeks usually treat strangers kindly. 7 The men want to kidnap the boys and sell them into slavery. 8 Abas is frightened; his chin was trembling. He also felt powerless and hopeless. He says, “It’s no use. . . . It’s a trap. We’re like rabbits caught.” On the other hand, Theras uses his problem-solving skills to look for a solution to their dilemma. He looks around the room and uses the only piece of furniture, a sea chest, to come up with a solution. Standing on top of the chest, he is inspired to knot their cloaks together to form a rope. 9 The Spartan training built up Theras’s strength and endurance. This helped him to carry Abas even though Abas weighed almost as much as Theras.

Lesson 15ApplicationQuestions 1 The boys switched to nighttime traveling because they were afraid of being pursued by the slave traders from the inn at Corinth. 2 Suggested responses follow. An obvious burden is that Theras is carrying Abas on his back. Another is his knowing that they are approaching the Skironian Rocks and the robbers who haunt the place. A third burden is trying to catch something to eat but being unsuccessful. 3 The boys quarrel as a reaction to having fallen, being hungry, and trying to travel at

night with one of them being injured. The quarrel ends when Theras realizes that Abas is acting strangely. In fact, Abas is hallucinating. 4 Unlike the Spartans who ate in silence, the men were laughing and joking and one of them was playing the lyre. They were acting like Athenians. 5 The word supplication means the act of asking for help when in great need of it. The Greeks knelt in front of a person and, bending forward, hugged him around the knees. This vulnerable physical position showed the person that the suppliant (one who is asking for help) was putting himself at the mercy of the other. 6 Herodotos used to know Theras’ father; more importantly, he instinctively trusts the boy. “[Herodotos’ eyes] seemed to look Theras through and through. Suddenly the blue eyes filled with tears.”

Lesson 16ApplicationQuestions 1 When Theras gets to the town of Eleusis, he becomes very excited because he is only 4 miles from home. 2 The crowds are gathered for the Panathenaic Festival; on the day Theras arrives, it is the 6th day of the holiday and “the greatest day of all the Athenian year.” 3 Theras is reminded of his father Pheidon because he had bought dolls at the booth for his daughters. 4 Theras finds that a stranger now owns the house and his mother lives with Metion. 5 Theras recognizes Lampon, his pedagogue and slave. Lampon tells Theras that his family is staying with Epikides. 6 Theras sees his father whom he thought was dead. 7 The prisoners were branded with an owl so that anyone who saw them would know that the men were from Athens. Athena is the goddess of the town and one of her symbols is the owl. Pheidon is embarrassed by the mark because he thinks it makes him look ugly. However, after thinking about it, Theras sees the brand as a sign of pride and identity. The townspeople honor the former

prisoners because the brands are battle scars. 8 The owl, the symbol of wisdom, suggests that the warriors are actually wise men! 9 Pheidon gives thank offerings to all the gods that Theras had promised on his journey. In addition, Pheidon sued Metion and won back his home and lands. 10 Abas is adopted by Herodotos and lives with him in Italy. He grows up to be a sailor. He and Theras remain friends throughout their lives.

Lesson 17Instruction There are many examples of Theras trying not to cry and trying not to express his fear to Abas. These show Theras’ internal conflict in which he is struggling with something inside of him, his emotions.

Lesson 18Application Differences in accounts of battle; suggested responses follow.

•The chapter has interesting detail that the summary doesn’t, such as the types of ships and which Greek cities sent soldiers.

•The battle was more personal for Theras because both of his grandfathers had fought in it and a schoolmate’s father turned the battle in the Greeks’ favor. Unless a reader enjoys ancient history, it is hard to get excited about the battle.

•In the chapter Athena appeared to inspire the Greeks.

•In the chapter Xerxes sat on a hill waiting to see the Greek defeat.

•In the chapter Armenias turned the battle by ramming a Persian ship; in the summary Themistocles leads the Greeks in battle.

Yes, the summary does communicate the basic facts about the battle. Yes, the novel does contain some accurate historical facts.

Lessons 1–20 reading activities answer Key


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ACTIVITY 1

Roman Numerals(Reading Lesson 1)1 16 2 9 3 555 4 71 5 332 6 1776 7 44 8 39 9 XLI 10 MMX 11 XV 12 XXXIV 13 XCIX 14 XXI 15 DCLXXIII 16 MCMLXXXIV 17 XIV or 14 18 X or 10 19 XVIII or 18 20 XVI or 16 21 XC or 90 22 LX or 60 23 CXLV or 145 24 XII or 12 25 CDX or 410

ACTIVITY 2

The Journeys of Theras(Reading Lesson 1)

.

ACTIVITY 3

Life in Ancient Athens (Reading Lessons 2, 3, 6, and First Review Lesson)By the end of Part One, the chart might look something like this:

Subject Athens

Education only for boys; begins at 7 years old; each boy has a pedagogue as a guardian and servant; each boy has a wax tablet, stylus and lyre; many small schools (about 30 pupils); important to be able to read, write, play the lyre, and sing; all poems from Homer; ate lunch; physical education in a field with running, jumping, disk throwing; classes start early in morning

Childhood played in house or in street close to front door; girls stayed at home; boys not allowed in the marketplace alone; rarely see pictures

Military men practice fighting every day; new ship in navy; warriors wore armor; men go to fight in tribes (phatries); different types of ships

Women’s role in society

stayed in the house; improper to see husband off at dock; upper class women can’t support family, must stay at home

Society in general

slavery acceptable but slaves often treated better than by other people; prices of goods are bargained

Crime kidnapping to sell people into slavery

Men’s role in society

working class: potters, vendors

upper class: slaves do work while men practice being soldiers and volunteering for the good of the city (chorus, judge); take care of family business

Art many colorfully painted statues in Agora and in temples; temples are clean, bright, and proportioned; murals depicting heroes; chorus festivals; small statues at doors of homes

Religion believed in many gods; rituals for offering gifts to gods included food and incense; altars on ships’ decks; beautiful temples dedicated to different gods; Athena is patroness of Athens


Reading Activities



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ACTIVITY 4

Rival City-States(Reading Lesson 7)For Part Two, student answers may resemble the following:

Athens Sparta

talks while walking; rests when tired (85)

walks fast and in silence; seems never to tire (82, 85, 86)

eats, plays lyre, and sings (88) eats in silence (88)

kinder to slaves; Lampon harsher with slaves (92)

thinks Spartans are savages thinks Athenians are barbarians, not good fighters, talk too much (82)

buries dead so they can rest in peace (95)

has fun throwing corpse over cliff (95)

Athens knows when to stop (101)

Sparta never did know when to stop (101)

beautiful city rebuilt even more beautiful than before (103)

homes and temples old and shabby (103)

boys performed in choruses and soldierly dances (103)

boys going through military drill like grown soldiers (103)

spoke Athenian Greek (106) spoke Doric dialect (106)

boys’ long hair cut when they grow up (106)

boys’ short hair grown long when they grow up (106)

Athenian boys fine swimmers (109)

not famous for swimming ability

boys in choruses, and listened to and sang songs and poetry (113)

boys chanted Spartan laws (113)

things always changing (114) every day the same (114)

boys live with their families (114)

boys live in barracks (114)

life-like statues (115) pillar-shaped statues (115)

Artemis asks for girls’ toys and dolls when they are finished with them (119)

Artemis wants blood sacrifices (119)

Civilized: just, reasonable, loved things rather than fighting and bloodshed, free to think and to speak out (137)

Savage: loved fighting and bloodshed, did not dare to think or to speak their thoughts if they did think (137)

ACTIVITY 5

Gathering Information for a Paragraph(Reading Lesson 10)

Category Theras Tich OR Tubby

School-like setting

fields where boys train to be warriors; Sparta

playing field at a school; England

Humiliating situation

Theras stands by the leader as each group of boys refuses to let Theras join their company .

Both were the last two to be picked for teams for outdoor games .

Character’s response to humiliating situation

At first Theras was embarrassed and almost cried . Then he gets angry, yells at Hippias, and tries to run away .

Both avoided looking at each other and pretended not to hear the girls discussing whom they did not want . In their embarrassment they retied their shoes or pretended to be interested in something like a bird flying by .

Being teased Boys called Theras “girlie” because of the length of his hair .

Tubby and Tich may have been nicknamed by their classmates; Tich’s odd appearance may also have been the object of teasing .

Character’s response to being teased

Theras is determined to master the drill .

Both girls seem to silently endure their pain .

Being ignored

1 . Theras is hot and exhausted from his journey, but no one remembers to take care of him .

2 . No one tells Theras to cut rushes so that he will have something to sleep on .

When finally chosen for the teams, the teams probably ignored Tubby and Tich until they had to have a turn in the games .

Character’s response to being ignored

1 . Theras continues to drill and promises himself that he will learn to do it just as well as the Spartan boys .

2 . Theras does not complain and sleeps on the floor .

Both girls seem to silently endure their pain .



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Category Theras Tich OR Tubby

Overall response to feeling like an outsider

Positive effect: Theras beats everyone in swimming, masters the drill, learns to chant Spartan Laws, and understands Doric Greek language .

Tich, negative effect: died a couple of years later .

Tubby, somewhat positive effect: realized she was smarter than the athletes but then looked down on them .

Imagine why the groups treated Theras and the girls like they did.

new person, looked different

didn’t fit in; odd appearance

ACTIVITY 6

Analyzing Theras’ Character(Reading Lesson 12)

Method of Characterization

Examples from Part Two

Theras’s thoughts and feelings

ambitious: Theras daydreams about running at the Isthmian Stadium . p . 99

defiance: “Never mind, you old Hippias . It would take many more words than you can ever say to make me believe that my dear, dear Athens is not the best city in all the world .” p . 84

resolve: Theras’s reaction to teasing is to learn the drill as well as any Spartan . p . 107

homesick: Theras misses his family and Athens and has dreams about home . p . 113–116

resolve: “When I am big,” he said to himself, “and when they take me to Olympia to run in the boys’ races, I’ll say to the whole crowd, the whole stadium, that I am an Athenian and that I am running for Athens’s honor .” considerate of others: Theras wonders if the Spartans whom he had assumed were searching for him will hurt Abas’s family . p . 128

innocent: Theras doesn’t believe that the Spartans will kill Haemon . p . 131–132

Theras’s words protective of others: “Robbers, robbers!” he cried . “They’re in the woods! They’re down the road!” p . 90

doesn’t tell on others: “I do not know, Hippias . I was watching the forest where I heard the noise . I only know Skyllis was sitting straight up .” p . 93 ”If I had a new son,“ he cried out, “I wouldn’t see him shamed by the whole town . I wouldn’t see him sold like a slave at an auction .” p . 105

honesty: “If you’re going to whip me, I wish you would do it now .” p . 111

Theras’s actions self-respect: After Hippias hits him, Theras pummels him on the chest . p . 81 Theras tries to memorize the road in case he gets the chance to return by himself to Athens . p . 88

respectful of the dead: Theras is horrified and sickened at Agis’s treatment of the robber’s dead body . p . 94–5 Theras is fascinated as he watches the ship being pulled over land . p . 98 Theras wins in swimming and makes a friend . p . 109

curiosity: Theras visits the shrine of Artemis to see what has inspired such a brutal ritual as the Artemis Victor . p . 120

politeness: Theras stands up to apologize for unintentionally offending Abas’ family . p . 126

selflessness: Believing that Drako will be killed in the Platanistos, Theras tries to save him . p . 135

Interesting, unique or relevant physical description

No examples given

How others react to Theras

Agis is irritated by Theras’s bad mood and fails in trying to reason with him . p . 95–96 and 100

The Spartan boys tease Theras because he has long hair and can’t keep up with the military exercises . p . 106

Abas trusts Theras and invites him home to supper . p . 123



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ACTIVITY 7

A Closer Look at Theras’s Character(Reading Lesson 17)

Situation Theras’s Response

First day at school

a little intimidated by his teacher; eager to prove he can sing; excitedly listens to classmate recite story of Trojan horse; carefully tries to form letters until correct; hero-worships Klinias; hurt but not discouraged by other boys’ teasing; happy and proud of winning race

First visit to the Agora and Akropolis

marketplace: full of wonder and appreciation for everything he sees, including statues and murals of Greek heroes Akropolis: filled with wonder and awe at the beauty of buildings and statues, which trigger his spiritual feelings

The female members of his family

loves and appreciates his mother and sisters

Pheidon’s leaving and Maro’s adoption

excited about father’s preparations but shocked and heartbroken when he leaves; indignant at sight of Maro in chains and frightened for him; certain his father will buy Maro; excited when Maro joins them

Leaving Athens with Hippias

very sad and a little embarrassed; indignant when Hippias hits him

Observing Spartan boys’ drill

excited and eager to learn

Hunting boars enjoyed and excited by adventure: “Theras never forgot that night… . And with it all the feeling of being grown-up—a man .” Appreciated outdoor setting .

Artemis Victor ritual

shocked and disgusted; doesn’t believe Artemis expects people to be whipped

Platanistos battle

At first excited, then horrified, then disgusted at savagery

Shrines to gods and goddesses

respectful, prays, gives offerings or promises them

Wildcat attack realized he had to throw his spear and he did; felt like “a man’s strength” was in him

Abas’s injury concerned; helpful; felt guilty and pity when Abas fainted; carried him cheerfully until he couldn’t anymore; frightened; went to look for food or help even though weak with hunger and exhaustion

Herodotos and his stories

trusting; grateful; admiring; filled with awe

Finding strangers in his home

shocked, confused, tries to find someone he knows

Suggested responses follow.1 appreciates the finer things in life (poetry and reading) 2 courageous (journeying at night, not giving in to tears or fears) 3 religious (prays and gives tribute to the gods, special relationship with Athena) 4. determined; hardship strengthens his resolve (learning drill, carrying Abas) 5 admires and wants to participate in physical and military activities (Pheidon’s preparations for battle, afternoons at school in Athens, Spartan boys’ drills. Isthmian and Olympic Games) 6 respects human life (horrified and digusted by desecration of dead body, Artemis Victor ritual, Platanistos battle, and Haemon’s arrest and execution) 7 loyal (doesn’t abandon injured Abas, keeps allegiance to Athens)

ACTIVITY 8

Comparing and Contrasting Two Views of Ancient Greece(Reading Lesson 19)

Athens1 What does “citizenship” mean, and who could be a citizen?Website: Only men could be citizens. As citizens they could influence the way the city was run. The men could go to the assembly where they could speak and vote freely.Theras: Pheidon is a full citizen, but he does not have to earn a living. Slaves or employees do all the work while Pheidon takes his turn at being a judge, sponsors a chorus, and practices his fighting skills.2 Were the lives of men and women different?Website: Yes, the lives of men and women were different. Women were not considered citizens, so they couldn’t vote or serve on juries. Women were not educated like men were. If from a wealthy family, a woman’s education was about how to run a big household. If poor, the woman was expected to work for a living.Theras: Arethusa was taught the proper way to behave; for instance, she didn’t escort her husband down to the ship because women were supposed to stay at home. When Pheidon supposedly had died, she could do nothing but sit at home. Wealthy Athenian women were not supposed to work. She had to depend on a male relative, Metion.



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3 What was it like living as a slave?Website: Some slaves had special skills like painting pottery, nursing, or teaching. Slaves who worked could save their earnings and eventually buy their freedom. Other slaves were condemned to a life of hard labor. Slaves could be privately owned or owned by the state.Theras: With intelligence or a skill, slaves might be treated well; Lampon was trusted to be Theras’s pedagogue. Theras’s family must have treated other slaves well because most of them were in tears when Pheidon was preparing to go to war and when Theras was leaving home with Hippias.

Corinth4 How were the designs on Greek pots made?Website: In Corinth, artists didn’t paint the pots but covered parts of them with a watery clay mixture. When the pot was baked, the clay mixture turned black while the unpainted parts turned a light brown.Theras: In Athens, artists used black and red paints on pottery.5 Why would you want to drag your ship over the land?Website: It was quicker than sailing around the coastline. The track was made of stone.Theras: It was quicker than sailing around the coastline. The track was made of logs.6 What types of government were there in ancient Greece, and by which would you prefer to be ruled?Website: There were four types: monarchy/aristocracy, in which power stayed within a family (Sparta); tyranny, in which one person ruled (early Corinth); oligarchy, in which a small group ruled (later Corinth); and democracy, in which the people shared power (Athens). Theras: For Athens, Pheidon worked as a judge; he would also attend assemblies to speak and vote on issues.Your opinion: (Answers will vary.)

Documents

Answer Keys - Amazon S3 · history; legends, beliefs, and myths passed on by word of mouth for generations. 6 Answers vary. Previous knowledge and background ... Answer Keys Lessons