Another Haiti is Possible

8/6/2019 Another Haiti is Possible

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/another-haiti-is-possible 1/14

“Yon Lòt Ayiti Posib!” -- “Another Haiti is Possible!”

(Dependency Theory)

byElizabeth Carlson-Bast

Zia MacWilliamsErina McWilliamMelissa Summers

Introduction to DevelopmentProfessor Arrocha

Monterey Institute of International Studies

May 24, 2010



2

Table of Contents

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………3Executive Summary……………………………………………………………………….3

Background………………………………………………………………………………..4Issues………………………………………………………………………………………6Analysis of Agricultural Issue…………………………………………………………….8Recommendation #1………………………………………………………………………9Analysis of NGOs in Haiti……………………………………………………………….10Recommendation #2……………………………………………………………………..11Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….12Works Cited/……………………………………………………………………………..13Endnotes…………………………………………………………………………………14



3

Abstract:

Haiti needs the international community to not only act in helping to rebuild the country, but also to allow for Haiti’s self-determination. The total devastation caused by theJanuary 12, 2010 earthquake could be a founding moment for change if the opportunity is

acted upon and if past mistakes are not repeated. It is due time for Haiti to be allowed tofind its own voice, its own government, and its own economy. This can only occur if there is clear and direct acknowledgment of Haiti’s sovereignty and self-sufficiency notonly from foreign powers, but also from the Haitians themselves. Another Haiti, a better Haiti, is possible, but first the patterns of the past must be broken.

Executive Summary:

Here lies a moment of truth for Haiti. This truth exists in the process of rebuilding after

the January 12, 2010 earthquake that flattened the Haitian capital city Port-au-Prince,killing more than 200,000. The rebuilding of Haiti can be a key moment for the nation inthat it could create a possibility for the country to truly self-govern for the first time sinceits independence.

Current rebuilding efforts have been universally supported through a multitude of NGO’s, private companies, and governments. Yet, it must be noted that the majority of aid distribution and security management has been taken over by the United Statesgovernment and military. A long-standing pattern of fragmentation and competitionamong NGOs and multilateral organizations has weakened the ability of Haiti’sgovernment to meet the most basic needs of overall national welfare. Furthermore, the plethora of NGO activity in the country has created barriers for national self-determination and sustained the country’s dependency on foreign aid.

The IMF recently recommended a revisit to the ‘Marshall Plan’ for Haiti. 1Yet, thismodel for growth was applied to entirely different ‘modern’ European economies and istherefore more likely to be entirely inappropriate for Haiti. Furthermore, age-old neo-liberal plans that are administered and manipulated by foreign governments have already proven to be ineffective in the case of Haiti. Therefore, it is time for a separation fromthe past. While Haiti needs the world’s support and monetary resources, it also needs to be allowed the due respect of autonomy.

The real rehabilitation of Haiti must take place starting from the inside and then moveoutward, this means a bottom-up approach starting with the Haitian people themselves.The changes must take place on all basic levels of function; social, economic, and political. The following initiatives are recommended with the intent to promote andsustain change for a more productive and positive future:



4

• The reconstruction of Haiti should be sought and achieved in such a way as toallow Haiti to exercise self-determination. As such, the reconstruction must utilizethe support and development of local grassroots organizations, which aremanaged and implemented and by the Haitian people.

• Major changes to the agricultural system need to occur in Haiti, starting with the

rehabilitation of the soil and reforestation initiatives.• Greater collaboration between Foreign Government initiatives and NGO's with

the Haitian Government to streamline goals and to create a platform for self-determination, and Haitian led oversight of future reconstruction.

Background:

‘Since 1981, the United States has followed a policy, until the last year or so when we

started rethinking it, that we rich countries that produce a lot of food should sell it to poor countries and relieve them of the burden of producing their own food, so, thank

goodness, they can leap directly into the industrial era. It has not worked. It may havebeen good for some of my farmers in Arkansas, but it has not worked. It was a mistake. It

was a mistake that I was a party to. I am not pointing the finger at anybody. I did that. I have to live every day with the consequences of the lost capacity to produce a rice crop in

Haiti to feed those people, because of what I did. Nobody else.’Bill Clinton, UN Special Envoy to Haiti. Democracy Now! April 2010

Since the dawn of development, which was launched after WWII, the Haitian economyhas been subjected to ‘structural adjustments’ with the idea of being included in themodern industrialized ‘developed’ world churning around them. The United States, being the closest neighbor, has had direct access to Haiti, and has for the most part been

in charge of defining and managing development in the country. The US has historicallyused this position of power to realize its own economic goals through policies that haveweakened and crippled Haiti. This nation building and economic exploitation has existedthrough several U.S. military occupations and also through corporate export-importinitiatives.

In the earlier years of its industrialization, Haiti was still able to feed its people. The process of modernizing the Haitian agricultural system began when Franklin DelanoRoosevelt came to Haiti in the 1940’s as a part of the ‘Good Neighbor initiative’ toannounce new plans for economic cooperation between the two countries. The plan wasfor Haiti to ‘develop for themselves.’ Thus the US Import-Export bank brought SHADA

to Haiti2

with a promise of mutual prosperity. Yet, history has shown a very differentoutcome from what was promised as Haiti has become increasingly dependent onimported food.



5

“ It is an underdeveloped world, a world inhuman in its poverty; but it is also a world

without doctors, without engineers, and without administrators. Confronting this world,the European opulence is literally scandalous, for it has been founded on slavery, it has

been nourished with the blood of slaves, and it comes directly from the soil and from the

subsoil of that underdeveloped world .” Franz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth. (96)

The most devastating effect on the Haitian agricultural system was the Clintonadministration's policy to relieve Haitian farmers of ‘the burden of producing their ownfood.’ This left the peasant masses with no other option but to purchase U.S. producedrice. After his recent apology for being the captain of policies with such devastatingeffects, Clinton admitted the failures of open-market trading systems between smaller, poorer countries and larger, more economically powerful ones. In reference to this,Clinton also said,‘ it’s failed everywhere it’s been tried. And you just can’t take the foodchain out of production. And it also undermines a lot of the culture, the fabric of life, thesense of self-determination.’ The naked eye can see this truth and the numbers are there

to back it up.3

A process has taken place in the form of the Haitian economy continuously being crippled and manipulated by market fundamentalism being enforced primarily bythe U.S.

During the Clinton years, there was a substantial increase in the number of NGOs and anoverpowering presence of US institutions (USAID, United States Treasury), whichinfluenced the whole political structure of the island. The role of nongovernmentalorganizations (NGOs) has been traditionally to meet needs unmet by government policiesand institutions. Filling the void left by inadequate governments, NGOs are fundamentalin reaching individuals that are in desperate need. Undeniably, NGOs will be a major stakeholder in the future reconstruction of Haiti. Yet, the history of Haiti has shown alack of cooperation among NGOs and failed aid efforts that have exacerbated the problem of dependency.

Haiti, also known as the “Republic of NGOs,” had as many as 3,000 to 6,000 NGOsdelivering aid before the earthquake. Competition for scarce resources is fierce leavingmany to wonder if NGOs “put their business interests first rather than the interests of thevictims.” Past experiences, particularly in the case of Haiti cause critics to ask, “Do NGOs always do what is best for the people? Do NGOs leave when the job is done or dothey stay as long as there is money available?” Many feel that because the aid communityis so divided and in competition with one another they are easily manipulated andcorrupted. For example, despite decades of aid and foreign intervention, a majority of Haitians before the earthquake were living on less than two dollars a day. Many fear thatafter the earthquake Haitian dependency will continue to grow as food, supplies, and aidcontinue to pour into the country (Rethinking Humanitarian Aid).

Additionally, critics of humanitarian aid point to the asymmetrical power relationship between the NGOs and the government as a main failure of international intervention.



6

NGOs have essentially weakened the government to the point where NGOs have becomethe new administration providing essential services in lieu of the government. Suchaction allows governments to avoid reform and proceed with inadequate policies.Subsequently, it is the international community and foreign NGOs that are administeringfinancial assistance rather than the Haitian government, further debilitating governmental

ability to control the assistance and reconstruction effort. NGOs are accountable for spending the humanitarian aid, leaving critics to question whether they are fullytransparent and capable of meeting the needs on the ground. Also argued is that “donors”are pushing their own agendas in a top down approach deciding how, where, and howfast money is spent when a bottom up approach is needed with grassroots organizationsresponsible for financial allocation. According to journalist and author Linda Polman,“people are being dictated in how to develop and how fast to develop by donor agendas(Rethinking Humanitarian Aid).” Also, higher salaries and better working conditions of NGOs than the government attract the higher educated Haitians instigating an internal brain drain within Haiti (Perito).

Issues:

“Dependency is a historical condition which shapes a certain structure of the world

economy such that it favors some countries to the detriment of others and limits thedevelopment and expansion of another economy, to which their own is subjected.”

Theotonio Dos Santos

The earthquake that devastated Haiti in January 2010 was the worst quake to hit thecountry since 1770. There were 59 aftershocks ranging from magnitudes of 4.2-5.9throughout the rest of the month, and they continue to have aftershocks today. Authoritiesestimate that approximately 200,000 people have died as a result of the quake, androughly 2,000,000 have been left homeless—a total equal to the population of Port-au- prince. While another 3,000,000 people are estimated to be in need of emergency aid,there are stockpiles of supplies sitting in Haiti’s airport, which has been described as a“bottleneck in getting food and water to the people” (ReliefWeb). Approximately US$2.5 billion in aid has been pledged from international donors, the top four being the US,Canada, the World Bank and Japan. Many countries have sent teams of doctors, searchdogs and infrastructure damage experts to help with the relief efforts.

The eyes of the world are on Haiti and the consequences of the ill-advised policies of the past have been laid bare for the world to see amidst the rubble of a shattered country. Theearthquake has done what will and necessity could not—it demolished in one day the physical infrastructure of a frequently corrupt government, the insufficient livingconditions in Port-au-Prince, and all the buildings that, like the governing systems, whichoperated within them, were so shoddily built and tenuously constructed that theycrumbled and failed in the face of disaster. The earthquake has wiped the slate clean for Haiti and offers an opportunity to rebuild the country with more solid and stablestructures that can withstand the recurring ravishment of politics and nature and bear thetumultuous history this country must carry on its arduous path forward.



7

However, while there is the opportunity to move forward in a new direction, there is alsothe possibility that the same policies will be implemented and that the same pathology of dependency will be reinforced. It is incumbent upon the international community to seethat this opportunity is not lost and that the cycle of dependency is not once again

perpetuated in Haiti because it has been Haiti’s relations with the internationalcommunity that has led it down the road to ruin. As Andre Gunder Frank notes,“historical research demonstrates that contemporary underdevelopment is in large part thehistorical product of past and continuing economic and other relations between thesatellite underdeveloped and the now developed metropolitan countries”.

The international community, predominantly the US, has used Haiti as an economic breeding ground for its own economic development for two centuries to the detriment of Haiti’s own development. As Gilbert Rist writes when examining The School of Dependency, “The international system, far from guaranteeing the South’s prosperity, brought domination effects to bear on it and locked it in dependence” (Rist). Haiti has

been kept in the periphery, in a position of dependency, for so long that it is nowincapable of taking any steps forward in the pursuit of its own development without thehelp of the international community. Because it is the actions and the policies of the corecountries that have historically prospered from Haiti’s dependency that renders the nationcurrently incapable of helping itself, it is then the duty of those core countries to help it back on its feet.

The US military has taken a large role in the emergency aid activities in Haiti.Immediately after the earthquake, 10,000 US troops were sent to help in the relief efforts.Over the next few months the numbers increased, peaking at 22,000 at one point andraising questions over what role the US military is playing in the country (Laing &Leonard). The increasing numbers of troops and the military’s appropriation of controlover the only airport in Haiti raised concerns and caused frustration as planes carryingforeign aid were turned away and supplies began to pile up while people in the campswent without food and water. The overwhelming presence and control of the US forcesalso brought up issues of resentment over the history of US invasions in Haiti, which began shortly after the country’s independence and arguably never really ended. It isimportant that the US military and government work to ensure that ultimate power andcontrol is handed back to the Haitian government soon and that they work to re-establishthe capacity of the Haitian government to take on this role.

While the capacity of the Haitian government has been undeniably decimated by thequake, it is essential that they be included in the reconstruction efforts, not bypassed byinternational organizations and governments. Restoring the capacity of the Haitiangovernment must be a priority in the reconstruction to ensure that Haiti is responsible for its own future and is given some sense of self-determination. Recognizing that thegovernmental capacity was greatly diminished, the current president, Rene Preval passeda decree allowing for an 18-month extension to his term, which was met by riots and protests in the street and was ultimately reversed. The decree appears to have been thefinal straw in breaking free the people’s anger over several recent events, including the



8

establishment of the Interim Haiti Recovery Commission (IHRC) (My Ayiti.com).

The IHRC is comprised of 7 Haitian representative and 9 representatives from variousdonors, multi-lateral lenders and international organizations and is responsible for deciding which reconstruction projects will receive backing from the multi-billion dollar

funding pledged to Haiti. The co-presidents of the IHRC are Prime Minister Jean-MaxBellerive and the US special envoy for Haiti, former US President Bill Clinton. The purported purpose for the commission is to include the Haitian authorities in thereconstruction process, while also providing accountability for the donor’s funds andoffering an opportunity for all agencies involved to coordinate efforts. Yet the bill has been a contentious issue because some Haitians feel, like Senator Latortue, who refusedto back the bill, that “it is against the country’s constitution and it violates [Haiti’s]sovereignty” by agreeing to a foreign donor role in decision-making (Delva).

The Interim Haiti Recovery Commission, like the earthquake that precipitated it, isanother opportunity that could play out either for the benefit of, or to the continued

detriment of Haiti. It is an opportunity for the international community to break the cycleof practicing what Naomi Klein labels “disaster capitalism,” which is what she calls“orchestrated raids on the public sphere in the wake of catastrophic events, combinedwith the treatment of disaster as exciting market opportunities” (Klein). It is also anopportunity for those nations, such as the US, that have contributed to the fragile andvulnerable conditions that existed in Haiti prior to the quake and that exacerbated theconsequences of the disaster, to take responsibility for their part in creating the problem.The commission could indeed be a chance for these cycles to be broken and for the pathology of dependency, which has plagued Haiti throughout its history to end. This willrequire that the international community ensure that the reconstruction entail, as anessential element, the establishment of sovereignty, political stability and the ability for Haiti’s self-determination.

Analysis of Agricultural Issue:

“I would love to see lots of focus on recreating agriculture in Haiti and bringing in specialists to train farmers, because for now most of the farmers you see are small

merchants…there’s really not the capacity now for a large industry.”

Mary Lineberger, MIIS alumnus currently working in Haiti

The devastating earthquake that struck Haiti in January of 2010 not only brought anydevelopment progress being made in the country to a screeching halt, it also set thecountry back years, if not decades, from where it had originally begun. Because of thenear-total destruction of Port-au-Prince, a vastly overcrowded city providing very littleinfrastructure for the 2 million people living there, it is now necessary to literally rebuildHaiti from the ground up. A vast number of incredibly capable and creative individualshave begun to present new and innovative development strategies for Haiti to moveforward with development in a positive direction. As policy makers have begun todiscuss options for the long-term development of Haiti, it has become clear that the





10

with better and higher-yielding seeds. The Haitian government, with the help of severalmajor international organizations such as the World Food Programme, has alreadyoutlined a $US700 million package that will do just that in the next 18 months (Miller,1). This should give the agricultural sector the boost to become more self-sufficient it so badly needs, after which time the farmers, who will have had higher-yielding crops, will

be able to afford better quality seeds and break the vicious cycle of poor seeds/low-yielding crops.

Analysis of NGOs in Haiti:

“It’s not only a corrupt government, you can also speak of corruption among the NGOs.

The NGOs and the international donors have kept the government in a very weak positionby bypassing the government for the past decades and not doing anything about building

the government and strengthening the government.”

Linda Polman, Journalist

Although the role of international organizations is absolutely vital to the rebuilding of Haiti after the earthquake, Haiti’s success in moving forward and developing in a positiveand sustainable manner rests squarely on the shoulders of the Haitian community. Thekey to a new direction for Haiti is the support and development of local grassrootsorganizations, which are managed and supported by the Haitian people. Whileinternational and nongovernmental organizations are crucial in providing much-neededfood and monetary aid, no real lasting change can ever be effected if the Haitian peopleare not directly involved in their own development.

Several grassroots organizations currently exist in Haiti, many of which are farmer cooperatives in regions throughout the country that have organized themselves to developmore lucrative and efficient ways to do business. An excellent example of a Haitiangrassroots organization is PAPDA (Plateforme Haïtienne de Plaidoyer pour unDéveloppement Alternatif)- a “Haitian platform to demand an alternative development”whose motto is “Yon Lòt Ayiti Posib!”--“Another Haiti is Possible!” in Haitian Creole.This organization coordinates with multiple other grassroots organizations in Haiti to present a united front to fight for food sovereignty, alternative economic integration, participatory democracy, and international solidarity (PAPDA, 1). This cooperation between organizations is a perfect example of what is possible when the Haitian peopleare enfranchised and empowered to change their own situation instead of believing thatthe only means they have to better their lives come from international sources.

The problem is that international organizations are not currently working with localorganizations to the extent that is necessary for real progress to be made. The goals andagendas of foreign nongovernmental organizations often do not take into account thegoals and agendas of grassroots organizations, and because the money lies in the hands of the international groups, the needs of local groups tend to the completely ignored.



11

On the other hand, the foreign community is really coming together to assist in thisdisaster. Unlike other disaster areas, Haiti is unique in that governmental infrastructureand communication after the earthquake is essentially non-existent. Even the most basicof needs such as shelter are not being met. Due to such constraints, the Haitiangovernment is simply unable to lead the relief effort. Thus, the United Nations has

become the leader in project coordination "prioritizing projects based on collectivedecision making with key stakeholders." Furthermore, the international community hasinitiated new, more collective outlooks of managing disaster relief to address issues suchas long-term, possibly ten years of funding, and the organization of massive amounts of inflowing resources. One really positive practice, which should be continued in thefuture, is the implementation of “cluster” meetings by the UN. These cluster meetingsoffer a chance for the dynamic of NGOs and international organizations to changetowards a more cooperative, less competitive atmosphere. This system forms projectteams of organizations that meet at the UN logistic base on a weekly basis to "report onwhat is being done, share lessons learned, and ask for feedback." This initiative not onlyallows organizations to focus on what they do best, but also breaks down the huge

problem into specific projects or more solvable units such as security and infrastructure(Project Managment Institute, 11-14).

Recommendation #2:

Twelve "clusters" are currently in operation in Haiti including ones that focus on health,water, sanitation and hygiene, and logistics. For example, the World Health Organizationis "organizing medical assistance from 21 international agencies; UNICEF is leading the“WASH” cluster to secure clean water and sanitation systems; and, the World FoodProgramme is spearheading the effort to address fuel needs, secure warehouse space and build floating docks at the port, which was destroyed in the earthquake." This system has been responsible for increased coordination and organization that provides a streamlined process that “brings organizations together, cuts down on duplication of efforts andmakes for a system that is more predictable (Project Management Institute, 11-14)."

Additionally, NGOs and multilateral organizations need to work with governments rather than in opposition to them in order to break the cycle of dependency. The United Nationsand the United States need to make a combined effort to pressure the Haitian governmentfor good governance in a way that will inspire and empower the Haitian people.Indigenous governance that is devoid of corruption, and restructured to meet the modernneeds of the people is essential in leading Haiti from dependence on foreign aid tosustainable development. Part of foreign aid should be utilized to restructure Haiti’sgovernment by "expanding its ability to manage resources and programs by providingtraining and budget support (Perito)." With a strong, functioning government, Haitiwould gain self-determination, which would then lead to a separation from U.S.occupation and agenda setting.



12

Conclusion:

Haiti has the right to autonomy in all national decision-making. The biggest barrier to thishas been political and economic intervention, primarily from the United States, and thelack of coordination on the part of multilateral and non-governmental organizations.

Multilateral organizations and NGOs have worked against each other in the past, rather than in a collaborative effort for positive change. New collaborative initiatives such as theU.N. cluster system should be utilized in future projects. The Haitian government should be strengthened through program training and budget support in order to level the playingfield between NGOs and the government as well as to combat corruption.

The long-term goal of any international or nongovernmental organization working inHaiti should be to support and encourage Haitian-led projects and to enable the Haitian people to take the progress of their country into their own hands. The success of development in Haiti depends on the will and ability of Haitians to organize, vote, andfight for what they want their country to become. Without the presence of community

and grassroots organizations in Haiti and the political and economic empowerment of theHaitian people, the country will fall directly back into the cycle of dependence it has beentrapped in for the two last centuries.



13

Works Cited:

A.) Web Based Journals and News Articles:

"A true Marshall Plan for Haiti.” Financial Times. January 2010. Web. January 26,2010. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/be1bf21c-0a95-11df-b35f-00144feabdc0.html Delva, Joseph Guyler. “Haiti Approves Post-quake Reconstruction Body.” Reuters. April16, 2010. Web. May 18, 2010 http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE63F39V20100416

"Haiti on the crutches of foreign aid." Financial Times. Web. January 26,2010. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6da330f0-0a1a-11df-8b23-00144feabdc0.html

“WeMadeaDevil’sBargain.”PresidentClintonApologizesforTradePoliciesthatDestroyedHaitianRiceFarming.DemocracyNow! April2010.Web.April01,2010.

http://www.democracynow.org/2010/4/1/clinton_rice

“Haiti’s Earthquake: Agriculture the Key to Recovery.” New Agriculturist. March 2010.Web. May 23, 2010.

HTRIP. Haiti Timber Re-Introduction Project, 2010. Web. 16 May 2010.

Laing, Aislinn & Leonard, Tom. “US accused of ‘occupying’ Haiti as troops flood in.”Telgraph.co.ok. January 18, 2010. Web. April 23, 2010http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/haiti/7020908/US-accused-of-occupying-Haiti-as-troops-flood-in.html

Miller, Talea. “Haiti’s Farms Sow Hope for Rebuilding.” PBS. February 12, 2010. Web.May 23, 2010.

“Haitians Protest The ‘Emergency Law’ and Demand Removal of President Preval.”MyAyiti.com. Web. May 7, 2010 http://myayiti.com/2010/05/videohaitians-protest-the-emergency-law-and-demand-removal-of-president-preval/

PAPDA. Plateforme Haïtienne de Plaider pour un Développement Alternatif, 2010. Web.16 May 2010.

Perito, Robert M. "Haiti After the Earthquake." United States institute of Peace: PeaceBrief. United States Institute of Peace, 21/01/2010. Web. 18 May 2010. www.usip.org.

“No ‘Hope for Haiti’ without justice.” Al Jazeera. January 2010. Web. January 19,2010 http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/2010/01/20101196265844450.html

ReliefWeb.“Haiti:EarthquakeStatistics—January2010.”January2010.Web.April16,2010http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/dbc.nsf/doc108?OpenForm&rc=2&emid=



14

EQ-2010-000009-HTI "Rethinking Humanitarian Aid." Al Jazeera. March 2010. Web. May 23, 2010.http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/rizkhan/2010/03/201033164114623624.html.

"The Rebirth Begins." Project Managment Institute. May 2010: 11-14. Print.

"FDR: Haiti's Development 'Is not Against Our Interest." Executive Intelligence Review.February 2010. Web. February 12, 2010.http://www.larouchepub.com/other/2010/3705fdr_haiti.html

B.) Books:

Fanon, Franz.The Wretched of the Earth. (New York: Grove Press 1963), 96

Gunder Frank, Andre (1969). The Development of Underdevelopment. In Roberts &

Bellone (Ed.), The Globalization and Development Reader: Perspectives on Development and Global Change (pp. 77). Malden: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Klein, Naomi. The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (pp 7). New York:Picador Reading Group, 2007

Rist, Gilbert. The History of Development: Western Origins to Global Faith. (London:ZED Books, 2008), 109

Endnotes:

1‘Dominique Strauss-Kahn, the head of the International Monetary Fund, called for a

“Marshall plan for Haiti”, with foreign governments, companies and NGOs doing therebuilding and foreign investment setting up factories. None of that has anything to dowith the original Marshall plan.’ Financial Times, January 26, 2010

2 With a $5 million credit line from the U.S. government, and active involvement by theU.S. Export-Import Bank, SHADA pursued "the development and exploitation of allagricultural and other resources of, and within, the Republic of Haiti.... Experimentationis to be undertaken to improve existing crops and to cultivate new ones." LaRouche

3In 1985 Haitian farmers producing 150,000 tons of rice to meet consumption needs

2008: 340,000 of the 420,000 tons of annual rice consumption were imported; 30 millionof the 31 million eggs that Haitians consumed monthly, were imported from theDominican Republic. LaRouche.

Documents

Another Haiti is Possible