Annual Report 2005 PRIO Annual Report 2005 Prio... · PRIO Annual Report 2005 1 Two thousand and five was the year in which PRIO moved into new offices at Hausmanns gate 7, on the

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Annual Report 2005

DirectorStein Tønnesson

Research StaffAysegul AydinPavel BaevEndre BegbyAldo A. BeniniHelga Malmin BinningsbøHalvard BuhaugJ. Peter BurgessJørgen CarlingJeffrey CheckelIndra de Soysa Jon ElsterIselin FrydenlundScott Gates (CSCW Director)Camilla GjerdeKristian Skrede GleditschNils Petter GleditschKristian Berg HarpvikenWenche HaugeHåvard HegreAre Hovdenak Helene Christiansen IngierdÅshild KolåsOla ListhaugPäivi LujalaNic MarshHalvor MehlumKarl Ove MoeneFrida NomeRagnhild NordåsBenjamin Nyblade Gudrun ØstbyMatilde Pérez HerranzSabrina RametGregory ReichbergJan Ketil Rød Hanne Eggen RøislienØystein H. RolandsenSven Gunnar SimonsenInger Skjelsbæk

Ellen StensrudEndre StiansenHåvard StrandTrude StrandKaare StrømHenrik SysePinar TankAnne ThurinOla Tunander Henrik UrdalHilde Henriksen Waage

AdvisersAne BræinJoachim CarlsenIngeborg K. Haavardsson Gina Lende

Research AssistantsMartin AustvollRoyce CarrollIngun FornesKyrre HolmThomas JacksonBethany LacinaCarl Le VanTove Grete LieNaima MouhlebIngrid NæserChristin Mørup OrmhaugTaylor OwenJennifer RaineySiri Camilla Aas RustadJostein TellnesFredrik Willumsen

External ConsultantsHelge BrunborgRobert EbelErik EkrannJames FearonPatricia LaneGary Littlejohn

Marcelo OchoaRebecca RobertsSimon RussellKlaus Schmidt-HebbelDan Smith

Visiting ScholarsKyle BeardsleyAnnegret FlöterStephen HolmesGiwoong JungJacob D. KathmanHelena KuschDoreen KuseSteen Nicolai Rubæk NorstrømClionadh RaleighPatrick ReganIdean SalehyanMark SouvaIsak SvenssonJonas Vevatne

MA StudentsMartin AustvollIngrid BirkelundTerje BrevikMarit BrochmannÅshild FalchErik HagenKathrine Holden Christine Fjeldstad JohannesenKristoffer LidénNaima MouhlebSiri Camilla Aas RustadOle Magnus Theisen

InformationKnut Sindre ÅbjørsbråtenJohn Carville Agnete Schjønsby

Editorial StaffJ. Peter BurgessJohn CarvilleNils Petter GleditschGlenn MartinMarit Moe

LibraryOlga BaevaOdvar Leine

AdministrationLene Kristin BorgKai Robert BraatenEystein EmberlandAndrew John Feltham Shirley HaugenDamian LawsSvein NormannLorna Quilario SandbergMartha Snodgrass

Conscientious ObjectorsKnut Sindre Åbjørsbråten

PRIO Cyprus Centre, Local StaffGuido BoninoAyla Gürel Maria HadjipavlouAnn-Sofi Jakobsson HatayMete Hatay Dilek LatifNatasa Loizou Fiona MullenStelios Orphanides Kudret Özersay Yiannis Papadakis Stelios Platis Sanem ahin Ari SitasDan SmithMagda Zenon

Staff List 2005

(Staff who left in 2005 are listed in grey italics)

Editor : Agnete SchjønsbyLanguage Editor : John CarvillePhoto Editor : Agnete Schjønsby Staff Photos: Knut S. ÅbjørsbråtenDesign: Hilde Sørby, Bardus designCover Photo: Jørgen Carling, PRIO: Barricaded buildings in Cyprus

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Two thousand and five was the year in which PRIO moved into new offices at Hausmanns gate 7, on the eastern side of central Oslo. We are exceptionally happy both with the offices and with the way we have been received by our new landlord, the Norwegian Red Cross.

Three highlights from PRIO’s research in 2005:

• Religion entered PRIO’s research agenda in earnest. We started with a big ‘mapping the terrain’ conference in February, attended by leading experts on religion and conflict. Then, together with the Catholic University of America, we organized a dialogue conference with representatives of the three Abrahamic religions, held at Høsbjør, Brumunddal, in August. Finally, we produced a state-of-the-art report on the role of religion in peacemaking for the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 2006, we will follow up with an additional dialogue conference in Rome; we will initiate a conference and book project on religion and armed force together with the United Nations University (Tokyo); and we will strengthen the focus, both within our Ethics, Norms and Identities programme and within the Centre for the Study of Civil War, on religion’s role in driving conflict – as well as peace.

• Nicosia became the first place outside Oslo where PRIO has an independent office. The official opening of the PRIO Cyprus Centre took place on 7 September, in conjunction with the launch of an innovative study of settlers and immigrants in the northern part of the island. Despite all the frustration generated by the continued division of the island, the PRIO Cyprus Centre was able to initiate a number of new projects with participation by both Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots, and to organize in November a highly successful first annual conference, comparing peacebuilding in ‘divided societies’ in different parts of the world. (Read more about the PRIO Cyprus Centre on page 10.)

• Perhaps the greatest mark of success for any research institute is that its research results are used and further developed by others. This happened to PRIO with the publication of the Human Security Report 2005 by the Human Security Centre of the University of British Columbia, Canada. Like A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility, the Report of the UN Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change that was published in December 2004, the Human Security Report builds heavily on the statistics of peace and war that PRIO has

developed over a number of years in cooperation with the Department of Peace and Conflict at Uppsala University, as well as on studies carried out within PRIO’s Centre for the Study of Civil War. The Human Security Report received major coverage in the international media. At PRIO, we work with several different conceptions of ‘human security’, and we research those varying conceptions using a range of different methodologies. Our debates about human security are also informed by a special section published by Security Dialogue in September 2004, entitled ‘What Is “Human Security”?’ (For further information related to the Human Security Report, see page lV in inserted CSCW report.)

Let me take this opportunity to thank our funders for their well-placed generosity, and to thank PRIO’s dedicated staff, as well as members of the PRIO Board, for all their hard work for PRIO – and for peace – in the year of the move.

Director’s Introduction

Stein Tønnesson in Niger, chewing a makeshift toothbrush.

New PRIO offices at Hausmanns gate 7. Photo: Jørgen Carling, PRIO

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An essential part of PRIO’s mission is to maintain impeccable academic standards and to subject institute publications to the regular mechanisms of quality control employed in the appropriate academic disciplines. This approach also forms the basis for our two scholarly journals: Security Dialogue and Journal of Peace Research.

Relevance is at the core of the peace research tradition. PRIO engages in research on the conditions for peaceful coexistence between nations, between groups and between individuals. This implies that PRIO researchers seek means of nonviolent conflict management and resolution, as well as ways to nurture and build long-term sustainable peace. As a research institute that focuses on the dynamics of war and peace – including the emergence, prevention and resolution of armed conflict – PRIO is actively engaged in training, policy research and information brokerage as means of preventing armed conflict and supporting peace processes.

When PRIO was founded in 1959, it was one of the world’s very first peace research centres. Since that time, many other centres and university departments with a peace research agenda have been established, some of them sharing PRIO’s dedication to academic quality. PRIO was born out of tensions related to the Cold War, and for many years it served as a centre of research-based criticism of Cold War politics. Since the end of the Cold War, the emphasis of PRIO’s research has shifted to reflect the current dominance of civil wars within armed conflict; the relationship between peace and democracy; the widened scope for multilat-eral cooperation within the United Nations; and the fact that PRIO’s host country, Norway, has taken on a special role as peace broker in many parts of the world. PRIO’s research agenda has always been inter-

national, and the working language of the institute is English. The institute places considerable emphasis on maintaining its scholarly and institutional independence and its capacity to conduct critical research.

PRIO remains Norway’s only peace research institute. As such, it maintains links with all Norwegian universities and is connected with a number of independent research institutes abroad. In addition, PRIO is involved in a strategic partnership on peacebuilding with the Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI) in Bergen.

To an increasing extent, institutions that do not identify themselves with ‘peace research’ have begun to engage with research topics that are situated at the core of the PRIO agenda. We view this ‘mainstreaming’ of peace research as a positive development, one that creates an opportunity for researchers at PRIO to engage more with the wider world of scholars and policymakers, rather than treating peace researchers as a special ‘in-group’. PRIO will continue to cultivate a rich and variegated network comprised of research institutes and universities worldwide. Our international network helps inform our research agenda and assists with the dissemination of our research findings. Relations with universities – both internation-ally and within Norway – are particularly important for the training component of PRIO’s work. Students and doctoral candidates either based at PRIO or receiving supervision from PRIO staff take their degrees at universities both in Norway and abroad. PRIO is engaged in international collaboration with various academic associations and participates in broader associations such as the International Studies Association (ISA) and the European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR).

PRIO will continue to fulfil its basic mission, stimulate and provide room for intellectual curiosity, and increase its ability to respond to the strategic challenges in terms of identifying rising trends of relevance to peace research and filling gaps in our expertise and research portfolio. In the four-year period 2006–09, PRIO aims particularly to achieve the following goals:

• Academic Publications: Increase the number of peer-reviewed publications and ensure that every PRIO researcher publishes the equivalent of one peer-reviewed article per year.

• Engagement: Promote peace by supporting peace processes, contributing to policymaking, assisting local capacity-building, facilitating dialogue and reconcilia-tion, and serving as a credible broker of information.

• Level of Activity: Undertake a moderate expansion of 5–10%.

• Organizational Culture and Innovation: Establish an open organiza-tional culture and a work environment that fosters excellence in research output both for individual researchers and for the institute as a whole. New competence areas (such as ‘migration’ and ‘energy’) will also be given priority.

• Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW): Ensure the renewal of the Research Council of Norway’s Centre of Excellence (CoE) contract for a second five-year period (2008–12). Raise the profile of the CSCW both internationally and in Norway.

PRIO’s Mission

PRIO’s mission is:

• to conduct high-quality academic research on questions relevant to the promotion of a more peaceful world;

• to contribute to theoretical and methodological development both within specific academic disciplines and through cross-fertilization between disciplines;

• to engage in the promotion of peace through conflict resolution, dialogue and reconciliation, public information and policymaking activities;

• to disseminate research through academic publications, through reports related to our engagement activities and via the general media.

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Research OrganizationPRIO research is organized within three thematic programmes: the Ethics, Norms and Identities programme, the Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding programme, and the Security programme. In addition, the Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW) – which was awarded Centre of Excellence status by the Research Council of Norway – was established in 2003. (The organization of the CSCW’s research is presented separately; see insert pages I–XII in the middle of this report.)

Strategic Institute Programmes in 2005

• Ethics, Norms and Identities• Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding• Security

Each Strategic Institute Programme consists of a group of related projects. Together, the programmes and projects fulfil PRIO’s basic aim of studying the causes and consequences

of peace and conflict. The programmes act as a focus for strategic planning, for budgeting, for directing research and generating new projects, and as a guide for recruitment policies. In addition, they provide the organizational basis for frequent internal seminars in which PRIO researchers present initial ideas and findings to groups of colleagues.

PRIO does not seek to cover every conceivable type and aspect of conflict, focusing instead on organized armed conflict. The institute’s research staff are not committed to supporting particular policies, nor do the Strategic Institute Programmes adopt specific standpoints. Our aim is to conduct research that leads to solid conclusions, which can in turn serve as the basis for tenable generalizations and theories that are useful in confronting key inter-national problems of our time.

For detailed information on all projects within the Strategic Institute Programmes, see the PRIO website at www.prio.no.

Human smugglers in the Kurdish border areas of Turkey. Photo: Frida Nome, PRIO.

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Ethics, Norms and IdentitiesProgramme Leader: Gregory Reichberg

The Ethics, Norms and Identities (ENI) programme at PRIO comprises two broad and interrelated strands of research.

First, research within the programme addresses normative dimensions of conflict and peacebuilding, including questions related to the resort to armed force, norms for behaviour in conflict situations, and issues of moral and legal responsibility. Second, the programme considers how different identities influence, and are influenced by, the dynamics of conflict and peace. Identities examined include those of gender, ethnicity and religion. The aim of the research is thus:

• to increase awareness of philosophical issues relevant to peace and conflict research, including historical research on important contributions to the ethics of war and peace;

• to conduct research on perceptions of identity and belonging, as well as beliefs about social, moral, legal and religious norms, insofar as these contribute to conflict and/or peacebuilding;

• to explore, often through fieldwork, local perceptions and factors that bear on conflict and conflict resolution.

New Reference WorkIn 2005, three researchers in the ENI programme (Gregory Reichberg, Henrik Syse & Endre Begby) brought to completion a major reference work, The Ethics of War: Classic and Contemporary Readings. Comprised of both primary sources and commentary, and approximately 700 pages in length, the volume was published by Blackwell in early 2006. It features texts, some translated into English for the first time, by great thinkers from ancient times through to the present day.

Inter-Religious Dialogue on Peace and WarIn August 2005, the programme hosted a conference on Concepts of Peace and War in the Abrahamic Religions that brought together scholars and religious leaders from Europe, North America and the Middle East. The programme expects to further develop its work in inter-religious dialogue with future conferences and publications, including a collaborative project with the United Nations University in Tokyo.

Women, Security and PeacebuildingGender studies have become increasingly important within the ENI programme. In 2005, PRIO and CARE Norway undertook an assessment of how UN Security Council Resolution 1325 has been implemented in the Great Lakes Region of Africa. The study led to the publication of a report, Resolution 1325: From Rhetoric to Practice, on how the numbers of women involved in politics in Burundi, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo might be increased. The report suggests that training in organizational work for female activists is one measure that can strengthen the ties between politicians and the grass roots in the countries studied. The report also points out that rape has been used as a weapon in war, and that this issue requires particular attention in post-conflict societies.

ENI projects in 2005:

• Concepts of Peace and War in the Abrahamic Traditions Gregory Reichberg

• Ethical Dimensions of War and Peace Gregory Reichberg, Henrik Syse & Endre Begby

• Just War: Disputed Questions Gregory Reichberg & Henrik Syse

• Minority Rights in Vietnam Åshild Kolås

• Responsible Investing Gregory Reichberg & Helene Christiansen Ingierd

• Tourism and Terrorism Åshild Kolås

• Transnational Entrepreneurs in an African Outpost: Chinese Migrants in Cape Verde Jørgen Carling

Doctoral Projects• Ethnic Tourism and Cultural Reconstruction

in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (defended January 2005) Åshild Kolås (supervisor at PRIO: Stein Tønnesson)

• On Being a Moral Decisionmaker in War Helene Christiansen Ingierd (supervisor at PRIO: Gregory Reichberg)

• Sexual Violence in Time of War: Sexuality, Ethnicity and Gender Diversity in the Wars in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1991–95 Inger Skjelsbæk (supervisor at PRIO: Gregory Reichberg)

• Transnational Migration and Mobility Conflicts Jørgen Carling (supervisor at PRIO: Stein Tønnesson)

• The Sangha and its Relation to the Peace Process in Sri Lanka Iselin Frydenlund

MA Student Projects• Whose Peace? Which Peace?

Kristoffer Lidén (supervisor at PRIO: J. Peter Burgess)

Staff in 2005

Senior ResearchersÅshild KolåsGregory ReichbergHenrik Syse

Junior ResearchersEndre BegbyJørgen Carling Iselin FrydenlundHelene Christiansen IngierdInger SkjelsbækEllen Stensrud

MA StudentKristoffer Lidén

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Participants in the Darfur peace talks.Photo: Endre Stiansen, PRIO

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SecurityProgramme Leader: J. Peter Burgess

The Security programme comprises interdisciplinary research projects focusing on ways in which individual states, the European Union and the United Nations respond to a range of security challenges. In addition, it seeks to explore new approaches that do not emphasize the state as the primary referent of security. The programme thus engages actively in research and conceptual debate on human security, energy security, national and regional security, ‘securitization’, and the trade-off between liberty and security in situations of perceived threat. The Security programme has as its primary empirical focus European policies and Europe’s place in the world. It aims to emphasize, in particular, the study of ‘security’ as a concept and the application of various aspects of security to case studies in collaboration with researchers from other programmes.

While retaining its traditional policy perspectives, the programme also aims to develop new fields of security research based on both the changing security challenges of our time and an evolving universe of methodological approaches. It relates to innovative approaches that attempt to thematize new threats (economic, societal, political, environmental) and to adapt analyses to the new objects of security (individuals, communities, economic and ecological systems, etc.).

The Security programme has a twofold strategy, aimed at broadening the scope of the programme’s theoretical approach and increasing the depth of its empirical interests in order to better chart and understand our evolving security reality. Cross-disciplinary study is central in this effort. Programme Leader J. Peter Burgess has a broad academic background in social and political theory, cultural history, linguistics, literature and philosophy. He previously worked under both the former Foreign and Security Policies programme and the Ethics, Norms and Identities programme at PRIO, taking over and revamping the Security programme in 2003.

Research in the Security programme is based on a complementary relation between area research and thematic and theoretical disciplines. Core geographical interests of the programme have typically included Russian–European relations, the Mediterranean basin (in particular, Turkey and Cyprus) and Eastern Asia. These geopolitical priorities are complemented by a number of theoretical and culture-historical approaches that reflect shifts in the notion of security and evolving political priorities – for example, migration studies, European political history, cultural studies, gender studies, and legal and economic theory. In this way, the Security programme seeks to remain at the forefront of efforts to under-stand the changing security threats and securitization practices of our time, raising questions about political legitimacy, ethnic conflict, terrorism, the ethics of intervention, arms control, military sociology, institutional politics and small-arms transfer.

The Security programme is currently involved in three European Union research projects: the Fifth Framework Programme Training Network Applied Global Justice, the EU Sixth Framework Programme integrated project The Changing Landscape of European Liberty and Security (CHALLENGE) and COST Action A24 The Evolving Social Construction of Threat.

PRIO’s interdisciplinary Strategic Institute Programme (SIP) Arms Against a Sea of Troubles has its base in the Security pro-gramme. The programme has also been the centre for the European SIP Looking Outward: The Quest for a European Security Identity and will launch a new European SIP initiative entitled The Threat to Europe and the New Culture of Insecurity.

Funding for individual research projects is assured by the Research Council of Norway, the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Norwegian Ministry of Defence and the European Union. While making use of already existing research networks in Europe and elsewhere, the Security programme is

working to strengthen relations with European partners and is currently develop-ing a number of research proposals for European Research Area funding in areas as diverse as gender and terrorism, migration and bioterrorism.

Security Dialogue, an internationally recog-nized peer-reviewed journal, is an important pillar of the Security programme. It is both a forum for debating the premises of state-of-the-art security research and a point of dissemination for research in the fields prioritized by the programme. For more information about the journal, see p. 14.

Staff in 2005

Senior ResearchersPavel BaevJ. Peter BurgessSven Gunnar SimonsenStein TønnessonOla Tunander

Junior ResearchersJørgen CarlingMatilde Pérez HerranzPinar Tank

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Security Programme Projects in 2005:

• Applied Global Justice led by J. Peter Burgess

• The Changing Landscape of European Liberty and Security (CHALLENGE) led by J. Peter Burgess

• Chechnya and Putin’s Counter-Terrorism Pavel Baev

• Cooperation and Conflict Between Russia and the West in the Caspian Area Pavel Baev

• Ethnicizing Afghanistan? Sven Gunnar Simonsen

• Europe Looking Outwards: The Quest for a European Security Identity led by Ola Tunander

• Geopolitics of the Caspian Region Pavel Baev

• Independence of the Mind led by J. Peter Burgess

• Maritime Conflict in Asia Stein Tønnesson

• Military Intervention and Post-Conflict Nation-Building Sven Gunnar Simonsen

• The New Norwegian Security Challenge: Strategic Cooperation with the EU and NATO in the Changing Global Security System J. Peter Burgess & Ola Tunander

• Putin’s Vision and Plans for Modernizing the Russian Military Pavel Baev

• Russia and Europe: Geopolitics and Geo-economics Pavel Baev

• Russia’s Energy Complex and Europe Pavel Baev

• Russia’s Security and the Russian Military Pavel Baev

• Security in East Asia led by Stein Tønnesson

• Terrorism and Crisis Management J. Peter Burgess, Ola Tunander & Stein Tønnesson

Doctoral Projects• Intervención militar en Irak: Un análisis de la

argumentación en el Consejo de Seguridad [Military Intervention in Iraq: An Analysis of the Argumentation at the UN Security Council] Matilde Pérez Herranz (supervisor at PRIO: J. Peter Burgess)

• Turkey’s Military Elite at a Crossroad: Paths to Desecuritization? Pinar Tank (supervisor at PRIO: Pavel Baev)The Turkish Army’s Special Forces

Photo: © Reza; Webistan/CORBIS

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PRIO’s Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding (CRPB) programme is defined in broad terms, focusing not only on efforts to end wars but also on decreasing violence and addressing the causes of conflict. Core areas include small-arms proliferation, peace initiatives, disarmament and reintegration of fighters, and mine action. The programme undertakes research, policy development and dialogue projects, rooting all engagements in solid research competence. The aim is to develop synergies that bridge theory, applied knowledge and practice. CRPB researchers are engaged in dialogue with policymakers and practitioners, as well as in public debate.

The CRPB programme has key competence on a number of countries and regions that have been, and continue to be, sites of conflict resolution and peacemaking efforts. These include Afghanistan, Cyprus, Guatemala, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Israel/Palestine and the wider Middle East. CRPB researchers are engaged in analysis and policy dialogue in relation to a number of ongoing peacebuilding processes:

• Senior Researcher Endre Stiansen has been actively involved in the Darfur peace negotiations. He coordinates an international team of experts that assist the African Union mediators on matters pertaining to wealth sharing, and has also organized a workshop on wealth sharing. The ongoing talks are organized by the African Union and take place in Abuja, Nigeria. Parties to the negotiations are the government of Sudan, the Justice and Equality Movement and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement.

• The PRIO Cyprus Centre was formally inaugurated in 2005. The centre is led by Gina Lende and has a highly competent research staff, contributing greatly to facilitating the dialogue between the Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot communities in Cyprus.

• In relation to Sri Lanka, Wenche Hauge has been engaged in providing policy analysis on topics of critical relevance, including the importance of inclusiveness in the peace process, the role of civil society, possible federal arrangements and possibilities for early planning of disarmament, demobiliza-tion and reintegration (DDR) initiatives.

Small-Arms TransfersDuring 2005, the Norwegian Initiative for Small Arms Transfers (NISAT) project continued to establish itself as an authorita-tive source of information and analysis on small arms. The core activity of the project remains an online global database of small-arms transfers that contains information on both the licensed and the illicit trade in such weapons. The project authored the well-received report Who Takes the Bullet? The Impact of Small Arms Violence, which was published by Norwegian Church Aid and launched at a United Nations conference on small arms. NISAT also continued to develop its relationship with the Small Arms Survey and contributed to two of that project’s book publications. Other activities included coordinating a COST network of European researchers and contributing, with UNIDIR, to the development of EU strategy on small arms and light weapons.

Landmine EngagementAnother major multi-year engagement for the CRPB programme is the Assistance to Mine-Affected Communities (AMAC) project, which examines the organization and impact of efforts to ameliorate the effects of landmines and unexploded ordnance. Having spearheaded a debate on mine action and development, the project launched its report Maximizing the Impact: Tailoring Mine Action to Development Needs (PRIO Report 5/2005) at the Sixth Meeting of State Parties to the Landmine Convention in Zagreb in November. This report, written by Rebecca Roberts and Gary Littlejohn, is based on case studies from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Cambodia; it includes a review of lessons learned as well as a brief presentation of key implications. In 2005, AMAC also started a new vein of work, looking at the question of national ownership in mine action, a theme that will be central within the project’s agenda in 2006. Drawing on earlier work, the project has also closely followed the building of mine-action capacities in Sudan.

Post-Conflict SecurityA different aspect of post-conflict security is addressed through the project Integrating Armed Actors in Peace Processes. In an attempt

to expand upon the standard repertoire of DDR, this project examines ways in which various types of armed groups can be constructively engaged, drawing on case studies from Afghanistan and Guatemala. The project is a cooperation between PRIO and the Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI), under the larger umbrella project What Kind of Peace Is Possible?, which is led by Canada’s North–South Institute. The project’s output in 2005 included two book chapters, one on DDR in Guatemala by Wenche Hauge (PRIO) and another on Afghanistan by Arne Strand (CMI). On Afghanistan, Kristian Berg Harpviken continued his collaboration with Arne Strand and Astri Suhrke of the CMI. In 2005, he focused particularly on the repatriation and reintegration of refugees.

Conflict Resolution and PeacebuildingProgramme Leader: Kristian Berg Harpviken (until 1 August 2005);Åshild Kolås (from 1 August 2005)

Staff in 2005

Senior ResearchersKristian Berg HarpvikenWenche HaugeÅshild KolåsRebecca RobertsEndre StiansenStein TønnessonHilde Henriksen Waage

Junior ResearchersJørgen CarlingAre HovdenakNicholas MarshFrida NomeHanne Eggen RøislienTrude StrandPinar TankAnne Thurin

Research Assistants Guido BoninoKyrre HolmThomas Jackson

MA StudentsIngrid Røynstrand BirkelundIngrid NæserEllen Stensrud

AdviserGina Lende

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Conflict PreventionThe attitudes and behaviour of domestic actors play a significant – but often neglected – role in conflict prevention work. Wenche Hauge’s project Domestic Capabilities for Peaceful Conflict Management has examined the case of Madagascar, looking at how civil–military relations, religion and culture have influenced the attitudes of military leaders and civil society, and how this may have contributed to the country’s history of peaceful conflict management.

Religion in Diplomacy and PeacemakingThe relationship between religion, conflict and peace has been a central concern in 2005. In February, PRIO hosted the international conference Mapping the Terrain: The Role of Religion in Diplomacy and Peacemaking at Holmenkollen in Oslo, bringing together some 120 participants, including academics, conflict resolution practitioners and religious leaders. Several other projects at PRIO are examining the interface between religion and conflict, includ-ing the potential for religious actors to play constructive roles in peace processes. Within the CRPB programme, Frida Nome has initiated a project on religious diversity in Syria, which focuses on dialogue and communication between the different religious communities in that country, as well as on attitudes towards ‘the other’.

Middle East ResearchHilde Henriksen Waage leads a group of researchers that continue to follow the state of affairs surrounding the Israeli–Palestinian relationship, also with an eye to the larger regional implications. In addition to the Strategic Institute Programme on The Missing Peace, PRIO’s broad Middle East expertise has resulted in several smaller research projects with a focus on this troubled region. Regime Stability in the Middle East is a joint project with the Norwegian School of Management (BI) and is funded by Statoil.

MigrationMigration issues have been a focus of CRPB research in 2005. Key issues are migration during conflicts – including the potential role of displaced communities in armed violence – and the intensification of conflict over migration. Tightening border controls lie at the heart of Frida Nome’s book Langs smuglerruta [The Smugglers’ Trail] (Cappelen, 2005). Jørgen Carling has continued his work on the development impact of migrant remittances and on the trafficking of people from Nigeria to Europe. Kristian Berg Harpviken has developed an analytical framework that focuses on the social network aspects of forced migration, and has applied this to an analysis of migration decisionmaking (flight, repatriation) and integration (in exile, ‘at home’), based on fieldwork in Afghanistan.

CRPB Projects in 2005:• Assistance to Mine-Affected Communities

(AMAC) led by Kristian Berg Harpviken

• Domestic Capabilities for Peaceful Conflict Management Wenche Hauge

• European Small Arms and the Perpetuation of Violence: COST Action A25 led by Nicholas Marsh

• Greek–Turkish Forum led by Gina Lende

• Madagascar: Past and Present Political Crises, Resilience of Pro-Peace Structures and Cultural Characteristics Wenche Hauge

• Micro–Macro Issues in Peacebuilding: A Research and Monitoring Programme on the Sudan Peace Process Endre Stiansen

• Migrant Remittances and Development Cooperation Jørgen Carling

• The Missing Peace: Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding in the Middle East led by Hilde Henriksen Waage

• Nigerian Immigration, Human Smuggling and Trafficking in Europe Jørgen Carling

• The Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers (NISAT) led by Nicholas Marsh

• Peace and Reconciliation in the Eastern Mediterranean led by Stein Tønnesson

• Peacebuilding in Afghanistan led by Kristian Berg Harpviken

• Regional Stability in the Middle East led by Hilde Henriksen Waage

• Religion in Diplomacy and Peacemaking led by Kristian Berg Harpviken

• Religious Diversity in Syria: Tension and Dialogue Frida Nome

• The Sri Lankan Peace Process in a Comparative Perspective Wenche Hauge

• Studying the Other: An Evaluation of the Palestinian Forum for Israeli Studies, MADAR Frida Nome

• Wealth Sharing: Inter-Sudanese Peace Talks on Darfur Endre Stiansen

• What Kind of Peace Is Possible? The Integration of Armed Actors in Peace Processes led by Kristian Berg Harpviken

Doctoral Projects• The Acquisition of Weapons by Armed Groups

Engaged in Civil War Nicholas Marsh (supervisor at PRIO: Stein Tønnesson)

• Aiding Palestinians: The Changing Role of the United Nations Relief and Work Agency (UNRWA) Kjersti Gravelsæter Berg (project associated with the Missing Peace SIP; supervisor at PRIO: Hilde Henriksen Waage)

• Networks in Transition: Wartime Migration in Afghanistan Kristian Berg Harpviken (supervisor at PRIO: Stein Tønnesson)

MA Student Projects• Institutionalizing Opposition in Neo-

Patrimonial Regimes: Renamo in Mozambique Ingrid Røynstrand Birkelund (supervisor at PRIO: Wenche Hauge)

• Mixed Courts: The Cambodian Case – The UN Involvement and the Prospects for a Fair Trial in Cambodia Ellen Stensrud (supervisor at PRIO: Stein Tønnesson)

• Right Versus Might: A Study of the Armistice Negotiations Between Israel and Egypt in 1949 Ingrid Næser (supervisor at PRIO: Hilde Henriksen Waage)

Teamleaders: Ayla Gürel, Mete Hatay, Yiannis PapadakisCentre Manager: Gina LendeOffice Manager: Guido BoninoResearchers: Maria Hadjipavlou, Dilek Latif, Natasa Loizou, Kudret Özersay, Stelios Platis/Fiona Mullen/Stelios Orphanides of ‘S. Platis Economic Research’, Ari Sitas, Magda Zenon, Sanem ahinProject Leader, Oslo: Stein Tønnesson Research Adviser, Oslo: Pinar Tank Advisers: Dan Smith, Ann-Sofi Jakobsson Hatay

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In continuation of the Eastern Mediterranean Project, which was initiated by PRIO in 1997, a new PRIO Cyprus Centre was officially opened on 7 September 2005 by Norwegian State Secretary Vidar Helgesen.

The PRIO Cyprus Centre is committed to research and dialogue. Its work is intended to contribute to informed public debate on key issues relevant to an eventual settlement of the Cyprus problem. This is to be achieved through dissemination of information, provision of new analysis and facilitation of dialogue. The researchers attached to the Centre are both Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots. Each project is conducted by a team of Cypriots from both sides of the ‘Green Line’.

Research and DialogueThe interlinkage between research and public outreach is at the core of the Centre’s activities. The Centre’s research must maintain high academic standards, and the results of that research must be relevant to the concerns of the general public. Therefore, findings must be communicated in clear and accessible language. Most of the research output is presented in Greek, Turkish and English.

In 2005, the Centre’s three main projects focused on property rights, settlers and immigrants in the northern part of the island, and the teaching of history in schools.Through its network, projects and dialogue forums, the PRIO Cyprus Centre aims to foster cooperation between Greek Cypriots

and Turkish Cypriots, and to strengthen regional cooperation in the Eastern Mediterranean region. The PRIO Cyprus Centre offers an important meeting place for people from both sides of the divided island.

Neutrality and OpennessThe PRIO Cyprus Centre does not advocate any specific political solution and will not take a stand on the substance of any comprehen-sive proposal. The Centre emphasizes the importance of open and informed debates among citizens in preparation for any solution that may ultimately be agreed.Since its first involvement in the Eastern Mediterranean in 1997, PRIO has been committed to facilitating dialogue between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots. At first,

The PRIO Cyprus Centre is located on the first floor above one of Cyprus’s best bookshops. Photo: Jørgen Carling, PRIO

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the dialogue was conducted among a group of businessmen from both sides of the island. These were later joined by representatives from political and civil society in Cyprus with the establishment of the Dialogue Forum and the Cyprus Contact Group. In addition, the Greek–Turkish Forum has been meeting since 1998. This consists of prominent citizens from Greece and Turkey who meet on a regular basis to discuss key political issues in the Turkish–Greek context, and to transform constructive ideas into government policies and joint projects.

Since 1999, PRIO has maintained an office in the UN-administered Ledra Palace Hotel, which is situated on the Green Line in Nicosia. This will continue to operate alongside the main Centre office in southern Nicosia.

The Public Information ProjectIn late 2002, a team of two Turkish Cypriots and two Greek Cypriots initiated a ‘Public Information Project’ that aimed to provide easily understandable, objective and accurate

information on the UN proposal for a settlement to the Cyprus dispute, in order to assist Cypriot citizens to make an informed decision on that proposal. The output of the project included leaflets, booklets, a website, newspaper articles, public meetings and expert appearances in the media. In the run-up to the twin referendums on the UN plan in late April 2004, the activities of the project were at their most intense. The substantial request for information from both Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots highlighted the need for non-partisan information on both sides of the divided island. PRIO took no position on the Annan Plan. Our aim was simply to help people understand it.

Since the referendums, we have continued to provide information on aspects of the Plan, on other aspects of the Cyprus issue, and on the position of Cyprus vis-à-vis – and now as a member of – the European Union, and we are now expanding both our information and our research activities.

Since the opening of the borders in 2003 it has become possible to cross to ‘the other side’. Photo: Harun Uçar

PRIO Cyprus Centre Manager Gina Lende at the opening of the centre.Photo: Jørgen Carling, PRIO

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Prio Journals

Journal of Peace Research (JPR) is an interdisci-plinary and international bimonthly of scholarly work in peace research that strives for a global perspective on peacemaking.

JPR was launched by Johan Galtung, PRIO’s founder, in 1964 and published by Norwegian University Press until the end of 1988. At the start, the only comparable journal in print was Journal of Conflict Resolution, and many friends of PRIO were doubtful about the viability of a separate journal for peace research. They were proven wrong. Galtung used the journal to publish a series of seminal articles, some of which remain today as his most frequently cited works. The author and the journal rose to mutual fame. At the same time, Galtung was able to recruit a wide circle of authors from around the world. In the early 1970s, he withdrew from the position as editor but remains to this day on the International Advisory Board, and one of his graduate students from the pioneer days has now served as editor for over 22 years.

JPR is fully peer-reviewed, and most articles are submitted unsolicited. One issue per year is a guest-edited special issue, subject to the same strict review process as regular issues. Topics covered by such issues have most recently included peace history (Peter van den Dungen & Lawrence S. Wittner, eds, 2003), duration and termination of civil war (Håvard Hegre, ed., 2004), and demography of conflict and violence (Helge Brunborg & Henrik Urdal, eds, 2005). Forthcoming special issues: military alliances (Christopher Sprecher & Volker Krause, eds, 2006) and protecting human rights (James Ron & Emilie Hafner-Burton, eds, 2007).

JPR is edited at PRIO and published by Sage Publications in London. Since its establish-ment in 1964, JPR has published the work of authors from over 50 countries. In 2005, JPR published, in 776 pages, a total of 38 articles and 135 Book Notes.

Journal of Peace Research

Since 1998, JPR has required that authors with quantitative data post their data on the Internet. The reason for this policy is to permit our readers to replicate studies published in the journal, to test the robust-ness of the findings and to extend the analyses with new variables, new methods or improved data.

Replication is – or should be – an important element of the quality control in peer-reviewed journals. Reviewers of an article can check whether the theoretical argument is innovative, the literature review complete and the methods adequate. It is much more difficult to ascertain whether or not the analysis does what the author promises. Cheating is comparatively rare, but human error is not. Making data available for replication makes it more likely that any such error will be discovered early on, but also facilitates improvement on published analyses as methods improve. Authors are likely to be more alert when they know that other scholars will be hard on their heels analyzing their own data.

Although data repositories have existed for decades, the Internet has made it much easier both to post and to download data. The norms of the profession have also changed, so that the burden of evidence is now largely

on those who want to withhold their data. At the 43rd Annual Convention of the International Studies Association (ISA) in March 2002, JPR organized a symposium with three other journals in international relations, as well as Gary King, guru of the replication movement, and Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, who at the time was the Association’s president. In the published version of the symposium, in International Studies Perspectives 4(1): 72–107, JPR, Journal of Conflict Resolution, International Interactions and International Studies Quarterly issued a joint declaration of a minimum replication standard for their journals.

At the end of 2005, links to 164 datasets for articles in JPR had been posted on our data replication page, www.prio.no/jpr/datasets. We also require the posting of ‘do files’, codebooks and other information necessary to replicate analysis. Since links to personal homepages are not always stable or reliable, we now make the data directly available on our own page. Authors increasingly use the replication page to post appendices with more detailed information about sources, coding procedures, etc.

One of the common objections to the replication requirement is the possibility that

those who generate extensive new datasets will be unable to publish more than a single article before the data are picked up by other scholars. The fear is that younger authors in particular might be insufficiently rewarded for their data-collection efforts. In response to this, supporters of replication have main-tained that having your data used by others is likely to increase your visibility in the profession. In an effort to test this argument, we recorded the citations (as of 27–28 June 2001) in ISI Web of Science for the 430 articles published in all the issues of JPR from January 1991 to November 2000. Controlling for other factors such as age of the article, we found that articles that made replication data available were cited on average twice as often as articles that did not. On the whole, it seems that by publishing your data, you are more likely to become famous than to be scooped. Thus, it is not only the profession as a whole that gains from replication, but also the individual researcher.

Replication Data

JPR Editorial Staff in 2005Editor : Nils Petter GleditschManaging Editor : Glenn MartinBook Review Editor : Henrik Urdal/ Gudrun Østby

Associate Editors Michael Brzoska, Bonn International Conversion Center, GermanyHan Dorussen, University of Essex, UKScott Gates, PRIO, NorwayMats Hammarström, Uppsala University, SwedenHåvard Hegre, PRIO, NorwayØyvind Østerud, University of Oslo, NorwayPatrick M. Regan, University of Binghamton, USA & PRIO, NorwayAnne Julie Semb, University of Oslo, Norway

Editorial CommitteeLene Bomann-Larsen, University of Oslo, NorwaySabine Carey, University of Nottingham, UKJørgen Carling, PRIO, NorwayIndra de Soysa, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway Tanja Ellingsen, NTNU, Trondheim, NorwayTimo Kivimäki, NIAS, Copenhagen, DenmarkPäivi Lujala, NTNU, Trondheim, NorwayBjørn Møller, DIIS, Copenhagen, Denmark Magnus Öberg, Uppsala University, SwedenHanna Ojanen, FIIA, Helsinki, Finland Henrik Urdal, PRIO, NorwayHåkan Wiberg, DIIS, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Security Dialogue is a peer-reviewed international quarterly journal that combines analysis of contemporary theory with examination of challenges to public policy across a wide-ranging field of security studies. It seeks to revisit and recast the concept of security through new approaches and methodologies.

Security Dialogue was launched at PRIO by Johan Galtung in 1970 as the Bulletin of Peace Proposals. Originally edited by Marek Thee, it was first a quarterly organ for the dissemina-tion of peace proposals. It gradually evolved in scope, including summaries and commen-taries, eventually transitioning to an outlet for more scholarly publication. The Bulletin subsequently moved to SAGE Publications, London, and was reborn three years later as Security Dialogue, with Magne Barth as the new editor. Thus, after 23 volumes, the original Bulletin took on a significantly stronger profile on the international publishing scene. In 1995, Barth was joined by co-editor Pavel Baev, then replaced in 1997 by Anthony McDermott. A new transition began in 2001, when the current holder of the position of editor, J. Peter Burgess, was recruited. In the years that followed, Burgess undertook a major revamping of the journal, including a complete redesign, the creation of a new editorial board, and the revision of editorial aims and review procedures.

In 2005, Security Dialogue published 576 pages, an increase of 64 pages from 2004. Twenty-seven peer-reviewed articles and review essays were published during the year, an increase of

6 from 2004. Publication of non peer-reviewed entries included 1 Reference Review, 1 Viewpoint and 17 short contributions for two special sections entitled ‘The Report of the UN High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change’ and ‘European Security and Transatlantic Relations in the Age of International Terrorism: Challenges for the Nordic Countries’, both published in 36(3). Issue 36(4) contained a special section on ‘Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: Security, Welfare and Representation’.

For Security Dialogue, as for other players in the journals market, consortia sales have become the backbone of sales and distribution. These sales continue to drive subscription growth via both collection and conventional sales. As a result, the number of readers able to access Security Dialogue has increased substantially over recent years. During 2003, the journal received 4,831 full-text downloads via Ingenta, while in 2005 the journal received almost seven times the amount of downloads, with 33,584 full-text hits. The most popular downloads were top-notch articles on gender, human security and alternative security issues, a direct reflection of the shift in editorial priorities set in motion four years ago. Security Dialogue is registered in the Social Science Citation Index and ranked in the annual Journal Citation Reports. The latest Journal Citation Reports issued by the ISI rank the journal at number 35 out of 54 jour-nals in terms of impact factor in the subject of International Relations. Security Dialogue’s Impact Factor has risen from 0.350 in 2003 to 0.421 – its second-highest rating ever.

Security Dialogue

In Sync with the Times: Security Dialogue’s Editorial Transformation

Prior to 2001, Security Dialogue was a conventional journal of foreign policy analysis, publishing data, documents and policy-oriented recommendations relevant to the varied project of peace research. In line with most policy-based thinking, the journal understood security in a similarly conventional way: as the challenge of protecting borders and coastlines from external threats through the use of military or diplomatic means. The nation-state was the primary object of the concept of security. Because of the significant changes brought about through processes of globalization and the end of the Cold War, this notion of security has gradually declined in relevance, and a new image of security has emerged.

Security Dialogue has taken the challenge of contributing to mapping this evolving new security reality by encouraging the publication of articles that confront traditional under-standings of security. These have included ground-breaking reflection on new and traditional security issues such as globalization, nationalism, ethnic conflict and civil war,

information technology, biological and chemical warfare, resource conflicts, pandemics, global terrorism, non-state actors, and environmental and human security. It has also sought to provide an outlet for analysis of the normative dimensions of security, theoretical and practical aspects of identity and identity-based conflict, gender aspects of security and critical security studies.

In addition to a growing number of high-quality innovative articles, Security Dialogue has put emphasis on the new security landscape by making use of a series of special sections and issues aimed directly at these new thematic and analytic areas. Special sections have been published on the ethical issues of humanitarian intervention, the UN millennium report and global security, human security, post-conflict peacebuilding, the concept of imperialism, the ‘responsibility to protect’, Nordic security challenges, and the theoretical relations between liberty and security. A major special issue on gender and security ran in 2004. In 2007, Security Dialogue will publish an innovative special issue on security and visual culture.

Security Dialogue Editorial Staff in 2005

Editor : J. Peter BurgessManaging Editor : Marit MoeLanguage Editor : John CarvilleBook Review Editor : Anne Cecilie Kjelling, Norwegian Nobel Institute, Oslo

2005 Editorial Board

Abdel Monem Said Aly, Al-Ahram Center for Political And Strategic Studies, EgyptDidier Bigo, Institut d’études politiques, FranceDavid Campbell, Durham University, UKSimon Chesterman, New York University School of Law, USACarol Cohn, Fletcher School, Tufts University, USAWilliam E. Connolly, Johns Hopkins University, USAMichael E. Cox, London School of Economics, UKJames Der Derian, Brown University, Providence, RI, USAPál Dunay, Geneva Centre for Security Policy, SwitzerlandCynthia Enloe, Clark College, USAJozef Goldblat, Geneva International Peace Research Institute, SwitzerlandLene Hansen, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Tomosaburo Hirano, Toda Institute for Global Peace and Policy Research, Hawaii, USAJef Huysmans, The Open University, UKJennifer Klot, Social Science Research Council, USARex Li, Liverpool John Moores University, UKSverre Lodgaard, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, NorwayTerrence Lyons, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USAAntonio Missiroli, EU Institute for Security Studies, FranceTaylor Owen, Oxford University, UKPatricia Owens, Oxford University, UKPaul Rogers, University of Bradford, UKMichael Shapiro, University of Hawaii, USAAlexandrer Serguinin, Nizhny Novogorod Linguistic University, RussiaHenrik Syse, PRIO, NorwayPeter van Ham, Clingendael, The Hague, The NetherlandsOle Wæver, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Rob Walker, University of Victoria, Canada & Keele University, UK

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CSCW Highlights 2005

DirectorScott Gates

Working Group LeadersPavel BaevJon ElsterNils Petter GleditschOla ListhaugKarl Ove MoeneKaare Strøm

ResearchersAldo A. BeniniIndra de SoysaCamilla GjerdeKristian Skrede GleditschHåvard HegreHalvor MehlumTaylor Owen **Sabrina RametGregory ReichbergJan Ketil Rød

Research AssociatesSteven J. BramsHelge BrunborgChristopher K. ButlerLars-Erik CedermanJeffrey CheckelPaul CollierHan DorussenJoan EstebanJames FearonKathryn FurlongDiego GambettaElisabeth GilmoreKristian Berg HarpvikenWenche HaugeAnke HoefflerStephen HolmesSimon HugStathis KalyvasÅshild KolåsBethany Lacina **David LektzianErik Melander

Wolfgang C. MüllerS. Mansoob MurshedEric NeumayerBenjamin NybladeMagnus ÖbergRoger D. PetersenArvid RaknerudBjørn Erik RaschDebraj RayKristen RingdalJames RobinsonTodd SandlerKlaus Schmidt-HebbelAlbert SimkusSven Gunnar SimonsenStergios SkaperdasHenrik SyseStein TønnessonRagnar TorvikHilde Henriksen WaageBarbara WalterLeonard WantchekonElisabeth WoodMarie-Joëlle Zahar

Doctoral StudentsAysegul Aydin *Helga Malmin Binningsbø *Halvard BuhaugTanja EllingsenPablo Kalmanovitz *Päivi LujalaRagnhild Nordås *Gudrun Østby *Clionadh Raleigh *Øystein H. RolandsenAnita SchjølsetInger SkjelsbækZan StrabacHåvard StrandPinar TankHenrik Urdal

MA StudentsMartin Austvoll Turid Beitland

Terje BrevikMarit BrochmannÅshild FalchRachel Gjelsvik HaugKathrine HoldenChristine Fjeldstad JohannesenAnna Vibeke LorentzenNaima MouhlebSiri Camilla Aas RustadOle Magnus TheisenLars Wilhelmsen

Research AssistantsLinda BjørganRoyce CarrollEirik F. EkrannWenche LarsenCarl LeVanTove Grete LieMarit Moe Juan Marcelo Ochoa Christin Mørup OrmhaugJennifer Rainey Trude StrandJostein TellnesJonas Vevatne Fredrik Willumsen

AdministrationJoachim CarlsenAndrew John FelthamMartha Snodgrass

Visiting ScholarsKyle Beardsley **Annegret FlöterGiwoong JungJacob D. Kathman **Helena KuschDoreen KuseSteen Nicolai Rubæk Nordstrøm **Patrick ReganIdean Salehyan **Mark SouvaIsak Svensson **

CSCW Staff List 2005

Editors: Agnete Schjønsby/Martha SnodgrassLanguage Editor : Glenn MartinPhoto Editor : Agnete Schjønsby Design: Hilde Sørby, Bardus DesignCover Photo: Jørgen Carling, PRIO. Barricaded buildings in Cyprus

* Also Research Assistant** PhD candidate Individuals falling under more than one category are listed under their primary role.This report, with hypertext links, is also available at www.prio.no/cscw.

From its inception, the objectives of the

Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW)

have been to study from a multidisciplinary

approach: why civil wars break out; how they

are sustained; and what it takes to end them

and to sustain a civil peace. The signature of

CSCW research on armed conflict is

disaggregation. Typically, quantitative research

on civil war has focused on attributes of the

states in which it occurs. In this ‘epidemiologi-

cal’ view, war is treated as if it were a disease

that countries can catch, and countries are

regarded as being in a state of war or of

peace. In fact, civil wars are subnational

events rarely waged throughout countries.

Accordingly, their onset, duration and

resolution ought to be studied as a function of

local conditions. Physical terrain (mountains,

rivers), the occurrence and type of natural

resources and ethnic groups’ demographic

characteristics, economic welfare and

settlement patterns are some of the local

conditions under study at the CSCW.

Understanding the transition from a society

with various conflict potentials to a society at

war – as well as the happier transition in the

reverse direction – requires a disaggregated

and differentiated study of the various actors,

their aims, beliefs and methods. Disaggrega-

tion of events and actors over time is at least

as important as spatial disaggregation.

Furthermore, we ought to allow conceptually

for countries/governments/rebel groups that

are neither at war nor at peace. Here, our

researchers are describing and modeling the

strategic interactions between a government

and leaders of an opposition movement,

among transnational (economic) interest

groups, including ethnic diasporas, or among

the political groups (former combatants)

invited inside postwar transitional institutions.

Some of our work examines the specific

choices of an individual, such as a suicide

bomber (see Diego Gambetta, Making Sense

of Suicide Missions, Oxford University Press,

2005), a kidnapper, a subsistence farmer or a

child soldier. Such a decision-based focus is

grounded in game theory, descriptive ethics

and psychological studies of emotions.

CSCW researchers have also conducted a

panel of surveys in the Balkans regarding

values and attitudes before and after conflict.

Such individual-based data provides

important insights into perceptions of ‘the

other’, and the panel nature of the survey

allows us to assess the dynamic aspects of

attitudes as shaped by civil war.

Civil war remains by far the dominant form of

armed conflict in the world today. As reported

in the 2005 annual data feature in Journal of

Peace Research on ‘Armed Conflict and Its

International Dimensions’, the number of

armed intrastate conflicts involving at least 25

battle casualties in 2004 was 30, which is

slightly up from 27 in both 2003 and 2002.

However, this constitutes a significant drop

over the longer term. Fifteen years ago, we

recorded 51 active armed intrastate conflicts.

In 2005, our third year of operations, the

CSCW increased its research staff and level of

activity. We recruited two new post-docs on

long-term contracts (Halvard Buhaug and

Camilla Gjerde); held a major international

policy-oriented conference on climate change

and conflict; and hosted a number of guests,

including Patrick Regan, who was a Fulbright

Scholar at the Centre for a year. In 2006, the

Research Council of Norway will be making

decisions about the renewal of Centres of

Excellence. As part of our efforts to obtain

renewal, we have been assessing our

contributions to the understanding of civil war.

Director’s Introduction

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CSCW Report 2005 �

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CSCW Report 2005 ��

Resource scarcity is a frequently cited factor in conflict. This tradition goes back to Malthus, who was mainly concerned with population growth and increasing scarcity of food. Neo-Malthusians have a much wider agenda: Competition over scarce water, energy and land is widely believed to have the potential to generate internal as well as international armed conflict. Empirical studies have found some limited support for these ideas, although predictions of impending doom have not yet come to pass. Countries that share international river basins have a higher probability of militarized disputes, although it is difficult to identify any major wars fought over water issues.

Climate change is the ultimate neo-Malthusian scenario because of the global nature of the problem and the potential for large and perhaps rapid change. If the Gulf Stream were to slow down or even reverse, the changed climate would make Northern Europe inhospitable for millions of people, who would have no choice but to try to settle further south. Extensive migration could also result from sea-level rise and the flooding of low-lying areas in countries like Bangladesh. Migration has the potential to exacerbate existing scarcities and generate conflict. Even more moderate changes in temperature and rainfall could drastically

change the conditions for agriculture and food security.

On the other hand, global warming could also lead to improved living conditions in other areas. It seems unlikely that the precise temperature range that the world has experienced in the last few decades is optimal all over the world. However, those who suffer from deterioration in one region will not necessarily benefit from improve-ments elsewhere. And even where the net effect is positive, change itself may be costly.

In a first effort to study the relationship between climate change and human security in a broad sense, the CSCW co-sponsored with CICERO (the Center for International Climate and Environmental Research at the University of Oslo) an international workshop in Oslo in June 2005.

The workshop attracted a wide audience, with 70 participants from Australia, India, the USA, the UK, Mexico, Argentina, Sweden, Canada, Thailand, Spain, Nigeria, South Africa, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Belgium, Chile, Sri Lanka, Brazil, China, Germany, Uganda and Ghana. In addition to participants from universities and research institutes, there were representatives from the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Norwegian

Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad), the Norwegian Ministry of Environment, the Research Council of Norway, Health Canada – Climate Change and Health Office, the World Conservation Union, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the UK Met Office (meteorological service).

The workshop was organized for the Global Environmental Change and Human Security (GECHS) programme, which is a scientific project of the UN’s International Human Dimensions Program on Global Environmental Change (IHDP). Two scholars associated with the CSCW have served on the GECHS Scientific Steering Committee: Nils Petter Gleditsch (1999–2005) and Indra de Soysa (2005– ).

Over 40 papers were presented at the workshop. All the submitted papers are available in full text on the website (http://www.cicero.uio.no/humsec/). Several papers have been revised and submitted for special issues of journals such as Political Geography, Die Erde and International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics. Papers were also sent to New Zealand Journal for Environmental Law. We are very hopeful that these collections of papers will stimulate further research and debate on the issues raised at the conference and gain wide exposure.

Human Security and Climate Change

In October, the CSCW hosted four prominent experts on international negotiations, and their visit included several stimulating workshop sessions open to the public. The visitors have collaborated since 2000 in the network Project on International Negotiation (PIN), which is sponsored by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). Victor Kremenyuk (Institute for USA and Canada Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences), Paul Meerts (Clingendael), Gunnar Sjöstedt (Swedish Institute of International Affairs) and I. William Zartman (Johns Hopkins University) led four topical workshop sessions and then rejoined for a plenary session in which spokespersons from each workshop presented findings for a general discussion. This is the formula for the annual PIN ‘Roadshow’, held at a succession of major research centres on different continents.

In the workshop session Negotiating the Middle East: The Entrapment Phenomenon, Meerts discussed the important question of how to initiate negotiations as well as issues related to the level of experience of individual negotiators. Ripeness of Negotia-tions, the session led by Zartman, explored such terms as ‘hurting stalemate’ and ‘ripeness’ (relating both to the situation and to actors), as well as the distinction between facilitator and mediator roles.

Problems of Negotiating Ecological Conflicts, the session led by Sjöstedt, looked at how to involve weaker states in the negotiation process. Participants also discussed the role of different actors in ongoing climate talks, with special attention paid to the United States. In The Three Dimensions of Negotiation, Kremenyuk focused on Russia’s current role

as negotiator and its relationships with China and the United States. This group also discussed differences in US and European negotiation styles.

The PIN workshops attracted more than 60 students, researchers and journalists, and contributions from the floor were lively throughout. The CSCW’s Marit Moe and IIASA’s Tanja Huber organized the event.

(IIASA is a nongovernmental research organization that conducts interdisciplinary scientific studies on environmental, economic, technological and social issues in the context of human dimensions of global change. IIASA provides exchange opportunities and funding through the Research Council of Norway.)

PIN at PRIO

CSCW Report 2005 ��

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Large youth cohorts, often coined ‘youth bulges’, have been blamed for the political violence in events as diverse as the English Revolution, the rise of Nazism in Germany in the 1930s and resource conflicts in West Africa, and more recently for increasing recruitment to radical Islamic organizations. Young males are undoubtedly the main protagonists of criminal as well as political violence, a fact that some attribute to aggression caused by high male sex hormone levels. But does the risk of political violence increase with the relative number of possible perpetrators?

A recent study by Henrik Urdal, ‘A Clash of Generations: Youth Bulges and Political Violence’ (International Studies Quarterly, forthcoming), draws on two prominent theoretical frameworks in the study of civil war. Youth bulges may increase opportunities for conflict through providing cheap rebel labour to potential rebel organizations. This is particularly the case in poor countries with high unemployment, where joining a rebel organization may be the best, if not the only, way for young people to generate income. Youth bulges may also provide motives for violence caused by institutional crowding, if an increasing number of youths are excluded from education, politics and the labour market.

Urdal tests empirically the claim that the risk of political violence is increased by youth bulges (which he defines as large cohorts in the age group 15–24 relative to the total adult population, defined as 15 years and above). He uses a global model, covering all states over the 1950–2000 period, to examine three different forms of political violence, from internal armed conflict to terrorism and rioting. He finds robust support suggesting that youth bulges increase the risk of all three forms of political violence. For example, countries where youths constitute 35% or more of the adult population run two and a half times the risk of armed conflict than countries with 17%, the median for developed countries. Forty-four developing countries, mostly in sub-Saha-ran Africa and the Middle East, were at or above this level in the year 2000. The figures below show the risk of conflict outbreak associated with youth bulges relative to the risks associated with regime type and level of development respectively, two of the major explanations for civil war.

Under some conditions, youth bulges may be particularly volatile. Youth bulges seem to increase the risk of armed conflict more in starkly autocratic and highly democratic

regimes, all other factors being equal, while there seems to be an increasing risk of terrorism where youth bulges coincide with economic decline and expansion in higher education. There is also some indication that the effect of youth bulges on political violence may decline along with reduced fertility, a finding complementing studies of economic growth in Asian ‘Tiger’ economies.

The global youth share peaked in 1985 and has been declining since. But for the states that will experience high youth shares for years to come, especially in the Middle East and Africa, age composition may still significantly affect the risk of conflict. This is particularly the case in countries facing economic stagnation, high dependency rates and autocracy. Additionally, if migration opportunities are substantially restricted, developing countries that previously relied on exporting surplus youth may experience increased pressures from youth bulges accompanied by a higher risk of political violence.

This study, which was published in an earlier version as a World Bank Social Development Paper, has been cited in a report by the International Crisis Group and a number of UN publications.

The Devil in the Demographics

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High

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Source: Henrik Urdal, 'A Clash of Generations? Youth Bulges and Political Violence', International Studies Quarterly (forthcoming).


The sharing of research data and openness to the replication of one’s work by other researchers are important elements of scholarly communication and quality control. This is increasingly the case for peace and conflict studies. Although data repositories have existed for decades, the Internet has made it much easier to post data and to download them. The norms of the profession have also changed so that the burden of evidence is now largely on those who want to withhold their data.

Careful reading of a research paper or article manuscript allows a colleague or anonymous reviewer to check whether the author’s theoretical argument is innovative, the literature review complete, and the methods adequate. However, it is much more difficult to ascertain whether or not the quantitative analysis does what the author promises. Cheating with quantitative data is compara-tively rare, but human error is not. Making data available for replication increases the likelihood that such errors will be discovered early on. It also facilitates improvement on published analyses as methods improve.

Authors are likely to be more alert when they know that other scholars will be hard on their heels, analysing their own data.

Since 1998, PRIO’s Journal of Peace Research has required that authors with quantitative data post their data on the Internet, recognizing that replication also enhances the quality of peer-review. And since the establishment of the CSCW, the Centre and the journal have devoted significant attention and resources to the development of a joint dataset repository and portal on the PRIO/CSCW webpages. Both the CSCW and JPR require the posting of ‘do files’, codebooks and other information necessary to replicate the analysis.

The CSCW data collection today includes 11 new or updated datasets grouped themati-cally into four categories:

• Data on Armed Conflict • Governance Data • Geographical and Resource Data • Socio-Demographic Data

Among the armed conflict data are important recent extensions to the Uppsala/PRIO dataset which record battle-related deaths and conflict locations. (Produced in collaboration with the Department of Peace and Conflict Research at Uppsala University, Sweden, and updated annually, the Uppsala/PRIO dataset covers both internal and external conflicts in the period 1946 to the present.)

Over 25 additional datasets and log files developed by CSCW staff or associates for articles that have appeared in peer-reviewed journals are also accessible through the portal. Finally, the portal contains over 170 links to datasets or authors’ homepages in connection with articles published in JPR. Since such links to external pages are not always stable or reliable, all authors are now asked to make the data directly available on our own pages.

Open Access to Data and Quality Control

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One of the central missions of the CSCW is to collect and archive data on civil war relevant to the academic and policymaking communities. Our data-collection efforts and collaboration with Uppsala University on armed conflict data were featured promi-nently in the 2005 inaugural issue of the Human Security Report. According to the Report, ‘the Uppsala/PRIO dataset is the most comprehensive single source of information on contemporary global political violence’ (p. 20).

The UN system has a range of indices for human development and welfare upon which policy recommendations are based. There is no comparable collection of data regarding human security. The Human Security Report aims to fill this lacuna. The 2005 Report highlights a number of statistical trends that

we have identified previously: the number of civil conflicts peaked in 1991 and 1992 and has been following a general downward trend since; more civil wars are being peacefully terminated than are breaking out; and the number of battle-deaths associated with these conflicts has dropped precipitously over the last five decades. Despite these trends, the most common form of armed conflict, by a wide margin, is civil conflict.

The author of the Human Security Report is Andrew Mack, Director of the Human Security Centre at the University of British Colombia’s Liu Institute for Global Issues. Through the years, Mack has worked closely with researchers at the CSCW at PRIO. The Human Security Centre funded the expansion of the Uppsala/PRIO dataset to include additional forms of social violence,

such as intracommunal conflict and human rights abuse. Over a three-year period, Centre researchers played a key role in helping to organize, host and participate in background workshops for the report. These workshops included dialogue with policymak-ers and discussion of data needed to underpin a better conceptualization of human security. We intend to sustain this collabora-tion with Andrew Mack and to contribute to future issues of the Human Security Report.

CSCW data also appear prominently in the Report of the UN Secretary General’s High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility. In addition, a growing number of scholars are adopting the Uppsala/PRIO armed conflict data as the standard for quantitative research on civil war.

The Human Security Report 2005 and CSCW Data

Transnational Ethnic Dimensions of Third-Party �nterventions in Civil ConflictsMartin AustvollAdviser : Håvard Hegre (PRIO & UiO)

Lethal Religions: Communal Violence in �ndia – The Case of GujaratTurid BeitlandAdviser : Ola Listhaug (NTNU & CSCW)

Conflict and Cooperation in �nter-national River Basins: An Empirical Analysis of the �mpact of Sharing a River Basin on Conflict and CooperationMarit Brochmann Adviser: Nils Petter Gleditsch (PRIO & NTNU)

Political Violence and Conflict Resolution in Belgium: A Success Story?Rachel Gjelsvik HaugAdviser : Ola Listhaug (NTNU & CSCW)

Attitudes Towards Political Violence: The Case of Northern �relandChristine Fjeldstad Johannesen Adviser : Ola Listhaug (NTNU & CSCW)

Constructed �dentities and Violence in the Basque ConflictAnna Vibeke LorentzenAdviser : Ola Listhaug (NTNU & CSCW)

Language and Conflict: Kabylia and the Algerian StateNaima MouhlebAdvisers: Gunvor Mejdell (UiO) & Åshild Kolås (PRIO)

Forest Resources and Conflict: How Forest Resources �nfluence �nternal Armed ConflictsSiri Camilla Aas RustadAdvisers: Nils Petter Gleditsch (PRIO & NTNU) & Håvard Strand (UiO & PRIO)

Analyzing Geographical Factors in �nternal Armed Conflicts: Deriving Factor Weights Using G�STerje BrevikAdviser : Jan Ketil Rød (NTNU & CSCW)

The Duration of Peace Following Civil War: A Study of the �mportance of Security Guarantees and �nstitutional ArrangementsÅshild FalchAdvisers: Michael Alvarez (UiB) & Scott Gates (PRIO)

Ethno-Political Exclusion and Regime StabilityKathrine HoldenAdviser : Håvard Hegre (PRIO & UiO)

Does Scarcity of Renewable Resources Lead to an �ncreased Risk of Civil Conflict?Ole Magnus TheisenAdviser : Nils Petter Gleditsch (PRIO & NTNU)

A Democratic Peace – RevisitedLars WilhelmsenAdvisers: Nils Petter Gleditsch (PRIO & NTNU) & Håvard Strand (UiO & PRIO)

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MA Projects

Razed village in southern SudanPhoto: Øystein H. Rolandsen, PRIO


�nternational Dimensions of Civil War

Leader: Pavel Baev, PRIO

Keeping the research focus on the question of fundamental differences between civil war

and other forms of organized violence, the Working Group gave particular attention to the inter-penetration of terrorism and civil war. The dynamics of networking between terrorist groups that have grown in particular in conflict areas from Afghanistan to the Philippines and from Chechnya to Palestine were examined in several projects aimed at investigating the phenomenon of modern international terrorism. We analysed international dimensions of secessionist conflicts from the perspective of the ‘security dilemma’, which was re-examined at its very foundation, the classical work of Thucydides. The weakening of states’ control over their territory and the erosion of their ability to perform key functions under the impact of external forces were identified as key problems for further analysis. The successful application to the Research Council of Norway for a joint Strategic Institute Programme (with NUPI) on the regional and international conditions contributing to state failure will constitute an important dimension of the Working Group’s activity in the next couple of years.

Microfoundations of Civil War

Leader: Jon Elster, Columbia University

The most important contribu-tion by the Working Group in

2005 was a volume edited by Diego Gambetta, Making Sense of Suicide Missions, with chapters by WG members Elster, Gambetta, Holmes and Kalyvas. A Financial Times reviewer (2 July 2005) wrote that ‘This is an important book, and the best treatment

of the subject I’ve read.’ The Working Group also organized three conferences. We held a workshop in New York City (Columbia University) on ‘Thucydides and Civil War’ on 25–26 February, organized by Stephen Holmes and Greg Reichberg. Selected contributions to the workshop will be published as a special issue of Journal of Military Ethics. The other two conferences took place in Bogota in October. The topic of the first (co-organized with the Vice- Presidency of Colombia) was ‘Transitional Justice in Civil War Settlements’, thus bringing together two topics that have usually been studied separately. The topic of the second (co-organized with Antanas Mockus and the National University of Colombia) was ‘Arguing and Bargaining in Civil War Settlements’. We plan to publish the most important contributions of the two conferences in an edited volume. Cambridge University Press has expressed interest.

Environmental Factors in Civil War

Leader: Nils Petter Gleditsch, PRIO

We define environment as physical factors that condition

human conflict, such as physical distance, mountainous terrain, caves, forest cover, rivers and the availability of natural resources. Resource scarcity plays an important role in neo-Malthusian theories of conflict, and in 2005 the CSCW co-sponsored a conference on how climate change may exacerbate such scarcities (see highlight on p. II). The ‘resource curse’ argument focuses on negative effects of resource abundance. New datasets on lootable natural resources have been generated, and two articles were published on diamonds and conflict. Special issues on the demography of conflict and violence were published in European Journal of Population and Journal of Peace Research based on papers from a 2003 workshop in

Oslo co-sponsored by the CSCW. The Working Group is increasingly moving towards the study of conflict with data disaggregated to the subnational level. Work has continued on how water scarcity stimulates international conflict as well as cooperation, based on a new dataset on shared river basins. A doctoral dissertation on the geography of civil war was completed, and three more doctoral dissertations are under way.

Values and Violence

Leader: Ola Listhaug, NTNU

The work of the Group in 2005 produced significant publications across all its main

research activities: large-N studies, regional studies in the Balkans and case studies. In an article in the journal Terrorism and Political Violence, Tanja Ellingsen argues that religious differences in populations seem to contribute to armed conflict within states. In Losers’ Consent (Oxford University Press), Chris Anderson, Andre Blais, Shaun Bowler, Todd Donovan and Ola Listhaug study how political legitimacy varies across 33 new and old democracies. Albert Simkus has collected interviews with more than 1,800 individuals in Macedonia who were first interviewed in 2003. The new panel survey, which is funded by NTNU, promises to be a unique source to aid understanding of the evolution of peace in Macedonia. Sabrina Ramet has synthesized the controversy about Yugoslavia in Thinking About Yugoslavia: Scholarly Debates About the Yugoslav Breakup and the Wars in Bosnia and Kosovo (Cambridge University Press). Four MA theses in political science at NTNU were completed in 2005. They focused on the conflicts in the Gujarat province in India (Turid Beitland), Belgium (Rachel Gjelsvik Haug), the Basque country (Anna Vibeke Lorentzen) and Northern Ireland (Christine Fjeldstad Johannesen).

Working Group Activities

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Governance and Peace

Leader: Kaare Strøm, University of California, San Diego

This Working Group explores the mechanisms through

which democratic institutions engender peace either by preventing conflict in the first place or by facilitating its resolution. The Group’s members draw on an extensive body of research – from the analysis of rebellion and revolt to studies of democrati-zation and political stability – and employ a variety of methods, including case studies, game theory and quantitative statistical analysis. Kaare Strøm and Magnus Öberg worked on an edited volume of selected papers from a workshop on ‘Resources, Governance Structures and Civil Conflict’, which they co-directed at the 2004 Joint Sessions of Workshops of the European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR). A second major research agenda within the Group has been institutions of power-sharing in post-conflict situations. In May 2005, several WG members participated in a PRIO conference on this topic organized by Kaare Strøm and Scott Gates, who are developing plans for further research.

Conflict and Economic Performance

Leader: Karl Ove Moene, UiO

This Working Group’s research agenda is built on an implicit criticism of techno-

cratic mainstream economics for its lack of a coherent treatment of conflicts and its neglect of social mechanisms. In contrast, we emphasize analysis that combines social and economic factors while acknowledging their interdependence. In 2005, the Group continued to focus on societies between war and peace, with an emphasis on poor countries. The questions we address include the role of resource abundance, institutions, poverty, polarization and other aspects of social and political inequalities. Paper topics presented at the December Working Group meeting included Islamic insurgence and social violence during the Indonesian financial crisis, economic inequality and the salience of ethnic conflict, and strategic interaction between terrorists and governments. Case studies under development focus on Afghanistan and Zimbabwe. Researchers in this group are also well integrated with the Polarization and Conflict (PAC) network, a project supported by an EU 6th Framework Programme grant.

Civil Peace

Leader: Scott Gates, PRIO

This Working Group co-sponsored two workshops in 2005, both featuring the

transitional phase of peacemaking. A workshop on transitional governance was co-organized in May 2005 with the CSCW’s Working Group on Governance and Peace. Themes addressed included post-conflict transitional governance, power-sharing, state-building, democratic transitions, constitutional commitment, international interventions and non-UN versus UN peacekeeping. In October, we held a workshop on transitional justice in Bogota, Colombia, co-sponsored by the CSCW Working Group on Microfoundations of Civil War and the Vice-Presidency of Colombia. This workshop explored transitional justice and political violence, amnesty, truth commissions, demobilization of combatants, kidnapping, the Colombian National Commis-sion of Reparation and Reconciliation, and the introduction of a transitional justice dataset. The Working Group will continue to study both the processes of conflict resolution and the conditions for enduring social, economic and political stability.

CSCW Report 2005 V��

The CSCW office staff ensured that the Centre ran smoothly and efficiently. From left: Martha Snodgrass, Joachim Carlsen, Andrew John Feltham.

Photo: Knut S. Åbjørsbråten

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A Liberal Theory of Third-Party �ntervention in Ongoing Wars, 1945–99Aysegul AydinDissertation Advisers: Patrick Regan (Bingham-ton University) & Scott Gates (PRIO)

This projects draws on insights from the economic liberalism research programme to improve our understanding of conflict expansion in interstate disputes. Its analysis of the state–society dimension of economic interdependency emphasizes the role of economic interest groups in foreign policymak-ing in general and intervention policies in particular. States perceive the conflicts of their trading partners with third parties as threatening to their interests, it claims, and they attempt to protect important economic ties by intervention. Moreover, external actors will be less likely to intervene against trading states with extensive economic ties because these ties are informative about the states’ willingness to join conflicts involving their trading partners.

Prospects for the Future: Towards Civilizational Clashes? Tanja EllingsenDissertation Advisers: Nils Petter Gleditsch (PRIO & NTNU) & Øyvind Østerud (UiO)

Huntington’s ‘clash of civilizations’ thesis suggests post-Cold War conflicts are shaped by cultural dissimilarities. The nation-state is being replaced by religion as a source of identity. Testing the validity of these claims, this dissertation investigates the extent to which people identify themselves in terms of civilizations and whether alliances can be explained by cultural similarities. It also explores the relationship between civiliza-tional belonging and conflict, both inter- and intrastate. Data are drawn from the World Value Survey, the Penn World Tables, the UNGA (voting data) and the Correlates of War and Uppsala/PRIO conflict datasets.

Natural Resource Management and �nternal Armed ConflictHelga Malmin BinningsbøDissertation Adviser : Nils Petter Gleditsch (PRIO & NTNU)

Previous research shows that natural resource abundance and dependence increase the risk of violent conflict. Since natural resources are located in specific areas and have to be exploited where they are, the ‘resource curse’ they may entail must be actively managed. In addition, if natural resources lead to conflict, questions of natural resource management must be addressed in conflict termination. This doctoral project aims at understanding in greater detail the institutions that constitute natural resource management throughout the world. In particular, the project will investigate the relationships between resource management institutions and internal armed conflict, including how they have been used as mechanisms to prevent further conflict.

�nternational Retributive Justice: Aims and ConstraintsPablo KalmanovitzDissertation Advisers: Jon Elster (Columbia University & CSCW) & David Johnston (Columbia University)

Underlying the familiar dilemma between peace and justice in regime transitions is the general question of punishment. Why punish and who should punish? What are the main empirical constraints in an adequate application of punishment? This project seeks to examine these basic questions in the context of the progressive internationaliza-tion of criminal law and its increasing effects on regime transitions. Particular attention will be paid to the contrast between existing normative theories of punishment and the local dynamics of international judicialization in relevant case studies.

Natural Resources and Armed Civil Conflict Päivi LujalaDissertation Advisers: Ragnar Torvik (NTNU) & Scott Gates (PRIO)

This project aims to identify natural resource types relevant to violent conflict. It collects spatial data on resource distribution and analyses how different resource types affect the risk, duration, type and location of conflict. In particular, it examines how rebels’ access to natural resources shapes the characteristics of armed civil conflict. The project will produce new datasets on the worldwide location of diamond and gemstone deposits, petroleum reserves and drug cultivation.

Religion and Civil ConflictRagnhild NordåsDissertation Advisers: Ola Listhaug (NTNU & CSCW) & Scott Gates (PRIO)

Religion is in the glare of public attention; its role in violent conflict is under renewed scrutiny. At the same time, scholars point out the mismatch between theories of civil conflict – which emphasize interaction between governments and rebel groups – and most empirical analysis – which uses country-level indicators and pays little attention to local-level phenomena or non-state antagonists. This project addresses these criticisms by integrating information on rebel groups and local factors into a more dyadic perspective and by disaggregating the data used in quantitative analyses into geographical and regional indicators. The project speaks to the challenge of discerning religious factors in conflict by modeling interactions of explana-tory variables with a focus on the contexts in which religion becomes important.

Doctoral Projects

Ongoing Doctoral Projects

CSCW Report 2005 V��

Development, Horizontal �nequalities and Civil WarGudrun ØstbyDissertation Advisers: Scott Gates (PRIO) & Anne Julie Semb (UiO)

Inequality is a grievance factor that is largely dismissed by recent statistical studies of civil war. However, such studies tend to focus exclusively on inter-individual inequality, ignoring the importance of group identity. This project will analyse systematic inequali-ties between ethnic/religious/regional groups (horizontal inequalities) as a potential cause of domestic armed conflict. Based on national household surveys in developing countries, the project develops a comprehensive dataset on horizontal inequalities along economic, social and political dimensions. The analysis involves large-N statistical event history models as well as case studies of particular countries.

Ethnic Prejudice in Contemporary European SocietiesZan StrabacDissertation Advisers: Kristen Ringdal (NTNU) & Ola Listhaug (NTNU & CSCW)

The main focus of this project is the relationships between ethnic identities, ethnic prejudice and violence. The dissertation will use quantitative analyses and survey data, in particular from countries of former Yugoslavia and Eastern and Western Europe. Special attention is devoted to two factors: (1) the impact of religiosity on ethnic prejudice and ethnic identities, and (2) the impact of previous experiences of war-related violence on ethnic intolerance.

How Can Geography Contribute to Our Understanding of Civil Wars?Clionadh RaleighDissertation Advisors: John O’Loughlin (University of Colorado), Håvard Hegre (PRIO & UiO) & Kristian Skrede Gleditsch (UCSD & University of Essex)

The study of civil war has recently seen an increased interest in geographic analysis. However, several key deficiencies persist as most studies rely on country-level informa-tion, rarely referring to the variation below the state level. A focus on the political geographies of conflictual places and an understanding of the dynamics between centre and local is required to move civil war theory and empirical work forward. With theories and information grounded on both the local and the state level, this project addresses why conflict erupts in particular places at particular times.

Civil War Society: Southern Sudan, 1955–2004Øystein H. RolandsenDissertation Advisers: Endre Stiansen, Håvard Hegre (PRIO & UiO) & Helge Pharo (UiO)

This project aims to provide a regional perspective on the history of civil conflict in Sudan since independence. It makes use of rich empirical material from fieldwork and unpublished sources to examine and elaborate existing theories on civil wars and the state. The analysis starts with two distinct conflicts: the first civil war in southern Sudan (1955–72); and the second civil war in southern Sudan (1983–2004). It traces interregional economic and political networks among elites and relates these to geographi-cally disaggregated quantitative studies of conflicts and weak states.

Extending the Democratic Peace: The Role of Governmental �nstitutions for �nternational ConflictAnita SchjølsetDissertation Advisers: Hayward R. Alker (University of Southern California) & Nils Petter Gleditsch (PRIO & NTNU)

This project investigates the relationships between governmental institutions and the likelihood that states engaged in conflict

during the period 1816–2002. Additionally, the project identifies temporal and spatial variations of these relationships. The analysis considers three institutional dimensions along which power is distributed: (1) type of electoral system; (2) whether the state is organized by a presidential or a parliamentary system; and (3) whether power is distributed through a federal or a centralized system.

Political Regimes and Civil War RevisitedHåvard StrandDissertation Adviser : Håvard Hegre (PRIO & UiO)

The relationship between political regime type and civil war is not an unfamiliar topic of study. However, recent scholarship has failed to converge on a conclusion. This project aims to bridge that gap. It will contribute new data on both political regimes and armed conflicts, facilitating in turn more precise methods, such as duration analysis and multi-process models. Both the analyses and the data-gathering will be based on democracy theory, which will offer more valid operationalizations than those currently available in the literature.

Demography and Domestic Armed ConflictHenrik UrdalDissertation Advisers: Nils Petter Gleditsch (PRIO & NTNU) & Øystein Kravdal (UiO)

This project analyses demographic character-istics as potential causes of domestic political violence, such as armed conflict, riots and terrorism. The project empirically addresses the security implications of population growth and density, ‘youth bulges’ and unequal growth rates between ethnic groups. It employs time-series, cross-national studies as well as surveys of regional patterns of political violence for particular countries. (See CSCW highlight on p. IIl.)

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The Geography of Armed Civil ConflictHalvard BuhaugDissertation Adviser : Nils Petter Gleditsch (PRIO & NTNU)

In the quantitative conflict literature, civil war tends to be studied and understood at the country level. Popular explanations of why and where these conflicts occur, however, often refer to factors that vary considerably from one subnational district to the next. Previous empirical studies also fail to take account of the possibly important role of relative location, despite the prominence of periphery in theories of insurgency and guerrilla warfare. As a consequence, this doctoral project has made

extensive use of geographic information systems (GIS) to develop disaggregated conflict data as well as research designs that are able to handle geo-referenced, subnational data.

The thesis presents strong and robust evidence that conflicts that concern government control are associated with significantly different causal mechanisms than self-determination conflicts. The thesis further demonstrates that the distance to the centre of state power – the capital city – is a major determinant of risk, type, duration and, indirectly, diffusion of conflict in civil wars.

Two articles written for the thesis are published in leading international journals

(Journal of Peace Research and Political Geography). An additional article has been accepted for publication (Political Geography), while parts of the Introduction to the thesis appear in a chapter in Kahler & Walter (Territoriality and Conflict in an Era of Globaliza-tion, Cambridge University Press, forthcoming). The doctoral project has resulted in yet another article (in Conflict Management and Peace Science) that is not included in the thesis.

The Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters (Det kongelige norske videnskabers selskap) in March 2006 awarded Halvard Buhaug its prize for excellent research by young scholars in the humanities for his work on conflict, in particular on geographical aspects of civil war.

Doctoral projects Completed in 2005

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The CSCW's data-collection efforts and collaboration with Uppsala University on armed conflict data were featured prominently in the 2005 inaugural issue of the Human Security Report (see feature on page IV). According to the Report, 'the Uppsala/PRIO dataset is the most comprehensive single source of information on contemporary global political violence'.

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Special �ssues

Brunborg, Helge & Henrik Urdal, guest eds. ‘Special Issue on the Demography of Conflict and Violence’, Journal of Peace Research 42(4).

Brunborg, Helge & Ewa Tabeau, guest eds. ‘Demographic Perspectives on Conflict and Violence’, European Journal of Population 21(2–3).

Checkel, Jeffrey, guest ed. ‘International Institutions and Socialization in Europe’, International Organization 59(4).

Murshed, S. Mansoob; Kees Biekart, Claire Manguiy & Andrew Mold, eds. ‘Special Issue on Conflict’, European Journal of Development Research 17(3).

Ron, James, guest ed. ‘Paradigm in Distress? Primary Commodities and Civil War’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 49(4).

Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles

Arce, Daniel G. & Todd Sandler. ‘Counterterrorism: A Game-Theoretic Approach’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 49(2): 183–200.

Brams, Steven J.; Michael A. Jones & D. Marc Kilgour. ‘Forming Stable Coalitions: The Process Matters’, Public Choice 125(1–2): 67–94.

Brunborg, Helge & Ewa Tabeau. ‘Demography of Conflict and Violence: An Emerging Field’, European Journal of Population 21(2–3): 131–144.

Buhaug, Halvard. ‘Dangerous Dyads Revisited: Democracies May Not Be That Peaceful After All’, Conflict Management and Peace Science 22(2): 95–111.

Buhaug, Halvard & Päivi Lujala. ‘Accounting for Scale: Measuring Geography in Quantitative Studies of Civil War’, Political Geography 24(4): 399–418.

Bussmann, Margit; �ndra de Soysa & John R. Oneal. ‘The Effect of Globalization on National Income Inequality’, Comparative Sociology 4(3–4): 285–312.

Checkel, Jeffrey. ‘International Institutions and Socialization in Europe: Introduction and Framework’, International Organization 59(4): 801–826.

Checkel, Jeffrey & Michael Zuern. ‘Getting Socialized To Build Bridges: Construc-tivism and Rational Choice, Europe and the Nation State’, International Organization 59(4): 1045–1079.

de Soysa, �ndra & Eric Neumayer. ‘False Prophet, or Genuine Savior? Assessing the Effects of Economic Openness on Sustainable Development, 1980–1999’, International Organization 59(3): 731–772.

Dorussen, Han. ‘Governance, Develop-ment, and State Building’, European Journal of Development Research 17(3): 411–422.

Ellingsen, Tanja. ‘Toward a Revival of Religion and Religious Clashes?’, Terrorism and Political Violence 17(3): 305–332.

Enders, Walter & Todd Sandler. ‘After 9/11: Is It All Different Now?’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 49(2): 259–277.

Esteban, Joan & Christopher Barrett. ‘Social Groups and Economic Inequality’, Journal of Economic Inequality 3(3): 187–191.

Fearon, James D. ‘Primary Commodity Export and Civil War’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 49(4): 483–507.

Fredriksson, Per G.; Eric Neumayer, Richard Damania & Scott Gates. ‘Environmentalism, Democracy, and Pollution Control’, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 49(2): 343–365.

Gilmore, Elisabeth; Nils Petter Gleditsch, Päivi Lujala & Jan Ketil Rød. ‘Conflict Diamonds: A New Dataset’, Conflict Management and Peace Science 22(3): 257–292.

Hegre, Håvard. ‘Identifying How Trade Matters in Empirical Studies of Interstate Conflict’, Conflict Management and Peace Science 22(3): 217–224.

Lacina, Bethany & Nils Petter Gleditsch. ‘Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths’, European Journal of Population 21(2–3): 145–166.

Listhaug, Ola. ‘Oil-Wealth Dissatisfactions and Political Trust in Norway: A Resource Curse?’, West European Politics 28(4): 834–851.

Lujala, Päivi; Nils Petter Gleditsch & Elisabeth Gilmore. ‘A Diamond Curse? Civil War and a Lootable Resource’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 49(4): 538–562.

Melander, Erik. ‘Political Gender Equality and State Human Rights Abuse’, Journal of Peace Research 42(2): 149–166.

Melander, Erik. ‘Gender Equality and Intrastate Armed Conflict’, International Studies Quarterly 49(4): 593–743.

Murshed, S. Mansoob & Tony Addison. ‘Transnational Terrorism as Spillover of Domestic Disputes in Other Countries’, Defence and Peace Economics 16(2): 69–82.

Murshed, S. Mansoob; Tony Addison, Alemayehu Gedda & Philippe Le Billon. ‘Reconstructing and Reforming the Financial System in Conflict and Post-Conflict Economies’, Journal of Development Studies 41(4): 704–718.

Murshed, S. Mansoob & Scott Gates. ‘Spatial-Horizontal Inequality and the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal’, Review of Development Economics 9(1): 121–134.

Neumayer, Eric. ‘Asylum Recognition Rates in Western Europe – Their Determinants, Variation and Lack of Convergence’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 49(1): 43–66.

Neumayer, Eric. ‘Bogus Refugees? The Determinants of Asylum Migration to Western Europe’, International Studies Quarterly 49(4): 389–409.

Neumayer, Eric. ‘Do International Human Rights Treaties Improve Respect for Human Rights?’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 49(6): 925–953.

Neumayer, Eric. ‘Inequality and Violent Crime: Evidence from Data on Robbery and Violent Theft’, Journal of Peace Research 42(1): 101–112.

Neumayer, Eric & �ndra de Soysa. ‘Trade Openness, Foreign Direct Investment and Child Labor’, World Development 33(1): 43–63.

Neumayer, Eric & �ndra de Soysa. ‘Globalization and the Right to Free Association and Collective Bargaining: An Empirical Analysis’, World Development 34(1): 31–49.

Regan, Patrick M. ‘Greed, Grievance, and Mobilization in Civil Wars’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 49(3): 319–336.

Robinson, James A. & Ragnar Torvik. ‘White Elephants’, Journal of Public Economics 89(2–3): 197–210.

Simonsen, Sven Gunnar. ‘Addressing Ethnic Divisions in Post-Conflict Institution-Building: Lessons from Recent Cases’, Security Dialogue 36(3): 297–318.

Sørli, Mirjam E.; Nils Petter Gleditsch & Håvard Strand. ‘Why Is There So Much Conflict in the Middle East’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 49(1): 141–165.

Tank, Pinar. ‘Effects of the Iraq War on the Kurdish Issue in Turkey’, Conflict, Security and Development 5(1): 69–86.

Urdal, Henrik. ‘People vs. Malthus: Population Pressure, Environmental Degradation and Armed Conflict Revisited’, Journal of Peace Research 42(4): 417–434.

Other Articles

Baev, Pavel. ‘Russia Punishes the OSCE – and Puts Pressure on Georgia’, CACI Analyst, 9 February.

Baev, Pavel. ‘Missiles for Sale: Moscow Finds No Problem with Syria’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 17 January.

Baev, Pavel. ‘Moscow Awaits a Turn of the Revolutionary Tide’, CACI Analyst, 1 June.

Baev, Pavel. ‘Russia Evolves Its Common-wealth Policy’, Jane’s Intelligence Review, November: 44–45.

CSCW 2005 Selected Publications

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Baev, Pavel. ‘The North Caucasus Slips Out of Control’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 4 April.

Baev, Pavel. ‘Putin’s Agenda Prevails at the G-8 Summit: It Is Terrorism, Comrades!’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 11 July.

Baev, Pavel. ‘As Chechnya Braces for New Violence, Putin Retreats into Denial’, Chechnya Weekly, 6 April.

Brunborg, Helge & Henrik Urdal. ‘The Demography of Conflict and Violence: An Introduction’, Journal of Peace Research 42(4): 371–374.

Gleditsch, Nils Petter. ‘Enda høyere?’ [Even Higher?], Forskningspolitikk 28(2): 21. Kalyvas, Stathis & Matthew Kocher. ‘Abusi USA. Il modello Vietnam in Iraq’ [English article version: Iraqi Prisoners: Abused and Innocent], Il Manifesto, 21 June.

Mouhleb, Naima. ‘Review of Bjørn Erik Rasch, ed., Islamistisk terrorisme’, Babylon - tidsskrift om Midtøsten og Nord-Afrika 3(2): 168–170.

Owen, Taylor & Owen Slaymaker. ‘Human Security in Cambodia: A GIS Approach’, Ambio: The Journal of the Human Environment 34(6): 446–449.

Strand, Håvard; Mirjam E. Sørli & Nils Petter Gleditsch. ‘Hva er det med Midtøsten?’ [What Is It With the Middle East?], Babylon - tidsskrift om Midtøsten og Nord-Afrika 3(2): 10–15.

Urdal, Henrik. ‘Defusing the Population Bomb: Is Security a Rationale for Reducing Global Population Growth?’, Environmental Change and Security Project Report 11: 5–11.

Books

Anderson, Christopher J.; André Blais, Shaun Bowler, Todd Donovan & Ola Listhaug. Losers’ Consent: Elections and Democratic Legitimacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gambetta, Diego, ed. Making Sense of Suicide Missions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Ramet, Sabrina & Vjeran Pavlakovic, eds. Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society Under Milosevic and After. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.

Ramet, Sabrina. Thinking About Yugoslavia: Scholarly Debates About the Yugoslav Breakup and the Wars in Bosnia and Kosovo. Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press.

Rasch, Bjørn Erik, ed. Islamistisk Terrorisme. Oslo: Abstrakt.

Rolandsen, Øystein H. Guerrilla Govern-ment: Political Changes in the Southern Sudan During the 1990s. Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.

Book Chapters

Baev, Pavel. ‘Chechnya and the Russian Military: A War Too Far?’, in Richard Sakwa, ed., Chechnya: From the Past to the Future. London: Anthem (117–130).

Baev, Pavel; Christoph Zürcher & Jan Koehler. ‘Civil Wars in the Caucasus’, in Paul Collier & Nicholas Sambanis, eds, Understand-ing Civil War: Evidence and Analysis, vol. 2. Washington, DC: World Bank (259–298).

Buhaug, Halvard & Scott Gates. ‘The Geography of Civil War’, in Paul F. Diehl, ed., War, vol. 3. London: Sage (209–229). [Reprinted from Journal of Peace Research 39(4): 417–433.]

de Soysa, �ndra. ‘Filthy Rich, Not Dirt Poor! How Mother Nature Nurtures Civil Violence’, in Peter Dauvergne, ed., Handbook of Global Environmental Politics. London: Edward Elgar (149–169).

Ellingsen, Tanja. ‘Sivilisasjonskonflikter’ [Civilization Conflicts], in Bjørn Erik Rasch, ed., Islamistisk Terrorisme. Oslo: Abstrakt (197–216).

Elster, Jon. ‘Suicide Missions: Motivations and Beliefs’, in Diego Gambetta, ed., Making Sense of Suicide Missions. Oxford: Oxford University Press (233–258).

Elster, Jon. ‘Selvmordsaksjoner’ [Suicide Missions], in Bjørn Erik Rasch, ed., Islamistisk Terrorisme. Oslo: Abstrakt (145–196).

Esteban, Joan & Debraj Ray. ‘Inequality, Lobbying and Resource Allocation’, in Christo-pher Barrett, ed., The Social Economics of Poverty: On Identities, Groups, Communities, and Networks. London: Routledge (55–105). [Reprinted from Econometrica 77(6): 1737–1772.]

Gambetta, Diego. ‘Can We Make Sense of Suicide Missions?’, in Diego Gambetta, ed., Making Sense of Suicide Missions. Oxford: Oxford University Press (259–300).

Gleditsch, Kristian S. & Michael D. Ward. ‘Visualization in International Relations’, in Alex Mintz & Bruce M. Russett, eds, New Directions in International Relations: Confronting the Method of Analysis Problem. Lexington, MA: Lexington (65–91).

Gleditsch, Nils Petter. ‘Armed Conflict and the Environment’, in Paul F. Diehl, ed., War, vol. 2. London: Sage (252–275). [Reprinted, with minor changes, from Journal of Peace Research 35(3): 381–400.]

Hegre, Håvard; Tanja Ellingsen, Scott Gates & Nils Petter Gleditsch. ‘Toward a Democratic Civil Peace?’, in Paul F. Diehl, ed., War, vol. 5. London: Sage (142–165). [Reprinted from American Political Science Review 95(1): 17–33.]

Holmes, Stephen. ‘Al Qaeda, September 11th, 2001’, in Diego Gambetta, ed., Making Sense of Suicide Missions. Oxford: Oxford University Press (131–172).

Kalyvas, Stathis. ‘Warfare in Civil Wars’, in Isabelle Duyvesteyn & Jan Angstrom, eds, Rethinking the Nature of War. Abingdon: Frank Cass (88–108).

Kalyvas, Stathis & �gnacio Sanchez Cuenca. ‘The Absence of Suicide Missions’, in Diego Gambetta, ed., Making Sense of Suicide Missions. Oxford: Oxford University Press (209–231).

Murshed, S. Mansoob & Tony Addison. ‘Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Africa: Some Analytical Issues’, in Paul Collier & Augustin Kwasi Fosu, eds, Post Conflict Reconstruction in Africa. London: Palgrave (3–17).

Murshed, S. Mansoob; Tony Addison & Abdur Rahman Chowdhury. ‘The Financial Sector – Financing Reconstruction’, in Gerd Junne & Willemijn Verkoren, eds, Post-Conflict Development: Meeting New Challenges. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner (211–223).

Petersen, Roger D. ‘Conclusion’, in Zoltan Barany & Robert Moser, eds, Ethnic Politics After Communism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press (218–234).

Ramet, Sabrina. ‘Under the Holy Lime Tree: The Inculcation of Neurotic and Psychotic Syndromes as a Serbian Wartime Strategy, 1986–95’, in Sabrina Ramet & Vjeran Pavlakovic, eds, Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society Under Milosevic and After. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press (125–142).

Ramet, Sabrina. ‘The Sirens and the Guslar : An Afterword’, in Sabrina Ramet & Vjeran Pavlakovic, eds, Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society Under Milosevic and After. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press (395–413).

Rasch, Bjørn Erik & Håvard Strand. ‘Terrorens demokratiparadoks’ [Terror’s Democracy Paradox], in Bjørn Erik Rasch, ed., Islamistisk Terrorisme. Oslo: Abstrakt (217–238).

Tønnesson, Stein. ‘Fred mot terror’ [Peace Against Terror], in Bjørn Erik Rasch, ed., Islamistisk Terrorisme. Oslo: Abstrakt (298–318).

Wood, Elisabeth. ‘Challenges to Political Democracy in El Salvador’, in Frances Hagopian & Scott Mainwaring, eds, The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (179–201).

Zahar, Marie-Joëlle. ‘Power Sharing in Lebanon: Foreign Protectors, Domestic Peace, and Democratic Failure’, in Donald Rothchild & Philip G. Roeder, eds, Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy After Civil Wars. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press (219–240).

In addition, over 50 papers – not included in the above list – were prepared by CSCW staff in 2005. See www.prio.no/cscw for a complete publication list.

www.prio.no/cscw

External grants supporting the CSCW from:

• EU’s 6th Framework Programme• National Science Foundation (NSF)• International Human Dimensions

Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP)

• Nordic Academy for Advanced Study (NorFA/NordForsk)

• Norwegian Ministry of Defence• Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs• Research Council of Norway• United Nations Environment

Programme (UNEP)• World Bank

Support for individual CSCW researchers from:

• Binghamton University• Norwegian University of Science and

Technology (NTNU)• University of California, San Diego• University of Oslo• Uppsala University• US–Norway Fulbright Foundation for

Educational Exchange

PR�OPRIO was founded in 1959. It was one of the first centres of peace research in the world, and it is Norway’s only peace research institute. PRIO is independent and international in staff and perspective. Research at PRIO concentrates on the driving forces behind violent conflict and on ways in which peace can be built, maintained and spread. In addition to theoretical and empirical research, PRIO also conducts policy-oriented activities and engages in the search for solutions in cases of actual or potential violent conflict.

Centre of ExcellenceCentre of Excellence (CoE) status is a distinction accorded the CSCW by the Research Council of Norway. The CoE scheme was introduced in Norway to support and reward the most outstanding researchers and research groups, and to raise their international profiles. In 2002, after an extensive and competitive selection process led by international experts, the Research Council awarded CoE status to 13 of 129 applicants. PRIO’s proposal was judged to be of ‘exceptionally high scientific quality’. The CSCW is to date the only designated Centre of Excellence within the social sciences.

Burned huts in southern SudanPhoto: Øystein H. Rolandsen, PRIO

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The PRIO LibraryHead Librarian: Odvar Leine Librarian: Olga Baeva

The PRIO library has three main functions: an internal function as the supporting library for all projects and researchers at PRIO; a public function as a permanent collection and documentation centre for peace research and conflict resolution (as such, it is open to outside visitors); and a network function as a library cooperating and sharing resources with other libraries in Norway and abroad.

In 2005, the number of inter-library loans into PRIO decreased by 38% from Norwegian libraries but increased by 7% from abroad, while inter-library loans out from PRIO saw an overall 12% decrease. In the same period, there was a 25% increase in the number of loans within PRIO and a 30% increase in the number of loans to external visitors to the library.

A major issue in 2005 was the relocation of the library to its new premises. Both planning and packing/unpacking involved considerable time and effort, but the project was completed successfully. The new library is equipped with new furniture and is bigger and much more inviting than the old one. The number of shelf metres has increased by 13%.

BooksA key priority for the library is the acquisition of books that are basic for work in peace and conflict research. A strong reference collection of the most relevant handbooks, encyclopaedias, dictionaries, yearbooks and statistical sources is essential. We have also accepted a special responsibility for the vast production of PRIO’s founding father, Johan Galtung. Many new acquisitions in the library are review copies sent by publishers hoping for a book note in one of PRIO’s journals. Prior to the move, more than 500 volumes of outdated documents were discarded. At the end of the year, the library held approximate-ly 21,500 titles (22,000 volumes), an increase of 2% over the previous year. The library’s database is searchable via PRIO’s Intranet.

PeriodicalsAlso of crucial importance is our stock of relevant periodicals. PRIO’s library holds approximately 290 periodicals. By the end of 2005, 197 of these could be accessed online from computers within PRIO’s local network – an increase of 14% from the previous year. Furthermore, at the end of the year, all of the

institute’s 39 exchange agreements were converted to regular subscriptions to the periodicals concerned.

In total, the library holds approximately 600 periodical titles – both current and discontin-ued. The library’s IT system for periodical holdings can send an automatic e-mail notification about the arrival of a new issue of a particular periodical to any individual institute member. These e-mail alerts include links to tables of contents.

PRIO is connected to JSTOR, the electronic archive of back issues of periodicals.

DatabasesThe library subscribes to the ISI Web of Science, ISI Journal Citation Reports, JSTOR, the Lancaster Index to Defence and International Security Literature, Transitions Online, Encyclopaedia Britannica and Keesing’s Online.

School children in Kailahun District, Sierra LeonePhoto: Kendra Dupuy, PRIO.

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For the last 30 years, PRIO has been responsible both for the academic syllabus and for teaching and other practical matters related to the Peace Research course of the University of Oslo’s International Summer School. The Peace Research course forms an integral part of the annual Summer School, providing a general introduction to the interdisciplinary field of peace studies, combined with more focused study of selected areas and themes.

The Peace Research course aims to increase understanding of conflict in order to help resolve it. By the end of the course, students should be aware of the major conceptual and methodological issues within the field of peace studies. Sessions include group work with presentations and discussions, lectures by practitioners and scholars conducting research on international issues, and a two-day workshop on conflict resolution and peacebuilding.

The specific content of the course varies from year to year. In 2005, the general theme was ‘Dynamics of Conflict’, which placed particular emphasis on the various stages of conflict development: from reasons for the eruption of conflict, through reasons for enduring conflicts, to efforts to resolve

conflicts. A recurring theme throughout the course was ethical aspects of conflict and conflict resolution. The various stages of conflict development were approached both qualitatively and quantitatively, and all lectures included empirical examples. The main empirical focus was the Middle East region in its widest definition.

In 2005, the course was attended by 25 students from 24 countries around the world. The students were selected through a highly competitive process, with all successful applicants showing a particular interest in peace and conflict issues. All participants held the minimum equivalent of a bachelor’s degree, and most were currently also working on master’s or doctoral degrees.

PRIO Education

In Autumn 2004, the Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra, Bjørknes College in Oslo and PRIO launched a new postgraduate degree programme in interna-tional relations, specializing in peace and conflict studies. This innovative programme brings together academics at the forefront of research on international relations, peace and conflict from two sides of the globe.

Students in the programme are enrolled in one of four degrees awarded by the ANU. Students spend one (autumn) semester in Oslo in courses specially developed and taught by PRIO staff. All other courses are taken at the ANU in Canberra and are principally taught by the academic staff of the Department of International Relations at the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies.

The three courses taught as part of the Oslo semester are ‘Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding’, ‘Gender and Conflict’ and ‘The Ethics of War and Peace’. The class – consisting of up to 25 students – has an inter-national profile, and the language of instruction is English. ‘The Ethics of War and

Peace’ is taught by PRIO Senior Researchers Henrik Syse and Greg Reichberg. The two other courses are coordinated by PRIO Senior Researcher Sven Gunnar Simonsen and taught by PRIO specialists and a selection of visiting speakers, including prominent politicians, diplomats and scholars.

This joint postgraduate degree programme has been named a ‘Prestige Programme’ by the Australian National University. PRIO’s Australian partner is ranked as one of the world’s top universities, and as number one in the southern hemisphere.

International Summer School

Peace and Conflict Studies

2005 class with PRIO coordinator Sven Gunnar Simonsen.

Some of the students from 2005 relaxing after the exams together with PRIO organizers Naima Mouhleb and Hanne Eggen Røislien

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PRIO Events 2005

Seminars3 March: The Peace Process in MaliSeminar with Ibrahim Ag Youssouf, one of the main architects behind the successful peace in Mali.

5 April: The Promise of Security and the Fantasy of RepresentationSeminar with Maria Stern of Gothenburg University.

12 May: World Risk SocietySeminar with Ulrich Beck of the University of Munich and London School of Economics. The seminar was a collaboration between PRIO and the Goethe Institute, Oslo, attracting an audience of 230 people.

Independence of the MindIn 2005, PRIO organized a seminar series entitled Independence of the Mind in collaboration with the French Cultural Centre and the French embassy. J. Peter Burgess has responsibility for the project within PRIO. The seminars are held in French, with simultaneous translation into Norwegian. The seminars have enjoyed unusually high attendances of between 200 and 450 people.

• 27 January: Alain Finkielkraut on ‘European Identity’

• 7 March: Gilles Kepel on ‘Europe and Islam’

• 28 April: André Glucksmann on ‘West Versus West’

• 24 May: Pascal Bruckner on ‘European Masochism’

• 14 June: Simone Veil on ‘Europe and Peace’

1 June: Philippine Realities and the Need for Peace NegotiationsSeminar with José Sison, leader of the National Democratic Front of the Philippines.

1 September: Politics on the LineSeminar with Rob B. J. Walker, Professor of Political Science at the Universities of Victoria,

Keele and Tromsø.

29 September: The Moral Significance of Military ProfessionalizationENI Workshop with Roger Wertheimer, followed by open seminar.

Seminars with Avi Shlaim of the University of Oxford

25 October: The Strategy of the Iron Wall: From Ze’ev Jabotinsky to Ariel Sharon

26 October: The Oslo Peace Process: Anatomy of Failure

These seminars, which attracted audiences of 150–200 people, were organized in collaboration with the University of Oslo and chaired by Hilde Henriksen Waage.

20 October: Sudan Peace Agreement: Achievements and ChallengesCSCW seminar with a panel consisting of Hilde Frafjord Johnson (former Norwegian minister of development), Robert O. Collins (University of California, Santa Barbara), Leif Manger (University of Bergen) and Endre Stiansen (PRIO).

21 October: Gun Control and Public HealthSeminar with Professor Michael Boylan of Marymount University.

10 November: The Civil Wars of Northeast IndiaCSCW seminar with Sanjib Baruah of the Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi.

24 November: What Kind of Peace Is Possible?Seminar at NORAD, co-organized by NORAD, PRIO and the CMI.

Films from the South Festival 2005

23 September: La primera nocheCSCW film seminar on civil war and screening of the Colombian film La primera noche [The First Night], as part of the Researchers’ Night during National Science Week (Forskningsdagene)

9 October: FootprintsFilm seminar on cluster bombs and screening of the documentary film Footprints.

10 October: Darwin’s NightmareFilm seminar on illegal arms trading and screening of the film Darwin’s Nightmare.

12 October: Abuse of ‘The War on Terror’Film seminar and screening of the film State of Fear.

Conferences and Workshops

29 April: Religiously Motivated TerrorismWorkshop with Aarish Ullah Khan, SIPRI.

11–13 May: Transitional GovernanceCSCW workshop; for further details, see page Xl in inserted CSCW report.

25–26 May: Mine Action: Time to Move On?Joint workshop by PRIO and the Post-War Reconstruction and Development Unit at the University of York, UK.

Inter-Religious Dialogue

7–9 February: Mapping the Terrain: Religion in Diplomacy and PeacemakingThis conference was organized by PRIO on behalf of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The conference attracted scholars, religious activists, diplomats and politicians from different religions and regions around the world. The conference was followed up by a workshop in August:

9–11 August: Concepts of Peace and War in the Abrahamic Religions

22–23 June: Human Security and Climate ChangeCSCW workshop; for further details, see page ll in inserted CSCW report.

9 September: Preemptive War: Normative Dimensions Workshop introductions by Greg Reichberg (PRIO), Anthony Perez (Catholic University of America) and Nobuo Hayashi (International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia).

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Photo: Are Hovdenak

PRIO InformationInformation Director: Agnete SchjønsbyWebmaster & Information Assistant: Knut Sindre ÅbjørsbråtenLanguage Editor: John Carville

Information is regarded as part of the basic research activities at PRIO. We aim to disseminate expertise and findings from our research to a variety of different audiences. The Information Department assists in the dissemination of the work carried out at the institute. Through our website, seminar activities and visibility in various other public arenas, PRIO endeavours to function as a central meeting point and resource centre for peace research, both internationally and nationally.

PublicationsThe main channel for dissemination of PRIO research is publications. PRIO researchers aim to publish their findings in peer-reviewed and edited publications. Most often, this will mean articles in international scholarly journals, including PRIO’s own Journal of Peace Research and Security Dialogue (see the presentation of the PRIO journals on pp. 12–14). PRIO researchers also publish monographs with recognized academic publishers. Furthermore, we maintain the PRIO Report series, which reflects the outcome of major projects, especially when research results are of particular interest beyond academic circles. Most PRIO reports are published online on our website, and some are also made available as printed documents. In 2005, five reports were published as part of the PRIO Report series.

PRIO has introduced incentive systems both for popular articles and for academic publishing. In addition, in 2005 the Information Department continued its publication training for junior researchers through a second ‘Academic Writers Workshop’. Our in-house language editor ensures the quality of writing within PRIO publications.

Seminars and ConferencesSeminars organized or co-organized by PRIO are important meeting places for Oslo-based scholars, students, diplomats, journalists, civil servants, NGO staff and other interested people. In 2005, 21 public seminars were organized by PRIO, most of these held at the

institute’s offices in Oslo. In addition, PRIO organized or co-organized 7 international conferences and workshops. Internal seminars are organized bi-weekly by the individual research programmes. The Information Department also organizes irregular lunch seminars for all staff. (For full details, see the PRIO Events list on p. 20.)

Film SeminarsBuilding on the successes of the four previous years, in 2005 PRIO was again involved in organizing film seminars as part of the annual Films from the South Festival in Oslo, as well as a civil war film seminar focusing on the subject of suicide bombers during National Science Week. (For full details, see the PRIO Events list on p. 20.)

Media and DebatePRIO researchers are encouraged to take part in public debate and to make their expertise available to the general public. In 2005, PRIO staff published a number of op-eds and commentaries in the national and international media. (For details, see the list of popular articles on p. 24-25.)

PRIO staff members are very much in demand with the media. In 2005, the level of visibility of PRIO researchers within the Norwegian media was both steady and high.

PRIO WebsiteAlongside traditional academic publishing, the transmission of information via the Internet has become a major channel for the dissemination of knowledge and research. Traditional academic publishing is adapting to this electronic reality not only through online access to texts but also through the online provision of supplementary and related material. At PRIO, for example, Journal of Peace Research offers replication datasets for its articles via the PRIO website.

The PRIO website is updated daily and covers all PRIO activities. In addition, we seek to provide information and useful links on topics of relevance both to researchers and to the general public. In 2005, the number of visitors to the PRIO website continued to increase.

Carling, Jørgen. Migrant Remittances and Development Cooperation, PRIO Report 1/2005. Oslo: PRIO.

Frydenlund, Iselin.The Sangha and Its Relation to the Peace Process in Sri Lanka, PRIO Report 2/2005. Oslo: PRIO.

Hovdenak, Are; Øystein Noreng, Stein Tønnesson & Hilde Henriksen Waage. Regime Stability in the Middle East, PRIO Report 3/2005. Oslo: PRIO & BI.

Hatay, Mete. Beyond Numbers: An Inquiry into the Political Integration of the Turkish ‘Settlers’ in Northern Cyprus, PRIO Report 4/2005. Oslo: PRIO.

Roberts, Rebecca & Gary Littlejohn. Maximizing the Impact: Tailoring Mine Action to Development Needs, PRIO Report 5/2005. Oslo: PRIO.

PRIO Reports in 2005

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Doctoral DissertationsBuhaug, Halvard, 2005. ‘The Geography of Armed Civil Conflict’, Department of Sociology & Political Science, NTNU, Trondheim. Supervisor : Nils Petter Gleditsch, NTNU/PRIO/CSCW.

Harpviken, Kristian Berg, 2005. ‘Social Capital in Flight: The Dynamics of Forced Migration in Afghanistan and Beyond’, Department of Sociology & Human Geography, University of Oslo. Supervisors: Tormod Lunde, Norwegian School of Management, University of Oslo; Scott Gates & Stein Tønnesson, PRIO (completed December 2005).

Master’s Degree ThesesAustvoll, Martin, 2005. ‘Transnational Ethnic Dimensions of Third-Party Interventions in Civil Conflicts’, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo. Supervisor : Håvard Hegre, PRIO/University of Oslo.

Beitland, Turid, 2005. ‘Lethal Religions: Communal Violence in India – The Case of Gujarat’, Department of Sociology & Political Science, NTNU, Trondheim. Supervisor : Ola Listhaug, NTNU/CSCW.

Birkelund, Ingrid R., 2005. ‘Institutionalizing Opposition in Africa: The Case of Renamo’, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen. Supervisor : Wenche Hauge, PRIO.

Brochmann, Marit, 2005. ‘Conflict and Cooperation in International River Basins: An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Sharing a River Basin on Conflict and Cooperation’, Department of Sociology & Political Science, NTNU, Trondheim. Supervisors: Halvard Buhaug, NTNU/CSCW; Nils Petter Gleditsch, NTNU/PRIO/CSCW.

Hagen, Erik Christian, 2005. ‘Risk Management and Repatriation Strategies Among Mauritanian Refugees in Senegal’, Department of Sociology & Human Geography, University of Oslo. Supervisors: Jan Hesselberg, University of Oslo; Jørgen Carling, PRIO.

Hovdenak, Are, 2005. ‘Negotiating Palestine Refugees: A Question of Legitimacy’, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo. Supervisors: Nils Butenschøn, University of Oslo; Hilde Henriksen Waage, PRIO.

Johannesen, Christine Fjeldstad, 2005. ‘Values and Violence in Northern Ireland’, Department of Sociology & Political Science, NTNU, Trondheim. Supervisor : Ola Listhaug, NTNU/CSCW.

Lidén, Kristoffer, 2005. ‘Whose Peace? What Peace? On the Political Architecture of

Liberal Peacebuilding’, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo. Supervisors: Anne Julie Semb, University of Oslo; J. Peter Burgess, PRIO.

Lorentzen, Anna Vibeke, 2005. ‘Constructed Identities and Violence in the Basque Conflict’, Department of Sociology & Political Science, NTNU, Trondheim. Supervisor : Ola Listhaug, NTNU/CSCW.

Mouhleb, Naima, 2005. ‘Language and Conflict: Kabylia and the Algerian State’, Institute for Culture Studies & Oriental Languages, University of Oslo. Supervisors: Gunvor Mejdell, University of Oslo; Åshild Kolås, PRIO/CSCW.

Rustad, Siri Camilla Aas, 2005. ‘Forest Resources and Conflict: How Forest Resources Influence Internal Armed Conflicts’, Department of Sociology & Political Science, NTNU, Trondheim. Supervisor : Nils Petter Gleditsch, NTNU/PRIO/CSCW.

Stensrud, Ellen, 2005. ‘Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law in Cambodia’, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo. Supervisors: Bernt Hagtvet, University of Oslo; Stein Tønnesson, PRIO.

Monographs and Edited VolumesAnderson, Christopher J.; André Blais, Shaun Bowler, Todd Donovan & Ola Listhaug, 2005. Losers’ Consent: Elections and Democratic Legitimacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gambetta, Diego, ed., 2005. Making Sense of Suicide Missions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Kolås, Åshild & Monika Thowsen, 2005. On the Margins of Tibet: Cultural Survival on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.

Nome, Frida, 2005. Langs smuglerruta [The Smugglers’ Trail]. Oslo: Cappelen.

Rolandsen, Øystein H., 2005. Guerrilla Government: Political Changes in the Southern Sudan During the 1990s. Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.

Peer-Reviewed ArticlesFredriksson, Per G.; Eric Neumayer, Richard Damania & Scott Gates, 2005. ‘Environmentalism, Democracy, and Pollution Control’, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 49(2): 343–365.

Gilmore, Elisabeth; Päivi Lujala, Nils Petter Gleditsch & Jan K. Rød, 2005. ‘Conflict Diamonds: A New Dataset’, Conflict Management and Peace Science 22(3): 257–292.

Haugen, Heidi Østbø & Jørgen Carling, 2005. ‘On the Edge of the Chinese Diaspora:

The Surge of Baihuo Business in an African City’, Ethnic & Racial Studies 28(4): 639–662.

Hegre, Håvard, 2005. ‘Identifying How Trade Matters in Empirical Studies of Interstate Conflict’, Conflict Management and Peace Science 22(3): 217–224.

Ingierd, Helene Christiansen & Henrik Syse, 2005. ‘Responsibility and Culpability in War’, Journal of Military Ethics 4(2): 85–99.

Lacina, Bethany & Nils Petter Gleditsch, 2005. ‘Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths’, European Journal of Population 21(2): 145–166.

Listhaug, Ola, 2005. ‘Oil-Wealth Dissatisfaction and Political Trust in Norway: A Resource Curse?’, West European Politics 28(4): 834–851.

Lujala, Päivi; Nils Petter Gleditsch & Elisabeth Gilmore, 2005. ‘A Diamond Curse? Civil War and a Lootable Resource’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 49(4): 538–562.

Murshed, S. Mansoob & Scott Gates, 2005. ‘Spatial-Horizontal Inequality and the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal’, Review of Development Economics 9(1): 121–134.

Regan, Patrick M., 2005. ‘Greed, Grievance, and Mobilization in Civil Wars’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 49(3): 319–336.

Reichberg, Greg, 2005. ‘Aquinas on Defensive Killing: A Case of Double-Effect?’, The Thomist 67(3): 341–370.

Røislien, Hanne Eggen, 2005. ‘For Gud, stat og fedreland. Bosetterne på Vestbredden og i Øst-Jerusalem’ [For God, State and Homeland: The Settlers on the West Bank and in East Jerusalem], Internasjonal Politikk 5: 517–535.

Simonsen, Sven Gunnar, 2005. ‘Between Minority Rights and Civil Liberties: Russia’s Discourse Over “Nationality” Registration and the Internal Passport’, Nationalities Papers 33(2): 211–229.

Simonsen, Sven Gunnar, 2005. ‘Addressing Ethnic Divisions in Post-Conflict Institution-Building: Lessons from Recent Cases’, Security Dialogue 36(3): 297–318.

Sørli, Mirjam E.; Nils Petter Gleditsch & Håvard Strand, 2005. ‘Why Is There So Much Conflict in the Middle East?’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 49(1): 1–25.

Tank, Pinar, 2005. ‘Political Islam in Turkey: A State of Controlled Secularity’, Turkish Studies 6(1): 3–19.

Tank, Pinar, 2005. ‘The Effects of the Iraq War on the Kurdish Issue in Turkey’, Journal of Conflict, Security and Development 5(1): 69–86.

Selected Publications in 2005

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Tunander, Ola, 2005. ‘Swedish Geopolitics: From Rudolf Kjellén to a Swedish “Dual State”’, Geopolitics 10(3): 546–566.

Urdal, Henrik, 2005. ‘People vs. Malthus: Population Pressure, Environmental Degradation, and Armed Conflict Revisited’, Journal of Peace Research 42(4): 417–434.

Waage, Hilde Henriksen, 2005. ‘Norway’s Role in the Middle East Peace Talks: Between a Small State and a Weak Belligerent’, Journal of Palestine Studies 34(4): 6–24.

Book ChaptersBaev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Chechnya and the Russian Military: A War Too Far?’, in Richard Sakwa, ed., Chechnya: From Past to Future. London: Anthem (117–130).

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Counter-Terrorism as a Building Block for Putin’s Regime’, in Jakob Hedenskog, Vilhelm Konnander, Bertil Nygren, Ingmar Oldberg & Christer Pursiainen, eds, Russia as a Great Power: Dimensions of Security Under Putin. Abingdon: Routledge (323–344).

Baev, Pavel K.; Christoph Zürcher & Jan Koehler, 2005. ‘Civil Wars in the Caucasus’, in Paul Collier & Nicholas Sambanis, eds, Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis. Washington, DC: World Bank (259–298).

Buhaug, Halvard & Scott Gates, 2005. ‘The Geography of Civil War’, in Paul F. Diehl, ed., War, Vol. 3. London: Sage (209–229). [Reprinted from Journal of Peace Research 39(4): 417–433.]

Burgess, J. Peter, 2005. ‘Simmel and the Federalist Vision: Between Cultural and Economic Value’, in Jean-Christophe Merle, ed., Globale Gerechtigkeit–Global Justice. Stuttgart/Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog (619–629).

Burgess, J. Peter, 2005. ‘The Legitimacy of War in the Age of Globalisation: EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy’, in Jean-Christophe Merle, ed., Globale Gerechtigkeit—Global Justice. Stuttgart/Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog (104–118).

Carling, Jørgen, 2005. ‘Incorporating Insight from Migration Research into Policy on Remittances’, in OECD, ed., Migration, Remittances and Development. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (289–296).

Carling, Jørgen, 2005. ‘Incorporer certains enseignements des recherches sur la migration dans les politiques des transferts de fonds’ [Incorporating Insights from Migration Research into Policy on Remittances], in OCDE, ed., Migrations, transferts de fonds et développement [Migration, Remittances and Development]. Paris: Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques (309–316).

Elster, Jon, 2005. ‘Selvmordsaksjoner’ [Suicide Missions], in Bjørn Erik Rasch, ed.,

Islamistisk Terrorisme [Islamist Terrorism]. Oslo: Abstrakt (145–196).

Elster, Jon, 2005. ‘Suicide Missions: Motivations and Beliefs’, in Diego Gambetta, ed., Making Sense of Suicide Missions. Oxford: Oxford University Press (233–258).

Gambetta, Diego, 2005. ‘Can We Make Sense of Suicide Missions?’, in Diego Gambetta, ed., Making Sense of Suicide Missions. Oxford: Oxford University Press (259–300).

Gleditsch, Nils Petter, 2005. ‘Armed Conflict and the Environment’, in Paul F. Diehl, ed., War, Vol. 3. London: Sage (252–274). [Reprinted from Journal of Peace Research 35(3): 381–400.]

Hegre, Håvard; Tanja Ellingsen, Scott Gates & Nils Petter Gleditsch, 2005. ‘Toward a Democratic Civil Peace?’, in Paul F. Diehl, ed., War, Vol. 5. London: Sage (165–193). [Reprinted from American Political Science Review 95(1): 17–33.]

Rasch, Bjørn Erik & Håvard Strand, 2005. ‘Terrorens demokratiparadoks’ [Terror’s Democracy Paradox], in Bjørn Erik Rasch, ed., Islamistisk Terrorisme [Islamist Terrorism]. Oslo: Abstrakt (217–238).

Reichberg, Gregory, 2005. ‘“Unterzeichnen Sie oder wir werden Sie bombardieren!” Zur Ethik der Zwangsdiplomatie’ [‘Sign or We’ll Bomb!’ Ethics and Coercive Diplomacy], in Jean-Christophe Merle, ed., Globale Gerechtigkeit–Global Justice. Stuttgart/Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog (129–149).

Reichberg, Gregory, 2005. ‘Authority, Just Cause, and the Decision To Invade Iraq’, in Jennifer Gunning & Søren Holm, eds, Ethics, Law and Society, Vol. I. Aldershot: Ashgate (243–247).

Syse, Henrik, 2005. ‘From Natural Law to Human Rights: Some Reflections on Thomas Pogge and Global Justice’, in Andreas Føllesdal & Thomas Pogge, eds, Real World Justice. London: Springer (229–237).

Tønnesson, Stein, 2005. ‘Locating the South China Sea’, in Paul H. Kratoska, Remco Raben & Henk Schulte Nordholt, eds, Locating Southeast Asia: Geographies of Knowledge & Politics of Space. Singapore: Singapore University Press (203–233).

Tønnesson, Stein, 2005. ‘Fred mot terror’ [Peace Against Terror], in Bjørn Erik Rasch, ed., Islamistisk Terrorisme [Islamist Terrorism]. Oslo: Abstrakt (298–318).

Tønnesson, Stein, 2005. ‘Forord’ [Foreword], in Ole Berthelsen, ed., En frelser, en prest og en satan [A Saviour, a Priest and a Devil]. Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk (9–15).

Non-Refereed Journal ArticlesBaev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Vladimir Putin’s Naval Rehabilitation Challenge’, Jane’s Intelligence Review 17(1): 46–47.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Russia Punishes OSCE – and Puts Pressure on Georgia’, CACI Analyst 5(3).

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘As Chechnya Braces for New Violence, Putin Retreats into Denial’, Chechnya Weekly 6(14).

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Moscow Awaits a Turn of the Revolutionary Tide’, CACI Analyst, 1 June.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Russia Evolves Its Commonwealth Policy’, Jane’s Intelligence Review 17(11): 44–45.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Putin’s War on Terrorism: A Strategic Dead-End’, Global Dialogue 7(3–4): 81–92.

Brunborg, Helge & Henrik Urdal, 2005. ‘The Demography of Conflict and Violence: An Introduction’, Journal of Peace Research 42(4): 371–374.

Burgess, J. Peter, 2005. Editor’s introduc-tion to special section on the report of the UN High-Level Panel, Security Dialogue 36(3): 361–363.

Carling, Jørgen, 2005. ‘Trafficking in Women from Nigeria to Europe’, Migration Information Source, 1 July.

Gleditsch, Nils Petter, 2005. ‘Enda høyere?’ [Even Higher?], Forsknings politikk 28(2): 21.

Hauge, Wenche, 2005. ‘Madagaskar’s evne til fredeleg konflikthandtering’ [Madagascar’s Capacity for Peaceful Conflict Management], Madagaskar Forum 3(2): 3–4.

Haugen, Heidi Østbø & Jørgen Carling, 2005. ‘Sie wagen und gewinnen. Chinesische Händler in Afrika’ [They Dare and Win: Chinese Traders in Africa], Der Überblick: Zeitschrift für ökumenische Begegnung und internationale Zusammenarbeit 41(4): 19–23.

Hegre, Håvard, 2005. ‘Identifying How Trade Matters: A Rejoinder’, Conflict Management and Peace Science 22(3): 235–237.

Kolås, Åshild, 2005. ‘Militant islamisme og “legitim” vold’ [Militant Islamism and ‘Legitimate’ Violence], Babylon 3(2): 24–31.

Mouhleb, Naima, 2005. ‘Review of Bjørn Erik Rasch, ed., Islamistisk terrorisme’, Babylon 3(2): 168–170.

Simonsen, Sven Gunnar, 2005. ‘Reconstruyendo tradiciones. Una política lingüística divisoria en Timor Oriental’ [Reconstructing Traditions: East Timor’s Divisive Language Politics], El Fingidor – revista de cultura 6(25): 50–51.

Simonsen, Sven Gunnar, 2005. ‘Språket splittrar östtimor’ [Language Divides East Timor], Internationella Studier 3: 16–19.

Strand, Håvard; Mirjam E. Sørli & Nils Petter Gleditsch, 2005. ‘Hva er det med Midtøsten?’ [What Is It With the Middle East?], Babylon 3(2): 10–15.

Tank, Pinar, 2005. ‘Er Tyrkia USAs nye modell i Midtøsten?’ [Is Turkey the USA’s New Model in the Middle East?], Babylon 3(1): 50–55.

Tank, Pinar, 2005. ‘Cyprus: A Note on Security Guarantees and Threat Perceptions’, in Ilhan Uzgel, ed., The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations 2004. Ankara: Ankara University (169–176).

Tønnesson, Stein, 2005. ‘Idealister og realister i USAs Midtøsten-politikk’ [Idealists and Realists in the USA’s Middle East Politics], Babylon 3(1): 42–49.

Tunander, Ola, 2005. ‘Comment: The “Suspect” Who Investigated Himself ’, Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact, 17 May.

Tunander, Ola, 2005. ‘Sanningen finns i detaljerna’ [The Truth Is in the Details], Norsk Tidskrift for Sjøvesen 1(120): 16–21.

Urdal, Henrik, 2005. ‘Defusing the Population Bomb: Is Security a Rationale for Reducing Global Population Growth?’, Environmental Change and Security Project Report 11: 5–11.

ReportsBaev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Putin’s European Project: Derailed or Set Back in Reformatting?’, PONARS Policy Memo 331. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Putin’s War in Chechnya: Who Steers the Course?’, PONARS Policy Memo 345. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Chairing the G8: Russian Energy and Great Power Aspirations’, PONARS Policy Memo 382. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Russia’s Counter-Revolutionary Offensive in Central Asia’, PONARS Policy Memo 399. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.

Burgess, J. Peter, 2005. ‘After the Monopoly of Violence: The Legitimacy of Post-National Military Intervention’. Rome: Centro Militare di Studi Strategici.

Burgess, J. Peter, 2005. ‘Spenningsfeltet mellom kulturell og økonomisk verdi i forvaltning av kulturarv i EU [The Tension Between Cultural and Economic Value in the Management of Cultural Heritage in the EU]’, contribution to the government white paper on Kultur og næring [Culture and Business], Norwegian Ministry of Culture and Church Affairs.

Carling, Jørgen, 2005. Migrant Remittances and Development Cooperation, PRIO Report 1/2005. Oslo: PRIO.

Carling, Jørgen, 2005. Fra Nigeria til Europa: Innvandring, menneskesmugling og menneske-

handel [From Nigeria to Europe: Immigration, Human Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons], report for the Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police.

Carling, Jørgen, 2005. ‘Gender Dimensions of International Migration’, Global Migration Perspectives 35. Geneva: Global Commission on International Migration.

Frydenlund, Iselin, 2005. The Sangha and Its Relation to the Peace Process in Sri Lanka, PRIO Report 2/2005. Oslo: PRIO.

Harpviken, Kristian Berg & Hanne Eggen Røislien, 2005. ‘Mapping the Terrain: The Role of Religion in Peacemaking’, state of the art paper for the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Hatay, Mete, 2005. Beyond Numbers: An Inquiry into the Political Integration of the Turkish ‘Settlers’ in Northern Cyprus, PRIO Report 4/2005. Oslo: PRIO.

Hauge, Wenche, 2005. ‘Madagascar – Past and Present Political Crises: Resilience of Pro-Peace Structures and Cultural Characteristics’, report for the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad).

Hovdenak, Are; Øystein Noreng, Stein Tønnesson & Hilde Henriksen Waage, 2005. Regime Stability in the Middle East, PRIO Report 3/2005. Oslo: PRIO & BI.

Jackson, Thomas; Nicholas Marsh, Taylor Owen & Anne Thurin, 2005. Who Takes the Bullet? The Impact of Small Arms Violence, Understanding the Issues 3. Oslo: Norwegian Church Aid.

Jackson, Thomas; Nicholas Marsh & Anne Thurin, 2005. ‘The Efficacy of EU Export Control Measures Concerning Small Arms and Light Weapons’, in UNIDIR, ed., Small Arms and Light Weapons Transfers. Oslo: PRIO (53–78). [Thematic brochure as part of the EU Project on Small Arms and Light Weapons and Explosive Remnants of War.]

Marsh, Nicholas, 2005. ‘The Methodology Used in Creating a Comtrade-Based Dataset of Small Arms Transfers’, report commis-sioned by the EU Commission’s Joint Research Centre.

Marsh, Nicholas, 2005. ‘Accounting Guns: The Methodology Used in Developing Data Tables for the Small Arms Survey’, memoran-dum, 14 November.

Marsh, Nicholas, 2005. ‘Options for States Interested in Further Extending Regulatory Controls Over Brokering Small Arms and Light Weapons’, memorandum for the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 17 November.

Nome, Frida, 2005. ‘Studying the Other: An Evaluation of the Palestinian Forum for Israeli Studies, MADAR’, evaluation report for the

Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad).

Roberts, Rebecca & Gary Littlejohn, 2005. Maximizing the Impact: Tailoring Mine Action to Development Needs, PRIO Report 5/2005. Oslo: PRIO.

Stensrud, Ellen & Gørill Husby, 2005. Resolution 1325: From Rhetoric to Practice – A Report on Women’s Role in Reconciliation Processes in the Great Lakes in Africa. Oslo: CARE Norway in collaboration with PRIO.

Tønnesson, Stein, 2005. ‘Regionale stormakters globale rolle: Kina, India, Brasil og Sør-Afrika’ [Regional Superpowers’ Global Role: China, India, Brazil and South Africa], report for the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Popular ArticlesBaev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘What Is Wrong with Andrei Illarionov?’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 7 January; available at http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2369060.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Missiles For Sale: Moscow Finds No Problem with Syria’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 17 January; available at http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2369100.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Putin’s Eroding Support Base’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 21 January; available at http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2369135.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘GAZPROM’s Crisis of Overgrowth’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 31 January; available at http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2369173.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Can Russia Take Its Place in the G8 for Granted?’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 17 February; available at http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2369278.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Is Europe Too Small for Both Bush and Putin?’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 28 February; available at http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2369326.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Moscow Insists on Seeing No Evil in Iran’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 3 March; available at http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2369360.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Will Putin Pull the Plug on the CIS?’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 14 March; available at http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2369408.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Putin’s Team in Disarray over Oil Money’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 21 March; available at http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2369450.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Putin’s Residual Europeanism and Creeping Self-Isolation’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 22 March; available at

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Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘The North Caucasus Slips Out of Control’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 4 April; available at http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2369543.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Was the Rice–Lavrov Quarrel Really About Belarus?’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 2 May; available at http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2369686.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Idle Petro-Rubles are a Recipe for Stagflation’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 9 May; available at http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2369723.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Moscow Is Unimpressed by Putin’s Celebrations’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 16 May; available at http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2369752.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Public Sentiment Turns Toward Khodorkovsky’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 27 May; available at http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2369808.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Russia’s Shrinking Horizon of Economic Planning and Political Plotting’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 6 June; available at http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2369839.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Chubais Survives Again but the Prospect for His Reform Is Not Great’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 20 June; available at http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2369908.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Disentangling the Moscow–Berlin Axis: Follow the Money’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 1 August; available at http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2370085.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Putin’s Sinking Presidency: What Efficiency?’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 8 August; available at http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2370120.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Moscow Dodges Iran’s Nuclear Offensive’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 15 August; available at http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2370149.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Russian Regions: Never-Ending Reshuffling with Diminishing Return’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 18 August; available at http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2370165.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Pouring Oil Money Over Stagnation and Discontent’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 6 September; available at http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2370179.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘GAZPROM’s New European Route: Cry Ukraine?’, Eurasia Daily

Monitor, 12 September; available at http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2370200.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Lacking Substance, Moscow Prefers To Talk Terrorism’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 19 September; available at http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2370234.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘In Great Haste, Khodorkovsky Found Guilty’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 26 September; available at http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2370264.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Putin’s Russia as an Uncertain Proposition’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 14 November; available at http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2370464.

Baev, Pavel K., 2005. ‘Russia Evolves Its Commonwealth Policy’, Jane’s Intelligence Review, November.

Carling, Jørgen & Frida Nome, 2005. ‘Hvem er menneskesmuglerne?’ [Who Are the Human Smugglers?], Dagbladet, 1 February; available at http://www.dagbladet.no/kultur/2005/02/01/422032.html.

Hauge, Wenche, 2005. ‘Madagaskar : ein fredsnasjon’ [Madagascar : A Nation of Peace], Vårt Land, 15 August.

Ingierd, Helene Christiansen & Henrik Syse, 2005. ‘Hvem er ansvarlige for Abu Ghraib?’ [Who Is Responsible for Abu Ghraib?], Morgenbladet, 29 April–5 May; available at http://www.morgenbladet.no/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050429/ODEBATT/104290035/-1/DEBATT.

Jackson, Thomas & Matilde Pérez Herranz, 2005. ‘Terror og følelser’ [Terror and Emotion], Aftenposten, 1 August; available at http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/debatt/article1089171.ece.

Lende, Gina & Pinar Tank, 2005. ‘Ny giv i Kypros-konflikten?’ [New Initiatives in Cyprus?], Morgenbladet, 14 January; available at http://www.morgenbladet.no/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050114/DEBATT/101140007.

Nome, Frida, 2005. ‘Islam er selvmords-bombernes språk’ [Islam Is the Language of Suicide Bombers ], Dagbladet, 3 August; available at http://www.dagbladet.no/kultur/2005/08/03/439100.html.

Røislien, Hanne Eggen, 2005. ‘Med Gud i Gaza’ [With God in Gaza], Dagbladet, 12 August; available at http://www.dagbladet.no/kultur/2005/08/12/439953.html.

Røislien, Hanne Eggen, 2005. ‘Da Gud ikke kom’ [When God Didn’t Arrive], Morgenbladet, 16–22 September; available at http://www.morgenbladet.no/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050916/ODEBATT/109160047&SearchID=73235734266589.

Skjelsbæk, Inger & Torunn L. Tryggestad, 2005. ‘Det kvinnelige sikkerhet-sbegrep’ [The Female Concept of Security], Morgenbladet, 2 December; available at http://www.morgenbladet.no/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20051202/ODEBATT/112020019&SearchID=73235734384300.

Strand, Trude, 2005. ‘Ny kurs for palestin-erne i Gaza?’ [New Course for the Palestinians in Gaza?], VG, 22 August; available at http://www.prio.no/files/file46877_8bc9858e.pdf.

Tønnesson, Stein, 2005. ‘Statens globaliser-ing’ [The State’s Globalization], Dagbladet, 14 March; available at http://www.prio.no/files/internal-archive/2005/st002.tif.

Tønnesson, Stein, 2005. ‘Kampen om doktorene’ [The Battle for the Doctors], Dagbladet, 3 April; available at http://www.dagbladet.no/kultur/2005/04/03/427782.html.

Tønnesson, Stein, 2005. ‘Med Gud til hjelp’ [With Help from God], Dagbladet, 18 May; available at http://www.dagbladet.no/kultur/2005/05/18/431968.html.

Tønnesson, Stein, 2005. ‘En norsk tenker med verdensry’ [A Norwegian Thinker of World Renown], Aftenposten, 25 June; available at http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kronikker/article1067981.ece.

Tønnesson, Stein, 2005. ‘Fred og olje’ [Peace and Oil], Morgenbladet, 28 October; available at http://www.morgenbladet.no/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20051028/OAKTUELT002/110280020&SearchID=73227942735605.

Tønnesson, Stein, 2005. ‘Splittede samfunn’ [Divided Societies], Morgenbladet, 2 December; available at http://www.morgenbladet.no/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20051202/AKTUELT002/112020029&SearchID=73235734835937.

Tunander, Ola, 2005. ‘Sverige som Tysklands gode nabo i krig’ [Sweden as Germany’s Wartime Good Neighbour], Aftenposten, 29 March; available at http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kronikker/article999172.ece.

Tunander, Ola, 2005. ‘Vestlige ubåde opererede i Sverige’ [Western Submarines Were Operating in Sweden], Berlingske Tidende, 25 August; available at http://www.berlingske.dk/grid/kultur/artikel:aid=626786:fid=100100720.

Tunander, Ola, 2005. ‘Clemmesens blindhet’ [Clemmesen’s Blindness], Weekendavisen, 9–15 October.

In addition, over 50 conference papers were prepared. See www.prio.no for a complete publication list.

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Prio Administration

Director’s Office

Kristian Berg Harpviken, Stein Tønnesson, Eystein Emberland, Damian Laws, Ingeborg K. Haavardsson

Kai R. Braaten, Lorna Q. Sandberg, Lene K. Borg, Svein Normann

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PRIO Board

Olav F. Knudsen (dep.), Jørgen Carling (dep.), Øyvind Østerud (chair), Mette Halskov Hansen, Martha Snodgrass, Grete Brochmann

PRIO BoardAs indicated by PRIO’s Statutes, the PRIO Board consists of five external members nominated by other institutions and two staff members nominated by the staff. In addition, the Institute Director, Deputy Director and Administrative Director participate in its meetings without voting rights. The external nominating bodies are the Institute for Social Research, the Research Council of Norway (which nominates two members), the University of Oslo and the Nordic International Studies Association (whose nominee must be from another Nordic coun-try). At 1 January 2006, the members and their deputies were as follows:

Board MembersØyvind Østerud (Chair) University of Oslo

Grethe Brochmann Institute for Social Research, Oslo

Mette Halskov Hansen University of Oslo

Cathrine Løchstøer Norwegian Broadcasting Cooperation

Raimo Värynen Academy of Finland

J. Peter Burgess PRIO

Martha Snodgrass PRIO

Deputies Rolf Tamnes Institute for Defence Studies

Jo Saglie Institute for Social Research, Oslo

Kristian Stokke

University of OsloKnut Fagelund Knudsen Swedish Institute of International Affairs

Jørgen Carling PRIO

Agnete Schjønsby PRIO

Stein Tønnesson (ex officio)Kristian Berg Harpviken (ex officio)Lene Kristin Borg (ex officio)

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Since its foundation in 1959, the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO) has played a central role in establishing peace research as an academic discipline. The institute conducts research on, in particular, why wars break out, why they last as long as they do, and how lasting peace can be established in the wake of armed conflict. The institute is headed by Stein Tønnesson, who in 2004 was reappointed as Institute Director for the term 2005–09.

In 2005, research at PRIO was structured in terms of one centre of excellence and three programmes:

• the Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW) (Director: Scott Gates);

• the Security programme (Leader: J. Peter Burgess);

• the Ethics, Norms and Identities pro-gramme (Leader: Gregory Reichberg);

• the Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding programme (Leader: Åshild Kolås).

On 1 August 2005, PRIO moved from Fuglehauggate 11 to larger, more suitable office facilities at Hausmanns gate 7. The institute rents the new office facilities from the Norwegian Red Cross. The move has contributed positively to the work environ-ment, not least by providing room for the recruitment of new researchers.

We consider 2005 to have been a good year for PRIO. After a slight drop in turnover in 2004, research activities picked up again in 2005. Annual turnover has increased by 37% since 2004, and in 2005 the institute’s total operating revenues amounted to NOK 47.7 million.

The 2005 accounts show a surplus of NOK 3.3 million. This surplus will be added to other net assets, which will then amount to NOK 21.3 million, equivalent to 52% of net assets and liabilities. The cash-flow analysis (see p. 28) also shows a net increase in the institute’s cash position from 31 December 2004 to 31

December 2005. PRIO’s cash-flow situation has improved: current assets (NOK 39.3 million) exceed current liabilities (NOK 20 million). The corresponding figures for 2004 were NOK 33.8 million and NOK 16.1 million, respectively.

The institute receives a core grant and strategic institute programme funding from the Research Council of Norway. These monies constitute PRIO’s core funding (basisbevilgning). According to current guidelines for governmental funding of research institutes, core funds shall ensure the quality of research through long-term competence-building within the institute’s key research areas. The Ministry of Education and Research, however, has initiated a revision of these guidelines; it is expected that, from 2008 onwards, the allocation of core funds to research institutes will to a larger degree be based on results.

In 2005, the core grant and strategic institute programme funding represented 18% and 5% of the institute’s total income, respectively. Thus, in total, core funds represented 23% of the institute’s operating revenues in 2005. Correspondingly, the Research Council of Norway’s contribution to the Centre of Excellence represented 21% of total turnover at PRIO. Additionally, income was generated through research projects for several other funders, including the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (28%), the Norwegian Ministry of Defence and the United Nations.

For 2006, the Research Council of Norway has approved a core grant of NOK 7,262,000, an increase of 2.8% over 2005. An increase in the institute’s total income, as well as an operating surplus, has been budgeted for 2006. At the start of the year, 81% of the budgeted income for 2006 was considered certain. It is the board’s opinion that the condition of continuous operation is met.

PRIO enjoys a good internal working environment. Routines for health, environ-

mental awareness and security have been established, and in 2005 a work environment committee was set up. The institute also observes a 2004 agreement on the establishment of a more inclusive workplace. PRIO employees participate in decisionmak-ing at the institute through membership of or representation on the Institute Council and through representation on the PRIO Board. Reported sick leave in 2005 was 2.2 % (3.8% in 2004). The institute is careful not to pollute the external environment.

On average, 66 people were employed at PRIO during 2005, working an equivalent of 50 person-years. The average number of people employed at PRIO during the year increased by 3 from 2004 to 2005, and the number of person-years has increased by 2.7. As many as 115 persons were engaged by PRIO during 2005, many by the CSCW on a part-time basis. Thirty-one researchers were employed full-time by PRIO in 2005. Five of these have professorial competence (forsker 1), and a further ten have doctoral degrees. Nine doctoral candidates and 12 master’s degree students benefited from scholarships and/or workspace at PRIO during 2005.PRIO promotes gender equality for its employees. In 2005, work carried out by research staff at the institute amounted to 35.5 person-years. Among junior researchers, women were responsible for 64% of the person-years worked. For senior researchers, the corresponding figure was 19%. In addition, 14.5 person-years were performed by administrative and support staff at PRIO; women were responsible for 36% of these.

PRIO is engaged in the project Peace and Reconciliation in the Eastern Mediterranean. In connection with this project, a branch office in Nicosia, Cyprus, was officially opened in 2005. Apart from the PRIO Cyprus Centre, all of the institute’s activities are carried out at PRIO’s offices in Oslo.

Financial Statement 2005

Oslo, 3 April 2006

Øyvind Østerud Stein TønnessonChairman Director

Grete Brochmann Mette Halskov Hansen Cathrine LøchstøerBoard Member Board Member Board Member

Jørgen Carling Olav Fagelund Knudsen Martha SnodgrassBoard Member Board Member Board Member

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Photo: Stein Tønnesson in Niger, chewing a makeshift toothbrush.

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Income Statement (All figures in NOK thousands)

2005 200�

OPERATING REVENUES

Grants 43 246 30 808

Sales revenues 2 645 2 044

Other revenues 1 845 1 884

Total operating revenues �� Notes 1, 3

OPERATING EXPENSES

Salaries and social costs 25 141 21 094 Note 7

Professional fees 2 001 1 635

Other personnel costs 1 163 1 434

Office costs 8 252 7 338 Notes 5, 9

Running costs field offices 1 605 1 137

Travel, representation and seminars 6 186 3 576

Depreciations 513 532 Note 4

Total operating expenses �� 1 �� 5

Operating surplus (deficit) 2 �� -2 00�

FINANCIAL INCOME / EXPENSES

Financial income 486 405

Financial expenses 40 122

Net financial items �� 2��

OTHER INCOME/EXPENSES

Net gain sale of property 6 286

Net other items � 2��

Net surplus � �21 � 5�0

DISPOSAL OF NET PROFIT

Transferred to other equity capital � �21 � 5�0

Cash-Flow Statement (All figures in NOK thousands)

2005 200�

CASH FLOW FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES

Annual surplus 3 321 4 560

Depreciations 513 532

Loss on disposal of fixed assets 5 11

Gain on disposal of fixed assets -3 -7 020

Change account payments and project advances from funders 2 091 2 542

Change revenues earned, not invoiced -2 793 - 922

Change other receivables 3 192 -2 950

Change other current liabilities 1 638 945

Effect of pension cost -734 - 124

Change in other periodized items 242 -100

Net cash flow from operating activities � ��2 -2 52�

CASH FLOW FROM INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES

Payments for purchase of fixed assets - 1 614 - 205

Payments for sale of fixed assets 3 23 081

Net cash flow from investment activities -1 �11 22 ��

CASH FLOW FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES

Payments on mortgage - 9 287

Net cash flow from financing activities - � 2��

Net change in cash and cash equivalents 5 ��1 11 0��

Cash and cash equivalents at 1 January 2� 5�� 15 52�

Cash and cash equivalents at �1 December �2 �� 2� 5��

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Balance Sheet (All figures in NOK thousands)

2005 200�

ASSETS

Fixed assets

Machines and furniture 1 539 443 Note 4

Total fixed assets 1 5��

Financial assets

Pension funds 567 Note 6

Current assets

Debtors 5 811 3 018 Note 3

Other receivables 1 000 4 191

Bank and cash in hand 32 447 26 586 Note 2

Total current assets �� 25� �� 5

Total assets �1 �� 2��

NET ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

Net assets

Basic capital 6 197 6 197

Other equity capital 15 145 11 823 Note 11

Total net assets �1 December 21 ��2 1� 020

Allocation for liabilities

Pension liabilities 166 Note 6

Total allocation for liabilities 1��

Current liabilities

Withholding tax, social security, holiday pay, unpaid VAT, etc. 2 038 1 796

Project advances from funders 11 659 9 568 Note 3

Accounts payable 1 876 913

Other liabilities 4 449 3 775

Total current liabilities 20 02� 1� 052

Total net assets and liabilities �1 �� 2��

Oslo, 3 April 2006

Øyvind Østerud Stein TønnessonChairman Director

Grete Brochmann Mette Halskov Hansen Cathrine LøchstøerBoard Member Board Member Board Member

Jørgen Carling Olav Fagelund Knudsen Martha SnodgrassBoard Member Board Member Board Member

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Notes to the Accounts at 31 December 2005

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Note 1: Accounting PrinciplesThe annual accounts are produced in accordance with the Accounting Act of 1998 and sound accounting practice.

Valuation and Classification of Assets and Liabilities

Long-lived assets aimed at permanent utilization or ownership are classified as fixed assets. Other assets are classified as current assets. Items falling due within one year are classified as current assets and liabilities.

Fixed assets are stated at historical cost net of accumulated depreciation or at estimated fair value if less than book value and the decline in book value is not perceived as temporary. Depreciation is provided on a straight-line basis at rates calculated to amortize each asset over its expected economic lifetime. Current assets are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Assets and liabilities in foreign currency are valued at year-end exchange rates.

Principles for the Entering of Royalty Income

Revenue on royalty is recognized in the year the money is received.

Pensions

The basis for recording pension liabilities is estimated salary level upon retirement and years of service. Deviations from estimates and effects of changes in assumptions are amortized over expected remaining years of service if exceeding 10% of the greater of pension liabilities and pension funds. Changes in the pension plan are dispersed over the remaining years of service. The figures include payroll tax.The pension means are assessed at real value.

Note 2: Separate Bank Account for Withholding Taxes The balance in the separate bank account for withholding taxes at 31 December 2005 was NOK 1,765,276. The corresponding figure at 31 December 2004 was NOK 811,566.

Note �: Project AccountsThe method of accounting for the projects is the percentage-of-completion method (Norwegian Accounting Standard 2, Construction Contracts). Project revenues are accounted for according to progress and reflect earned income. Project expenses are accounted for according to the accrual principle of accounting. The project balance and any outstanding income are regarded as sufficient to cover future expenses needed for the completion of the project. Earned non-invoiced revenues are included in the sum for debtors in the balance. Account payments and project advances from funders are presented as current liabilities on the balance sheet.

Projects at �1 December 2005 200�

Earned non-invoiced revenues on ongoing projects 2 380 625 1 622 017

Pre-invoiced production 11 658 746 9 567 710

Note �: Machines and Furniture 2005 200�

Cost price 1 January 2 803 485 2 864 213

New investments 1 614 332 204 566

Decline/sales during the year 5 048 91 762

Accumulated previous depreciations 2 360 346 2 001 857

This year’s depreciation 513 291 532 022

Net book value at 31 December 1 539 132 443 139

Depreciation of machines and furniture is calculated using the linear method.

Note 5: LeasingPRIO has the following contracts for leasing of fixed assets:• PRIO has entered into an agreement with the Norwegian Red Cross for rent of office space at Hausmanns gate 7 for the

period 1 August 2005 to 31 July 2010. The annual rent is NOK 2.1 million. PRIO has the right to renew this contract on the same terms for two additional five-year periods. Finally, PRIO has the right to extend the agreement by another five years, at a marked regulated rent, from Year 16 of the contract. Each of the parties can claim an annual regulation of the rent equal to 100% of the change in the consumer price indices compiled by Statistics Norway.

• In 2002, PRIO signed a five-year contract for the leasing of two copy machines. This agreement was made for the period 1 August 2002 to 31 July 2007. The annual rent for the copy machines is NOK 57,250, including VAT.

Note �: Pension Expenses, Pension Assets and Pension LiabilitiesPRIO’s employees are members of the Norwegian Public Service Pension Fund. The pension plan comprises retirement pensions, disability pensions and contingent life pensions (contingent life pensions include joint life pensions and children’s pensions). The pension plan is regulated by the Norwegian Public Service Pension Fund Act. The plan also comprises contractual pensions from 62 years. The pension plan is coordinated with pensions from the National Insurance Scheme. All employees can be members of the pension fund if they work 14 hours or more per week. At 31 December 2005, 48 employees were

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included in the fund. Calculation of pension contributions and pension liabilities are based on actuarial principles. The pension scheme is not based on funds; payment of pensions is guaranteed by the Norwegian state (Retirement Pension Act §1). The Norwegian Public Service Pension Fund simulates placing the pension assets in government bonds (fictitious funds).

2005 200�

Present value of earned pensions 1 747 330 1 494 500

Interest expense on pension liabilities 796 190 701 100

Return on pension expense (before payroll tax) -746 880 -499 100

Administration cost 46 028 22 800

Net pension expense (before payroll tax) 1 842 668 1 719 300

Effect of estimate deviation 107 500 147 400

Net pension expense (before payroll tax) 1 950 168 1 866 700

Periodized payroll tax 274 974 263 205

Pension expense (after payroll tax) 2 225 142 2 129 905

�1 December 2005 �1 December 200�

Assets < liabilities Assets < liabilities

Earned pension liabilities 15 784 275 12 357 600

Pension plan assets (at market value) 13 517 123 9 127 000

Estimate deviations not recognized -2 834 659 -3 084 700

Pension funds/(liability before payroll tax) 567 507 -145 900

Periodized payroll tax -20 572

Net pension funds/(liability after payroll tax) 567 507 -166 472

Economic Assumptions2005 200�

Discount interest 6.00% 6.00%

Expected salaries regulation/pension regulation 3.30% 3.30%

Expected G regulation 2.90% 2.90%

Expected return on funds 6.50% 6.50%The regular presuppositions in the insurance industry are used as actuarial assumptions for demographic factors and retirement.

Note �: Specification of Salaries and Social CostsTotal salaries and social costs consist of the following items:

2005 200�

Salaries 20 436 937 17 116 992

Payroll tax 3 075 438 2 520 959

Employer contribution pension scheme 1 629 180 1 456 015

Total 25 1�0 555 21 0��

Note �: Number of Employees During the Financial YearThe average number of employees at PRIO during 2005 was 66 (the corresponding figure for 2004 was 63). Additionally, the institute had 12 graduate students with scholarships and/or office space at PRIO during the year (the corresponding figure for 2004 was 5). The average number of conscientious objectors was 0.5 (the corresponding figure for 2004 was 1).

Note �: Auditors’ FeeIn 2005, PRIO paid a fee of NOK 160,000 to Deloitte State Authorised Public Accountants Ltd for their audit of the accounts. Consultant fees for audit-related services amounted to NOK 22,663. Special attestations on projects amounted to NOK 91,094. These amounts include VAT.

Note 10: Remuneration of the LeadershipIn 2005, PRIO’s total costs for remuneration of the Institute Director and members of the PRIO Board were NOK 635,314 and NOK 166,000, respectively. The Institute Director is a member of PRIO’s collective pension scheme at the Norwegian Public Service Pension Fund.

Note 11: Net Assets2005 200�

Basic capital 6 197 000 6 197 000

Other equity capital, 1 January 11 823 390 7 236 365

Net surplus 3 321 368 4 560 033

Other equity capital, 31 December 15 144 758 11 823 389

Total net assets, �1 December 21 ��1 �5� 1� 020 ��

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PRIO Statutes(amended by the PRIO Board, 13 September 2004)

§1: Aim and PurposeThe International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO), herein also referred to as ‘the Institute’, is an independent international research institute. Its purpose is to engage in research concerning the conditions for peaceful relations between nations, groups and individuals.

In addition to this main purpose, the Institute shall: • stimulate research cooperation nationally and

internationally;• undertake training and teaching;• hold conferences and seminars;• disseminate information based on its own

research as well as that of other institutions.

The Institute is free to choose its research projects.

The results of its research shall be available to the public.

The name of the Institute is, in Norwegian, ‘Institutt for fredsforskning’ and, in English, ‘the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo’, with ‘PRIO’ as the official abbreviation in both languages.

§2: The FoundationThe International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, is an autonomous foundation, independent of ideological, political or national interests.

The ‘basis capital’ (grunnkapital) of the Institute (as of 31 December 1996) stands at NOK 6.197 million.

§�: Governing BodiesThe Institute has the following governing bodies:• the Board;• the Institute Director;• the Institute Council.

§�: The BoardThe Board shall consist of seven members with personal deputies. Board members are appointed for a three-year period, in such a way that 4 and 3 members, respectively, are to be appointed at a time.

Members are appointed by the following bodies: • one member by the Institute for Social Research;• two members by the Norwegian Research

Council (NFR);• one member by the University of Oslo;• one member from the other Nordic

countries, appointed by the Nordic International Studies Association;

• two members by the Institute Council (IC). These two members shall be chosen from among the PRIO staff. The Institute Director, the Deputy Director and the Administrative Director are not eligible.

The Institute Director, Deputy Director and the Administrative Director take part in the meetings of the Board, without voting rights.Consideration shall be given to achieving reasonable representation of both sexes.

The Board elects its own Chairperson and Deputy Chairperson.

If any Board member finds it necessary to leave the Board during his/her period of appointment, a new appointment should be made for the duration of the period.

A quorum of the Board shall be constituted by the presence of at least five members; or by the presence of four, including the Chairperson. The Chair has a double vote in the case of a tie.

The Board shall be convened when demanded by the Chair or by two of its members.

The Board shall keep minutes of its meetings. Minutes are to be available to the members of the Institute staff.

§5 Board – FunctionsThe Board shall discuss and approve the work plan of the Institute, approve the budget and accounts, and evaluate the activities of the Institute in relation to the Institute’s aim and purpose and its work plan.

The Board shall appoint the Institute Director (cf. §6), the Administrative Director, researchers employed in permanent positions and other researchers when these are engaged for a period of over one year. Notice of termination for these same personnel categories is likewise to be approved by the Board.

§�: Appointment of Institute Director and Deputy DirectorThe Institute Council and the Board jointly prepare the appointment of a new Institute Director. The Institute Council is to deliver an annotated recommendation to the Board. Before delivering its recommendation, the Council is to obtain statements from outside experts.

The Institute Director shall be appointed by the Board to serve for a period of four years, with the possibility of an extension of up to four years. If the Institute Council, within two weeks of the Board’s announcement of the appointment, and by at least a 3/4 majority, disagrees with the decision of the Board, the Board must take the matter up for new deliberation and decision.

The Board shall appoint the Deputy Director for two years at a time, following nomination by the Director and the recommendation of the IC. The Deputy Director may be reappointed.

§�: Institute Director – FunctionsThe Institute Director is in charge of leading the activity of the Institute.

The Institute Director has overarching responsibility for the planning, running, coordinating and financing of the scholarly activities of the Institute, within the framework set by the work plan and the budget adopted by the Board. The Institute Director is to see to it that the staff are provided with possibilities to develop their competence.

The Institute Director has main responsibility for information about the Institute externally. He/She shall also determine what is to be published in the name of the Institute.

The Deputy Director shall execute the daily functions of the Institute Director when the latter is prevented from performing them.

§�: The Institute CouncilThe Institute Council (IC) is composed of all employees in permanent positions, as well as all employees in non-permanent positions employed for 50% or more of standard working

hours for more than six months. All these have voting rights in the IC.

The conscientious objectors and the students elect one representative each with voting rights – with personal deputies. These are to be chosen at separate, annual elections. Further rules concerning these elections shall be determined by the IC.

A quorum of the Institute Council shall be constituted by the presence of at least 3/5 of its members with voting rights. Unless otherwise determined, matters are to be decided by simple majority vote. The Chair has a casting vote in the case of a tie.

The Institute Council shall be convened when requested by the Institute Director or three of its members.

The Institute Director takes part in the meetings of the IC, without the right to vote.

At the beginning of each meeting the IC is to decide who shall chair that session.

The Administrative Director normally acts as secretary to the IC. The IC shall keep minutes of its meetings.

§�: Institute Council – FunctionsThe Institute Council is a consultative body for the Board and the Director. All matters which, according to §5 above, are to be dealt with by the Board (including work plan, budget and accounts, appointment of the Administrative Director, researchers in permanent positions and other researchers when they are engaged for a period of over one year) are to be presented first to the IC for its recommenda-tion. Unless special circumstances are an impediment, the Institute Director and the staff representatives to the Board shall also present to the IC all other matters which they intend to put before the Board.

Personnel matters are not to be dealt with by the Institute Council. The Institute Council itself determines whether a matter falls within its mandate.

The Institute Council elects two members of the PRIO staff to the Board. The IC can require these to take up specific matters before the Board.

§10: Freedom of SpeechAll staff members have full freedom of expression, internally and externally.

§11: StatutesThese Statutes are available in both Norwegian and English. In the case of any discrepancies, the Norwegian text shall apply.

Amendment of the Statutes requires both a 2/3 majority of the Institute Council, and a 5/7 majority of the Board.

§12: DissolutionDissolution of the Institute requires a 2/3 majority of the Institute Council, and a 5/7 majority of the Board.

Should this take place, any funds shall go to the Institute for Social Research or be used for a research purpose designated by the latter Institute.

www.prio.no


Hausmanns gate 7NO-0186 Oslo, Norway

www.prio.noTel.: +47 22 54 77 00Fax: +47 22 54 77 01E-mail: [email protected]

CSCW Director: Scott Gates PRIO Director: Stein Tønnesson

Documents

Annual Report 2005 PRIO Annual Report 2005 Prio... · PRIO Annual Report 2005 1 Two thousand and five was the year in which PRIO moved into new offices at Hausmanns gate 7, on the