Independent • International • Interdisciplinary AnnuAl RepoRt 2011

peace Research Institute o

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Centre for the Study of C

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peace Research Institute o

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po Box 9229 G

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editor: Agnete Schjønsby

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2012). The research school offers focused thematic courses (f.ex. on Societal Security) and methodology courses (Quantitative; Qualitative, Fieldwork; GIS applications). In addition, there is a firm emphasis on academic writing, presentations, project develop-ment and dissemination, with tailor-made symposia and regular courses for all students. The Research School is a cornerstone in the collaboration between UiO, NTNU and PRIO.

International Scholarly Journals PRIO is hosting editors for four major international journals, and we see this as a foundation for our international networks, our reputation, and the institute’s strong publication culture. The Journal of Peace Research, edited by Henrik Urdal, and Security Dialogue, edited by Peter Burgess, are owned by PRIO, and both have had their contracts with Sage renewed, following an open tender process. PRIO’s two journals both belong to the top echelon of journals in international affairs. From 2011, both are placed in the Level 2 category in the Norwegian system (intended for max the 20% top journals). In the Journal Citation Reports for 2010 from ISI Thompson, SD moved up from 2009 to an all-time-high 9th place on the international relations list, with an impact factor of 1.6. JPR has moved down from its 2009 sensational 3rd place to a very decent 12th place out of the 73 journals included (and is 21 out of 139 journals on the political science list). PRIO also houses one of two co-editors of the Journal of Military Ethics, Henrik Syse. From 2011, Scott Gates has taken on the editorship of the International Area Studies Review.

As the Arab Spring demonstrates, the world that we seek to understand also surprises us. PRIO shall also surprise, not only by the solidity and relevance of its research, but also by its originality and innovativeness. I am proud of what PRIO achieves. I am grateful to all who support and collaborate with us. I appreciate the interest that you – the reader – takes in what we do. Read on!

On the 22nd of July 2011, Norway was hit by terror,

killing 77 people and wounding many more.

Rich, peaceful, open and egalitarian Norway lost its

innocence, it was said. But Norway, seemingly

naïve to many international observers, responded

overwhelmingly with more of the same: with flowers, with more democracy and

more openness.

The wholesale attack on the country’s political culture was met not only by new security measures, but by an insistence that societal resilience is as much, if not more, about community, shared values and institutions for resolving conflicts peacefully. At PRIO, we face political violence in our everyday research, now it took place in the main government building, a few blocks from our own headquarter downtown Oslo. An immediate shock, it also makes our work feel deeply meaningful.

Indeed, 2011 has been a dramatic year, with political upheavals across the Middle East, Northern Africa, and beyond. Some transitions have been peaceful, others characterized by violence. At PRIO we follow the events closely, engaging with policy-makers and practitioners, commenting and debating, monitoring trends. Contrary to what is commonly held, there is a robust long-term trend that violence is on the decline. This is one of our research findings that have generated so much attention in 2011 that we include it among our three main highlights of the year:

At the Research Frontier on Conflict DataPRIO and Uppsala University cooperate on a global armed conflict database. This database is recognized internationally for its quality, broad range of source materials, and use of transparent coding procedures. The Research Council of Norway has further awarded PRIO an INFRASTRUKTUR grant to

Director’s Introduction

develop an armed conflict data catalogue to establish a standard for data creation and compa-tibility across datasets. CSCW researchers are differ-entiating conflict data into smaller units. PRIO-Grid, for example, consists of quadratic cells that cover the Earth. Each cell contains specific information on armed conflicts, socio-economic conditions, ethnic groups, physical attributes, climatic conditions and more. Contrary to what seems to be evident on the nightly news, Steven Pinker, Azar Gat and Joshua Goldstein using PRIO-Uppsala conflict data show a long-term decline in conflict. Pinker, in his book The Better Angels of Our Nature, declares that this decline in violence is the most important event in history. Håvard Hegre and a team of CSCW researchers have forecasted conflict trends. These forecasts suggest a continued decline in armed conflict world-wide, to the point that in 2050, conflict is absent all except in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Research school in Peace and Conflict A new Research School in Peace and Conflict has been established by PRIO in collaboration with the University of Oslo (UiO) and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). The research school was officially opened on April 11, 2011, and is located at PRIO. The ‘Research School in Peace and Conflict Studies’ is rooted in a common goal by all partners to offer the best possible research training for the next generation of peace and conflict scholars. This will be done by building on, and expanding, networks and expertise at the UiO, NTNU and PRIO. The collaboration is characterized by multidisciplinary approaches to peace and conflict issues, international profile and outlook, and research excellence. The school admitted 14 students in 2011 (and has admitted another 12 students in

photo: Are Hovdenak

PRIO Director: Kristian Berg Harpviken

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Strategy

1 Develop focused research efforts in three distinct areas:

challenges to peace, the diversity of violence, and nonviolent

intervention

2 Enable every researcher to publish the equivalent of one

peer-reviewed journal article per year

3 Enhance PRIO’s visibility and impact within international

public debate

4 Strengthen PRIO’s contribution to the development of policy

5 Initiate the establishment of a research school in peace

and conflict studies in collaboration with one or

more universities

6 Establish at least one long-term partnership with a research

milieu in a conflict region

7 Strengthen the multicultural composition of PRIO’s staff

8 Attain a sustainable increase in the proportion of female

staff at senior levels

9 Provide a structured system for internal professional skills

training and career development

10 Take steps to ensure that at least one-third of PRIO’s

funding is for long-term research

11 Increase international funding to at least one-quarter

of annual turnover

12 Enhance PRIO’s financial robustness

Major Strategic Goals 2010–2013

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Comments byKathleen Cunningham, Henrik Syse

28 September 2011 at PRIO, Oslo

The PRIO Annual Peace Address invites distin-guished guests to reflect on how to contribute to the creation of a world in which violence is the exception and peace is the norm. The lecturers will include scholars, policy makers, writers, artists and others with a distinct voice on peace and war matters on the world scene.

PRIO is an international research institute whose overarching purpose is to conduct research on the conditions for peaceful relations between states, groups and people. The institute is independent, international and interdisciplinary and explores issues of peace and conflict. PRIO’s research agenda reflects the institute’s overarching purpose, yet PRIO is both proactively involved in identifying new trends in global conflict and oriented toward formu-lating and documenting new understandings and responses. The PRIO Annual Peace Address is an import part of our efforts to create awareness, stir public debate and increase understanding about the conditions for peace in the world. We hope that the PRIO Annual Peace Address can challenge the peace research community by suggesting new measures and bringing new perspectives on peace and war. The questions asked and the answers sought can only be improved by critical challenges.

All photos: Jason Miklian

John Lewis:’The Role of Nonviolence in the Struggle for Liberation’

PRIO Annual Peace Address 2011

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PRIO Organization

Director´s office

Institute Council

Security programme ethics, norms and Identities Conflict Resolution and peacebuilding

pRIo Cyprus CentreCentre for the Study of Civil War

Administration

Director

Kristian Berg Harpviken

Communication

Board

Bernt Aardal

PRIO until 31 Dec 2011

• Cities and Populations• Civilians in Conflict• Conflict Trends

• Environment • Gender• Governance

• Humanitarianism• Law and Ethics• Media

• Migration• Non-State Conflict Actors• Peacebuilding

• Regions and Powers• Religion • Security

Social Dynamics Dimensions of Security Centre for the Study of Civil War pRIo Cyprus Centre

Projects administered by a specific Department Cross-cutting thematic Research Groups

Current Research Groups

Director´s office

Institute Council

Director

Kristian Berg Harpviken

Board

Bernt Aardal

PRIO from 1 Jan 2012

CommunicationAdministration

lene K. Borg Agnete Schjønsby

Jørgen Carling pinar tank Scott Gates Gregory Reichberg

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Security Programme

Programme Leader: J. Peter Burgess

• Commercialization of Security J Peter Burgess (project leader), Mareile Kaufmann• Converging and Conflicting Ethical Values in the Internal/External Security Continuum (INEX) J. Peter Burgess (project leader), Jonas Gräns• Cost-benefit Analysis of the Present and Future Security Measures in Europe: Mastering the Value Function of Security Measures (VALUESEC) J. Peter Burgess (project leader), Mareile Kaufmann, Jonas Gräns• Decision Support on Security Investment (DESSI) J. Peter Burgess (project leader), Mareile Kaufmann, Jonas Gräns• Federal Russian Politics: Modernizing Northern Industries (FEDRUP) Pavel Baev• Living in Surveillance Societies J. Peter Burgess• New Security and International Law J. Peter Burgess• Protection of European Borders and Seas through the Intelligent use of Surveillance (PERSEUS) J. Peter Burgess (project leader), Maria Gabrielsen Jumbert, Kristoffer Lidén, Jonas Gräns• Regulating Cyberwarfare Kristin Bergtora Sandvik• Russian and Caspian Energy Developments (Russcasp) Pavel Baev• Thailand's Missing Peace Stein Tønnesson• The Future of Security Research J. Peter Burgess (project leader), Jonas Gräns• The Role of Governance in the Resolution of Socioeconomic and Political Conflict in India and Europe (CORE) J. Peter Burgess (project leader), Elida K. Jacobsen, Kristoffer Lidén, Jonas Gräns• The Significance of Political Organisation and International Law for Displaced Women in Colombia Kristin Bergtora Sandvik• The Social Determination of RISK (SORISK) J. Peter Burgess (project leader), Nina Boy• What is Security? J. Peter Burgess• World Financial Crisis Nina Boy (project leader), J. Peter Burgess

photo: Haakon Jamtli Kristiansen

Projects in 2011

Staff in 2011

Research StaffPavel BaevNina BoyJ. Peter BurgessIda DommersnesJonas GränsElida Kristine JacobsenMaria Gabrielsen JumbertMareile KaufmannSonja KittelsenKristoffer LidénMarit Moe-PryceKristin Bergtora SandvikOla TunanderStein Tønnesson

Visiting ResearchersJames Der DerianAnna Leander

InternMarianne Lande

Ongoing Doctoral Projects• Argentum Ad Captandum vs. Unified Effort Ida Dommersnes. (Supervisor at PRIO: Kristian Berg Harpviken)• Between Intervention and Sovereignty: Liberal Peacebuilding and the Philosophy of Global Politics Kristoffer Lidén (Supervisor at PRIO: J. Peter Burgess)• Resilience and Complexity in Security Studies Mareile Kaufmann (Supervisor at PRIO: J. Peter Burgess)• Unique Identities. Biometric Security and the Indian National Identification Scheme Elida Kristine Undrum Jacobsen (Supervisor at PRIO: J. Peter Burgess)• What Kind of Security does Financial Securitisation Provide? Nina Boy (Supervisor at PRIO: J. Peter Burgess)

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• Abatangamuco - Engaging Men for Women’s Empowerment (CARE evaluation) Hilde Wallacher, Inger Skjelsbæk (project leader)• Ammunition in the Arms Trade Treaty Hilde Wallacher (project leader), Alexander Harang • Conflict Prevention in Haiti: Insight from Marginalized Communities Wenche Hauge (project leader)• Documenting the Sudan Comprehensive Peace Agreement. Øystein H. Rolandsen (project leader), Gunnar Sørbø, Hilde Frafjord Johnson• Egypt, the Rafah Border and the Prospects for Gaza Dag Tuastad (project leader), Mareah Peoples• Emerging Powers in the 21st Century: The Regional and Global Significance of Brazil, India, Indonesia, China, South Africa and Turkey Pinar Tank (project leader) Hilde Wallacher• Going Home to Fight? Explaining Refugee Return and Violence Kristian Berg Harpviken (project leader), Mark Naftalin• Norway-Turkish Research Collaboration. Pinar Tank• Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers (NISAT) Nicolas Marsh (project leader) Hilde Wallacher• Pakistan´s Madrasas: Moderation or Militancy? Kaja Borchgrevink• Pastoralism in China: Policy and Practice Åshild Kolås (project leader) Tashi Nyima• Peacekeeping, Poverty, and Development: Towards an Understanding of the Gendered Peacekeeping Economies in the DRC, Sudan, and Liberia Øystein Rolandsen, Kathleen Jennings, Morten Bøås (project leader, FAFO)• Post Islamism: New Political and Ideological Trends in the Middle East Pinar Tank, Bjørn Olav Utvik (project leader IKOS, University of Oslo), Kai Kverme, Dag Tuastad, Jacob Høigilt (FAFO)• Private Islamic charity and Approaches to Poverty Reduction Kaja Borchgrevink, Marta Bivand, Kristian Berg Harpviken (project leader)• Religious Institution Building in Afghanistan: An Exploration. Kaja Borchgrevink, Kristian Berg Harpviken (project leader) • Rethinking the Middle East Talks: Prospects for Democratic Reforms in the PLO Dag Tuastad (project leader), Jon Nordenson

Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding

photo: Hans olav Myskja, pRIo

Programme Leader: Pinar Tank

Staff in 2011

Kaja BorchgrevinkWenche HaugeMarte Heian-EngdalJørgen JensehaugenÅshild KolåsGina LendeNicholas Marsh

Jason MiklianMark NaftalinJon NordensonMareah PeoplesØystein H. RolandsenPinar TankDag Henrik TuastadHilde Henriksen Waage Hilde Wallacher

Projects in 2011

• Security in South Asia: India’s Emerging Role Åshild Kolås (project leader) Jason Miklian, Halvard Buhaug• Small Arms Survey Consultancy Nicholas Marsh• The North-South Border and Local Violence in Sudan Øystein Rolandsen (project leader)• The Zionist Movement and Israel’s Efforts to Obtain International Support for the Establishment of a State, 1947-49 Hilde Henriksen Waage (project leader), Jørgen Jensehaugen, Marte Heian-Engdal• Turkey as an International Mediator: Opportunities and Pitfalls. Pinar Tank• Water Scarcity in Bangladesh and South Asia: Dynamics of Conflict and Cooperation Åshild Kolås (project leader) Halvard Buhaug, Kristian Hoelscher, Jason Miklian, Katherine Edelen• What's the deal with Religion? Scrutinizing the Role of Religion in Peacebuilding Gina Lende (project leader)

Ongoing Doctoral Projects• ‘Green Mining’, Displacement and the Maoist Conflict in India Jason Miklian (Supervisor at PRIO: Åshild Kolås)• Religion, Gender and Development: Private Islamic Charity and Approaches to Poverty Reduction among Pakistani Muslims Kaja Borchgrevink (Supervisor at PRIO: Kristian Berg Harpviken)• The Acquisition of Weapons by Insurgents Nicolas Marsh (Supervisor at PRIO: Halvor Buhaug)

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Gender, Security and Peacebuilding• Gender, Conflict and Peacebuilding (Torunn L. Tryggestad, Suk Chun, Helga Hernes, Inger Skjelsbæk)• Why Rape? Perpetrator, Punishment and Social Narratives. (Inger Skjelsbæk)

Migration and Transnationalism• Imagining Europe from the Outside (EUMAGINE) (Jørgen Carling, María Hernández Carretero)• Possibilities and Realities of Return Migration (PREMIG) (Jørgen Carling, Marta Bivand Erdal, Elin Berstad Mortensen, Erlend Paasche, Tove Heggli Sagmo, Jennifer Wu)• Remittances from Immigrants in Norway (RIN) (Jørgen Carling, Marta Bivand Erdal, Kristian Hoelscher, Cindy Horst)• Review of the Economic Role of the Somali Diaspora in Somalia, Commissioned by UNDP Somalia (Cindy Horst)• Theorising Risk, Money and Moralities in Migration (TRiMM) (Jørgen Carling, María Hernández Carretero)• Theorizing the Evolution of European Migration Systems (THEMIS) (Cindy Horst, Jørgen Carling, Jennifer Wu, Rojan Ezzati)

Ethical, Legal and Religious Dimensions of War• Comparative Ethics of War (Greg Reichberg, Henrik Syse, Nicole Apostol)• Military Necessity (Nobuo Hayashi)

Ongoing Doctoral Projects • Erdal, Marta Bivand: Transnationalism, Integration and the Norwegian Policy Enviro- ment: Remittance Practices and Integration among Pakistanis in Norway. (Supervisor at PRIO: Jørgen Carling). • Hayashi, Nobuo: Military Necessity. (Supervisor at PRIO: Gregory Reichberg)• Hernández Carretero, María: Negotiating Unequal Life Chances through Migration: Exploring the Role of Risk, Money and Moralities in Migrants’ Quest for Success. (Supervisor at PRIO: Jørgen Carling)• Paasche, Erlend: Possibilities and Realities of Return Migration: Case Study on Iraqi Kurds (Supervisor at PRIO: Jørgen Carling)• Sagmo, Tove Heggli: Possibilities and Realities of Return Migration: Case Study on Burundians (Supervisor at PRIO: Jørgen Carling)• Tryggestad, Torunn: The United Nations Peacebuilding Commission and Implementation of Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security: Burundi and Sierra Leone in Comparison. (Supervisor at PRIO: Helga Hernes)

Ethics, Norms and Identities

photo: Haakon Jamtli Kristiansen

ENI Projects in 2011

Programme Leader: Jørgen Carling

ENI Staff in 2011

Research StaffJørgen CarlingMaría Hernández CarreteroMarta Bivand ErdalRojan EzzatiNobuo HayashiKristian HoelscherHelga HernesCindy HorstErlend PaascheTove Heggli SagmoHenrik SyseTorunn Lise TryggestadJennifer Wu

Research AssistantsNicole Monique ApostolAgnes Harriet LindbergElin Berstad Mortensen

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• A New Agenda for European Security Economics• Advanced Conflict Data Catalogue (ACDC)• Civil Peace• Climate Change and Water-Security Challenges on the Indian Subcontinent• Climate Change, Hydro-Conflicts and Human Security (CLICO)• Conceptualization and Measurement of Democracy• Conference on Climate Change and Security• Conflict and Economic Performance• Data Projects • Disaggregating the Study of Civil Wars• Dynamics of Institutional Change and Conflict• Education and Conflict• Environmental Factors in Civil War• ESW on Conflict, Fragility, Development• Ethnic/Cultural Conflicts and Patterns of Violence (ECCO)• Gender-Based Violence in Armed Conflict• Going Home To Fight? Explaining Refugee Return and Violence• Human Rights, Governance and Conflict• Inside Insurgencies: Organization, Motives and Prospects for Peace

• Insurgencies, Counterinsurgencies and State-Building in Afghanistan• Microfoundations of Civil War• Military History• Middle East and North Africa Regional Flagship Report• Political Demography• Power-Sharing, Democracy and Civil Conflict• Resources and Peace: Power-Sharing and Wealth-Sharing in Post-Conflict Situations• Security Implications of Climate Change• Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in Peacekeeping• Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict (SVAC)• Dataset on Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict• Social Dynamics of Civil War• Training and Mobility Network for the Economic • Analyses of Conflict• Values and Violence• World Development Report 2011

CSCW Director: Scott Gates

Centre for the Study of Civil War

photo: Hans olav Myskja, pRIo

Projects in 2011

Working Group LeadersHalvard BuhaugSabine CareyJeffrey CheckelJon ElsterHåvard HegreOla Listhaug Karl Ove Moene Kaare Strøm

Research Staff Tor Arve BenjaminsenHelga Malmin Binningsbø Marit Brochmann Primus Che ChiIndra de Soysa Karin DyrstadKristian Skrede Gleditsch Nils Petter GleditschKristian HoelscherHelge HoltermannBjørn HøylandCarl-Henrik KnutsenTapas KunduPäivi Paulina Lujala Martin Austvoll Nome Ragnhild Nordås Håvard Mokleiv Nygård

Peter Gufu ObaChristin Marsh Ormhaug Gudrun Østby Siri Camilla Aas RustadSabrina Ramet Jan Ketil Rød Øystein H. Rolandsen Rune Slettebak Håvard Strand Ole Magnus TheisenHenrik UrdalNils Weidmann

Visiting ResearchersHenrikas BartuseviciusKatherine EdelenCraig J. JenkinsElyse Leonard

Research AssistantsMarianne DahlJohan Dittrich HallbergMark NaftalinAndreas Forø TollefsenEivind Berg WeibustGerdis Wischnath

Administrative StaffAndrew J. Feltham

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PRIO Cyprus Centre

Centre Director: Gregory Reichberg

Staff in 2011Gregory Reichberg (Director)Guido Bonino (Administrator)

Research Staff:Olga DemetriouAyla GürelMete HatayGregory ReichbergNicos Trimikliniotis

• A Sustainable Property Settlement in Cyprus (London Conference) Ayla Gürel, Greg Reichberg, Nicos Trimikliniotis• Cyprus Critical History Archive Rebecca Bryant• Cyprus Offshore Hydrocarbon Exploration Ayla Gürel, Fiona Mullen• Cyprus Offshore Hydrocarbons: Wealth Distribu- tion and Regional Politics (Conference) Ayla Gürel, Greg Reichberg, Øystein H. Rolandsen, Lars Even Andersen• Dialogue for Trust Building and Reconciliation: Cypriots Seeking New Approaches to the Property Issue Rebecca Bryant, Olga Demetriou, Ayla Gürel, Mete Hatay, Nicos Trimikliniotis, Christalla Yakinthou• Effects of Enclavement on Turkish Cypriot Political Culture Rebecca Bryant, Mete Hatay• Implementation of Security Council Resolution 1325 in Cyprus Olga Demetriou

• International Law and the Property Question in Cyprus Ayla Gürel, Rhodri Williams• Shared Spaces and their Dissolution: Practices of Coexistence in Cyprus and Elsewhere (Conference) Rebecca Bryant• The ‘Local’ in Global Understandings of Conflict and Peace building (Annual Conference) Olga Demetriou, Nicos Trimikliniotis • Cultural Heritage and the Reconstruction of Identities after Conflict Costas Constantinou, Olga Demetriou, Mete Hatay• Rethinking Societal Reconciliation in Cyprus Nicos Trimikliniotis• Religion and Co-existence in Cyprus Mete Hatay• Transitional Justice in Cyprus Umut Bozkurt, Christalla Yakinthoui

More information about PRIO Cyprus Centre: www.prio.org/cyprus

Projects in 2011

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JPR Editorial Staff in 2011Editor: Henrik Urdal, PRIODeputy Editor: Gudrun Østby, PRIOManaging Editor: Bertrand Lescher-Nuland, PRIOViewpoint Editor: Lene Bomann-Larsen, University of OsloBook Review Editor: Helge Holtermann, PRIO

Associate EditorsMichael Brzoska, University of Hamburg Sabine Carey, University of MannheimHan Dorussen, University of Essex Scott Gates, PRIO & NTNU, TrondheimNils Petter Gleditsch, PRIO & NTNU, Trondheim Mats Hammarström, Uppsala University Håvard Hegre, PRIO & University of OsloAnne Julie Semb, University of OsloStein Tønnesson, PRIO & Uppsala University Magnus Öberg, Uppsala UniversityGudrun Østby, PRIO

Editorial CommitteeKristin M Bakke, University College LondonMargit Bussman, University of GreifswaldKathleen Cunningham, University of MarylandIndra de Soysa, NTNU, Trondheim & PRIO (left the committee in 2011)Tanja Ellingsen, NTNU, TrondheimTimo Kivimäki, University of CopenhagenBjørn Møller, DIIS, Copenhagen (left the committee in 2011)Desirée Nilsson, Uppsala UniversityRagnhild Nordås, PRIO David Sobek, Louisiana State University

Journal of Peace Research (JPR) is an interdis-ciplinary and international bimonthly of scholarly work in peace research. The Journal encourages a wide conception of peace, but focuses on the causes of violence and conflict resolution.

JPR is fully peer-reviewed, and most articles are submitted unsolicited. JPR also regularly publishes guest-edited special issues, in which articles are subject to the same strict review process as regular issues. Topics covered by such issues have most recently included Micro-Level Dynamics of Violent Conflict (Philip Verwimp, Patricia Justino & Tilman Brück, eds, 2009), State Capacity and Civil War (David Sobek, ed., 2010), New Frontiers of Terrorism Research (Todd Sandler, ed., 2011), and Climate Change and Conflict (Nils Petter Gleditsch, ed., 2012).

Since 1998, authors with quantitative data have been obliged to post their data on our data replication page (http://www.prio.no/jpr/datasets). As of 31 December 2011, 384 datasets are listed there.

JPR is owned by and edited at PRIO, and published by Sage Publications in London. Since its establish-ment in 1964, JPR has published the work of authors from well over 50 countries. In 2011, JPR published, in 824 pages, a total of 53 articles and 101 Book Notes. The 2010 Journal Citation Reports, published in June 2011, ranked JPR as no. 12 out of 78 journals in inter-national relations in terms of its impact factor, and no. 22 out of 141 in political science.

Since 2006, JPR has appointed an external jury to select an article for its annual ‘Article of the Year Award’. For 2011, the award was given to Cullen S Hendrix & Sarah M Glaser for their article ‘Civil Conflict and World Fisheries, 1952–2004’ in Journal

PRIO Journals

Journal of Peace Research

of Peace Research 48(4): 481–495. Honorable mention went to Dursun Peksen, ‘Foreign Military Intervention and Women’s Rights’ in Journal of Peace Research 48 (4): 455–468. The full announce-ment of the award was published in issue number 49(2), 2012. The jury for the 2011 award consisted of Brett Ashley Leeds (Rice University), Ola Listhaug (Norwegian University of Science and Technology) and Ron P. Smith (Birkbeck College).

JPR uses the ScholarOne manuscript tracking system. All new submissions and referee reports are to be submitted at http://mc.manuscriptcentral/com/jpres.

peaceR E S E A R C H

Journal of Peace Research is an interdisciplinary and international

bimonthly of scholarly work in peace research.

Edited at the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO), by an

international editorial committee, Journal of Peace Research strives for

a global focus on conflict and peacemaking. From its establishment in

1964, authors from over 50 countries have published in JPR.

The Journal encourages a wide conception of peace, but focuses on the

causes of violence and conflict resolution. Without sacrificing the

requirements for theoretical rigour and methodological sophistication,

articles directed towards ways and means of peace are favoured.

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Special Issue on the Aftermath of Civil War

Guest Editors: Ibrahim Elbadawi, Håvard Hegre & Gary J. Milante

I N T R O D U C T I O N

■ David Sobek – Masters of their domains:

The role of state capacity in civil wars

R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E

■ Cullen S Hendrix – Measuring state capacity:

Theoretical and empirical implications for the

study of civil conflict

■ Indra de Soysa & Hanne Fjelde – Is the

hidden hand an iron fist? Capitalism and civil

peace, 1970–2005

■ Kristian Skrede Gleditsch and Andrea

Ruggeri – Political opportunity structures,

democracy, and civil war

■ Alex Braithwaite – Resisting infection: How

state capacity conditions conflict contagion

■ Cameron G Thies – Of rulers, rebels, and

revenue: State capacity, civil war onset, and

primary commodities

■ Karl DeRouen Jr, Mark J Ferguson,

Samuel Norton, Young Hwan Park,

Jenna Lea, & Ashley Streat-Bartlett –

Civil war peace agreement implementation

and state capacity

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Special Issue on State Capacity and Civil War

Guest Editor: David Sobek

peaceR E S E A R C H

P R I OInternational Peace Research Institute, Oslo

Institutt for fredsforskning

www.prio.no

ISSN 0022-3433

http://jpr.sagepub.com

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Security Dialogue is an international peer-reviewed journal that aims to combine cutting-edge advances in theory with new empirical findings across a range of fields relevant to the study of security. The journal provides an outlet for new approaches and methodologies from disciplines such as gender studies, political sociology, political economy, polit-ical theory, international relations, religious studies, visual arts, anthropology, psychoanalysis and polit-ical philosophy. It encourages innovative analyses that challenge traditional readings of, among other things, subjectivity, gender, identity, the individual, the social, the international, the economical, citi-zenship, health and biopolitics, risk, information technology, globalisation, migration and transna-tionalism, terrorism, crime, and media. Security Dialogue offers a unique forum across the arts, humanities and social sciences for scholarship that seeks to revisit, critique, and revise the concept of security against the backdrop of contemporary and historical developments.

In 2011, Security Dialogue published 720 pages over 6 issues. In all, 31 full-length articles and 4 rejoin-ders and responses, all peer-reviewed. Issue 42(2) was a special issue entitled ‘The Global Governance of Security and Finance’ guest edited by Nina Boy and Anna Leander. Issue 42(6) contained a special double issue on the politics of securitization, guest edited by Ulrik Pram Gad and Karen Lund Petersen

Associate Editors in 2011 were Claudia Aradau (Open University), Pinar Bilgin (Bilkent University), Marieke deGoede (University of Amsterdam), Anna Leander (Copenhagen Business School) and Mark B. Salter (University of Ottawa).

Security Dialogue is currently ranked as no. 9 of 78 journals in the ISI Journal Citation Reports’ rating for journals in international relations, with an impact factor of 1.6. Security Dialogue is ranked a top-tyre journal by the Norwegian Social Science Data Services (NSD).

Security Dialogue Editorial Staff in 2011Editor: J. Peter BurgessManaging Editor: Marit Moe-PryceAssociate Editors: Claudia Aradau, Pinar Bilgin, Marieke de Goede, Anna Leander& Mark B. Salter Language Editor: John Carville

Security Dialogue

Security Dialogue is an international bi-monthly journal that seeks

to combine contemporary theoretical analysis with challenges to

public policy across a wide ranging field of security studies.

Security Dialogue seeks to revisit and recast the concept of

security through new approaches and methodologies.

Security Dialogue encourages ground-breaking reflection on new

and traditional security issues such as globalization, nationalism,

ethnic conflict and civil war, information technology, biological

and chemical warfare, resource conflicts, pandemics, global

terrorism, non-state actors and environmental, energy, food and

human security.

Security Dialogue promotes analysis of the normative dimensions

of security, theoretical and practical aspects of identity and

identity-based conflict, gender aspects of security and critical

security studies.

P R I OInternational Peace Research Institute, Oslo

Institutt for fredsforskning

www.prio.no

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mapping the Security–Development Nexus

Maria Stern & Joakim Öjendal n

History of the Development-Security Nexus

Björn Hettne n

The Global life-Chance Divide

Mark Duffield n

War on Gangs, Counterinsurgency and Citizenship

Steffen Jensen n

The bullet in the living Room

Camilla Orjuela n

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Editorial Board in 2011Didier Bigo, Institute for Political Studies, FranceDavid Campbell, Durham University, UKSimon Chesterman, New York University School of Law, USA Carol Cohn, University of Massachusetts, USAWilliam E. Connolly, Johns Hopkins University, USARonald Deibert, University of Toronto, CanadaJames Der Derian, Brown University, USAMichael Dillon, Lancaster University, UKStefan Elbe, University of Essex, UKCynthia Enloe, Clark University, USAHugh Gusterson, George Mason University, USALene Hansen, University of Copenhagen, DenmarkJef Huysmans, The Open University, UKVivienne Jabri, University of London, UKJennifer Klot, Social Science Research Council, USARex Li, Liverpool John Moores University, UKAndrew Neal, University of Edinburgh, UKTaylor Owen, Oxford University, UKPatricia Owens, University of Sussex, UKPaul Rogers, University of Bradford, UKKristin B. Sandvik, PRIO, NorwayMichael Shapiro, University of Hawaii, USAPeter van Ham, Clingendael, The Hague, the NetherlandsOle Wæver, University of Copenhagen, DenmarkRob B. J. Walker, University of Victoria, Canada & Keele University, UKAnnick T. R. Wibben, University of San Francisco, USAMichael C. Williams, University of Ottawa, Canada

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Editorial Boards with PRIO Participation in 2011

BabylonJørgen Jensehaugen (Co-editor)Jon Nordenson (Editorial Board)Hilde Henriksen Waage (Editorial Advisory Board)

British Journal of Political ScienceKristian Skrede Gleditsch (Co-Editor)

Civil WarsScott Gates (Editorial Board)

Comparative Social ResearchKristian Berg Harpviken (Associate editor)

Cooperation and ConflictKristian Skrede Gleditsch (Editorial Committee)Torunn Tryggestad (Editorial Advisory Board)

European Journal of International RelationsKristian Skrede Gleditsch (Editorial Committee)

European Journal of PhilosophyJon Elster (Editorial Board)

European Journal of SociologyJon Elster (Advisory Committee)

European Political ScienceKaare Strøm (International Advisory Board)

Foreign Policy AnalysisNils Petter Gleditsch (Editorial Board)

Forum for Development StudiesTor Arve Benjaminsen (Editorial Committee)

French PoliticsKaare Strøm (Advisory Board)

Global AsiaStein Tønnesson (Editorial Board)

GlobalisationsStein Tønnesson (Editorial Board)

Government and OppositionJon Elster (Advisory Board)

InquiryJon Elster (Editorial Board)

Internasjonal PolitikkNils Petter Gleditsch (Editorial Advisory Board)Henrik Urdal (Editorial Committee)Hilde Henriksen Waage (Editorial Advisory Board)

International Area Studies ReviewScott Gates (Editor in Chief)Håvard Nygård (Managerial Board)Nils Petter Gleditsch (Editorial Board)Craig Jenkins (Editorial Board)Indra de Soysa (Editorial Board)Kaare Strøm (Editorial Board)

International Feminist Journal of PoliticsInger Skjelsbæk (Associate Editor)

International InteractionsSabine Carey (Editorial Board)Kristian Skrede Gleditsch (Editorial Board)Nils Petter Gleditsch (Editorial Board)

International OrganizationLars Erik Cederman (Editorial Board)Jeffrey Checkel (Editorial Board)Kristian Skrede Gleditsch (Editorial Board)

International Political SociologyJ. Peter Burgess (Editorial Board)

International Studies PerspectivesNils Petter Gleditsch (Editorial Advisory Board)

International Studies QuarterlySabine CareyIndra de SoysaKristian Skrede GleditschNils Petter Gleditsch

InquiryJon Elster (Editorial Board)

Journal of Ethics & Social PhilosophyJon Elster (Editorial Board)

Journal of Ethnic and Migration StudiesJørgen Carling (Editorial Advisory Board)

Journal of Human SecurityJ. Peter Burgess (Editorial Board)

Journal of Military EthicsHenrik Syse (Editor)Gregory Reichberg (Associate Editor)Nicole Monique Apostol (Managing editor)

Journal of Peace ResearchHenrik Urdal (Editor)Bertrand Lescher-Nuland (Managing Editor)Helge Holtermann (Book Review Editor)

Sabine Carey (Associate Editor)Scott Gates (Associate Editor)Nils Petter Gleditsch (Associate Editor)Håvard Hegre (Associate Editor)Stein Tønnesson (Associate Editor)Gudrun Østby (Associate Editor)Ragnhild Nordås (Editorial Committee)Kathleen Cunningham (Editorial Committee)Håvard Strand (Editorial Committee)Jon Elster (International Advisory Board)

Journal of PhilosophyJon Elster (Editor)

Journal of PoliticsKristian Skrede Gleditsch (Editorial Board)

Nordic Journal of Human RightsMorten Bergsmo (Editorial Committee)

Nordic Journal of Political EconomyHalvor Mehlum (Editor)Kalle Moene (Editor)

Norsk statsvitenskapelig tidsskriftOla Listhaug (Editorial Board)

Pacific FocusStein Tønnesson

Peace ReviewNils Petter Gleditsch (Board of Editorial Advisors)

Philosophy of the Social SciencesJon Elster (Editorial Board)

Political AnalysisKristian Skrede Gleditsch (Editorial Board)

Political GeographyHalvard Buhaug (Editorial Board)

Scandinavian Political StudiesKaare Strøm (International Advisory Board)

Security DialogueJ. Peter Burgess (Editor)Marit Moe-Pryce (Managing Editor)Kristin Bergtora Sandvik (Editorial Board)

Social Justice ResearchJon Elster (Associate Editor)

Social Science InformationJon Elster (International Advisory Committee)

Strategic AnalysisJ. Peter Burgess (Editorial Advisory Committee)

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PRIO Communication

PRIO in the media 2011

Kristian Berg Harpviken is interviewed by a score of interna-tional and national media about the nobel laureates.

Kristian Berg Harpviken is interviewed by Reuters on norway's attempts to normalize the relationship to China after the 2010 nobel peace prize.

nobel peace prize specula-tions just before the announce-ment; Kristian Berg Harpviken’s picks are cited in over 100 news media.

International media interest about norwe-gian society post-22/7. Halvard Buhaug interviewed on Columbia-study on links between civil wars and el ninö.

Several inter-national media, such as Bloom-berg, Foreign policy, Al-Jazeera, CntV, inter-viewed pRIo researchers about the attacks on 22. July.

nobel Women's Initia-tive launches conference on sexual violence in conflicts, pRIo research on this issue used in several Canadian newspapers.

nic Marsh comments on proliferation of small arms after looting of weapons from the libyan army.

pavel Baev comments on the bombing at the Moscow International Airport

pRIo Director Kristian Berg Harpviken talks about the 2011 nominations for the nobel peace prize.

Agnete Schjønsby, Julien Bessière, Damian Laws, Hans Olav Myskja. photo: Andrew J. Feltham, pRIo

Communication Director: Agnete SchjønsbyWeb Developer: Julien Bessière Communication Staff: Damian Laws, Hans Olav Mysjka

Communication and information is regarded as part of the basic activities at PRIO. We aim to disseminate expertise and findings from our research to a variety of different audiences. Through our website, seminar activities (see page 14) and visibility in various other public arenas, PRIO endeavours to function as a central meeting point and resource centre for peace research, both internationally and nationally.

Media and Debate PRIO researchers are encour-aged to take part in public debate and to make their expertise available to the general public. In 2011, PRIO staff published a number of op-eds and com-mentaries in the national and international media.

PRIO staff members are very much in demand with the media. Throughout 2011, PRIO researchers enjoyed a level of visibility within the Norwegian media that was both steady and high, and the international media coverage kept increasing (see graph below).

PRIO Website The PRIO website is updated daily and covers all PRIO activities. In addition, we seek to provide information and useful links on topics of relevance both to researchers and to the general public. In 2011, the number of visitors to the PRIO website continued to increase.

Communication Director: Agnete Schjønsby

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Selected PRIO Events 2011

PRIO Annual Peace Address

28 September: John Lewis on ‘The Role of Nonvio-lence in the Struggle for Liberation’. (Read more about this Event at page 5).

Seminars and Conferences

10 January: On the Occasion of the Sudan Referen-dum. Seminar in collaboration with NOREF and FAFO.

28 February: South Sudan: The Birth of a New Country. Seminar in collaboration with Noragric.

10 March: Comparing Greek and Turkish Cypriot History Schoolbooks. Seminar at PRIO in Oslo with Yiannis Papadakis.

28-29 March: Ethics at the Border: The European Internal/External Security Continuum. Final Conference for the INEX project.

13 April: The Obama Administration’s Foreign Policy. Seminar with Stuart Kaufman.

20 May: Succession Politics and the Future of the North Korean Nuclear Quagmire. Seminar with Chung-in-Moon.

15 June: India-Pakistan Relations After 26/11. Seminar with Tridivesh Singh Maini.

16 June: Reporting on Conflict in India: Hidden Wars and Hidden Media. Seminar with Arijit Sen.

22 June: Reunion - 10 Years After the War. Film seminar with Henrik Syse and Kai Eide, following the screening of Jon Haukland’s film Reunion, on the Balkan war.

27 June: Pastoralism in China Today. Conference in Bejing, in collaboration with the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences).

23 August: ‘We can Handle this Ourselves’. Conflict Prevention and Conflict Management in Haiti. Seminar with Rachelle Doucet and Alain Gilles.

8 September: Conflict in the South China Sea. Derailing China’s ‘Peaceful Development’? Seminar with Carlyle A. Thayer and Øystein Tunsjø.

9 September: Ten Years of the Journal of Military Ethics – and Military Ethics Ten Years after 9/11. Journal of Military Ethics - Anniversary Seminar

9 September: Political movements and Non-Violence in India: From Gandhi to Anna Hazare. Seminar with Anjoo and Priyankar Upadhyaya, Malaviya Centre for Peace Research.

13 September: Small Arms Crime and Conflict. Book launch and Seminar with the editors Nich-olas Marsh (PRIO) and Owen Greene (Bradford University).

13 September: A Complex Security Nexus: Water Stress, Security and Migration in South Asia. Seminar with Major General Muniruzzaman, Bangladesh Institute of Peace and Security Studies (BIPSS).

29 September: Pastoralism in China: Plateau Perspectives. Seminar with Marc Foggin.

17 October: Business as an Instrument of Peace. Symposium in Oslo. PRIO acted as collaborating partner in the Symposium, with particular respon-sibility for the Research Symposium.

24 October The Peace in Between: Post-War Violence and Peacebuilding. Book Launch Seminar with Astri Suhrke and Mats Berdal

4 November: Opening of Oslo Contemporary Art Exhibition. Akram Zaatari: Composition for Two Wings. PRIO collaborates with Kunstnernes Hus. The exhibition closed 22 January 2012.

23 November: Workshop on The Future of Soci-etal Security Research.

28 November: Thailand’s Post-Electoral Predi-cament. In collaboration with Polyteknisk Forening.

29 November: The Research-Practice Nexus in Humanitarianism. Seminar with Michael Barnett and Peter Walker. Organized by The Norwegian Centre for Humanitarian Studies (NCHS), a joint CMI, NUPI and PRIO initiative.

30 November: (New Delhi): Transboundary Rivers: Multilateral Frameworks for Cooperation. The IDSA-PRIO Conference 2011.

7 December: Arts, Culture, and Social Change Within the Arab Spring. Seminar with Cynthia Schneider at Kunstnernes Hus, in the context of the exhibition Composition for Two Wings by Akram Zaatari.

Afghanistan and the Region

18 March: Human Rights Challenges in Afghanistan. What should be the International Role? Seminar with Sima Samar.

26 April: Militancy, Mobility and Everyday Life on the Afghan-Pakistan Frontier. Seminar with Magnus Marsden (SOAS).

27 May: Achieving Durable Peace: Afghan Perspectives on a Peace Process. Seminar with Hamish Nixon.

14 September: Police Force or Police Service: Civilian Policing in Afghanistan. Seminar with Mark Sedra and Everett Summerfield

14 October: Afghanistan and Neighbouring Coun-tries in Search of Stability. Seminar with Dr. Smruti Pattanaik.

1 December: Afghanistan Towards 2014 - Transition-ing to Where? Seminar and launch of the book When More Is Less. The International Project in Afghanistan.

Gender

27 October: War Rape and Genocide. Legal and Philosophical Perspectives. Seminar with Robin Schott.

27-28 October: The Legacy of War Time Rape. Mapping Key Concepts and Issues.

15 November: Experiencing War. Seminar with Christine Sylvester.

23 November: Women, Power and Peacemaking in Africa. Seminar with Aili Tripp.

9 December: Celebrating Leymah Gbowee! 2011 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate. PRIO organized a film screening with Abigael Disney and Gini Reticker’s film ‘Pray the Devil Back to Hell’. In addi-tion to Leymah Gbowee herself, Gini Reticker and Abigail Disney took part, as well as the Norwegian minister of foreign affairs, Jonas Gahr Støre.

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Head Librarian: Odvar Leine. Librarian: Olga Baevaphoto: Sven Gunnar Simonsen

31 March: How does Conflict in the Country of Origin affect Remittance-Sending?

23 August: ‘A Dream, a Threat, a Duty’ - A Confer-ence on Return Migration.

23 November: How Voluntary is 'Voluntary Return"? And what does it mean for reintegration?

PRIO Cyprus Centre

10 March: Comparing Greek and Turkish Cypriot History Schoolbooks. Seminar at PRIO in Oslo with Yiannis Papadakis.

30 September: Envisioning a Future: Towards Prop-erty Settlement in Cyprus.

14-15 October: Shared Spaces and their Dissolution: Practises of Coexistence in Cyprus and Elsewhere

26 November: Cyprus Offshore Hydrocarbons: Wealth Distribution and Regional Politics.

Centre for the Study of Civil War

4-5 February: Social Dynamics of Civil War. Work-shop

28 April: Warfare in South Asia. Book launch seminar with Scott Gates and Kaushik Roy.

28-29 April: (Mannheim): Agents of Violence and Institutional Constraints. Workshop.

9-10 June: Theory and Methods in the Study of Civil War. Final workshop in the project ‘Disaggregating the Study of Civil Wars’.

14-15 June: INDSEC Workshop. A part of a Norwe-gian-Indian project on water-related security chal-lenges on the Indian subcontinent (INDSEC).

28-29 October: Workshop as part of the larger project "Civic and Uncivic Values among the Yugoslav Successor States”.

18-19 November: (Boston): Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism. Conference at MIT.

Head Librarian: Odvar Leine. Librarian: Olga Baeva

Selected PRIO Events 2011

Migration

The PRIO Library

The PRIO library has three main functions: an internal function as the supporting library for all proj-ects and researchers at PRIO; a public function as a permanent collection and documentation centre for peace research and conflict resolution (as such, it is open to outside visitors); and a network function as a library cooperating and sharing resources with other libraries in Norway and abroad.

Interlibrary loans out from PRIO (i.e. documents lent plus article copies provided) saw a 10% decrease from 2010 to 2011, and interlibrary loans into PRIO decreased by 36%. There was a 27% decrease in the number of loans within PRIO, and a 43% decrease in the number of loans to external visitors to the library. Requests and visits from externals decreased by 24%.

Books. A high priority for the library is the acqui-sition of books that are basic for work in peace and conflict research. A strong reference collection of the most relevant handbooks, encyclopaedias, diction-aries, yearbooks and statistical sources is essential. We have also accepted a special responsibility for the vast production of Johan Galtung, one of PRIO’s founders.

At the end of 2011, the library held approximately 27,500 volumes, an increase of 3% over the previous year. 220 of these are e-books of various formats (134% up from 2010), but more than 7% of the hold-ings have at least a link to an electronic version. The library’s database is searchable on PRIO’s intranet.

Periodicals. Also of crucial importance is our stock of relevant periodicals. By the end of 2011, PRIO’s

library held approximately 390 current periodicals. Of these titles, 347 could be accessed online from computers within PRIO’s local network – an increase of 6% from 2010. In total, at the end of the year the library held 785 periodical titles, both current and discontinued. Another 4 subscriptions have been ordered to start from 2012 while none will be discon-tinued.

The library subscribes to HeinOnline, an online collection of law journals. PRIO’s membership in the Nordic NIAS Council (NNC) further grants the library full access to a host of journals that mainly have an East Asian scope. PRIO is also connected to JSTOR, the electronic archive of back issues of peri-odicals.

The library’s IT system for periodical holdings can send an automatic e-mail notification about the arrival of a new issue of a particular periodical to any individual institute member. These e-mail alerts include links to tables of contents.

Databases. The library was subscribing to the Web of Science and Journal Citation Reports, JSTOR, CIAO, HeinOnline, Lancaster Index to Defence and Inter-national Security Literature, Bibliography of Asian Studies, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Europa World Plus, Keesing’s Online, Transitions Online, World News Connection (WNC), Opoint, PressDisplay and Stats-kalenderen.

The NNC membership also implies access to a number of databases with an East Asian scope.

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The Research School in Peace and Conflict is a collaboration between PRIO, the University of Oslo (UiO) and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and was officially opened on April 11, 2011. It is located at PRIO and is rooted in a common goal by all partners to offer the best possible research training for the next generation of peace and conflict scholars. This is done by building on and expanding networks and expertise at the partner institutions. The collaboration is characterized by multidisciplinary approaches to peace and conflict issues, international profile and outlook, and research excellence. 14 students were admitted in 2011 and another 12 in 2012.

The school offers focused thematic courses (e.g. on Societal Security) and methodology courses (Quanti-tative; Qualitative; Fieldwork; GIS appli-cations). In addition, there is a firm emphasis on the generic skills needed for a career in research: academic writing, presentations, project development and dissemination, with tailor-made symposia and regular courses for all students. The Research School is a cornerstone in the collaboration between UiO, NTNU and PRIO.

For more than 40 years, PRIO has been responsible for organizing and administering the peace research course of the University of Oslo’s International Summer School (ISS). The peace research course is a popular graduate-level course of the ISS, and it forms an integral part of the university’s annual summer programme. The course begins with a two-day workshop on conflict resolution and peacebuilding, which is followed by a more general introduction to the interdisciplinary field of peace studies.

The course combines theory, methodology and empirical aspects, along with a more focused study of selected areas and themes, aiming to enhance the understanding of conflict in order to assist efforts to resolve it. Sessions include lectures by practitionersand scholars in the field of peace studies, as well as group work, presentations and discussions. In 2011, the course curriculum was divided into four conceptual realms:

• the causes of conflict,• the dynamics of conflict, • resolving conflict and building peace, and • ethics and legal issues in war

Themes explored during the course included the ethics of war, international humanitarian and criminal law, horizontal inequalities and conflict, election-related violence, the relationship between climate change and conflict, conflict and peacebuilding in Afghanistan, the role of diasporas in peacebuilding, the challenges of peacebuilding operations, the role of gender in conflict resolution, the transnational dimensions of conflict, and peace negotiations and peace agreements. As part of the course, students also visited the Nobel Institute and participated in a one-day conflict-mediation simulation exercise.

The 2011 course was attended by 22 students from 19 countries around the world. Students are selected each year through a highly competitive process, and all successful applicants demonstrate a particular interest in, and in some cases experience with, peace and conflict issues. Students hold the minimum equivalent of a bachelor’s degree, but many are in the process of completing master’s and doctoral degrees. The summer school 2011 was coordinated by Kendra Dupuy and Stephan Hamberg.

PRIO Education

Research School in Peace and Conflict

International Summer School 2011

Summer School Group 2011. photo: Alf Butenschøn Skre

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At the formal launch: PRIO Director Kristian Berg Harpviken, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Leymah Gbowee and Joe R. Reeder (Chair of Endowment) photo: Royal norwegian Consulate General new York

The Peace Research Endowment is a new entity, set up in the United States, with a seed grant from PRIO. The Endowment aims to enhance research-based knowledge on peace and war, to stimulate debate and inform policy, and ultimately to contribute towards the creation of a world in which violence is the exception and conflicts are resolved peacefully.

The Endowment was established in 2012, but was officially launched on 12 March 2013, with an event at the residence of the Norwegian Consul General in New York, Sissel Breie, featuring Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Leymah Gbowee, as well as filmmakers Abigail Disney and Gini Reticker.

The Peace Research Endowment’s activities are directed principally toward the academic community, with an emphasis on research that informs the policy and practitioner communities. It aims to stimulate research cooperation internationally through fun-ding projects and programs, first and foremost the activities of PRIO.

The Endowment facilitates contact between donors and grant recipients, inviting donors to support, and

hence be part of, innovative, exciting research. To this effect, it supports and implements a range of activities, including:

• Research projects• Endowed professorships and centers for advanced study• Conferences and research exchanges• Facilitation of dialogue among conflict parties and among researchers, practitioners and the broader public

The Endowment’s Board of Directors brings together energies and talents in diverse spheres – from public service to the private sector, to academia and civil society.

For more information see: www.peace-research.org

PRIO is involved in two master’s programmes in cooperation with Bjørknes College in Oslo, Stellenbosch University in South Africa and Australian National University (ANU) in Australia.Hege Barker (Bjørknes/PRIO) was coordinator.

Peace and Conflict Studies Since 2004, ANU, Bjørknes College and PRIO have run a new post-graduate degree programme in international rela-tions, specializing in peace and conflict studies.

Students spend one semester (autumn) in Oslo atten-ding courses specially developed and taught by PRIO staff. The other courses are taught by the academic staff of ANU s Department of International Relations at the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies.

The three courses taught in Oslo are Conflict Reso-lution and Peacebuilding (coord. by Hege Barker). Gender and Conflict (coord. by Pinar Tank) and The Ethics of War and Peace (coord. by Henrik Syse).

This joint postgraduate degree programme has been named a ‘Prestige Program’ by ANU. PRIO’s Australian partner is ranked as one of the world’s top universities and as number one in the southern hemisphere.

Master of International Studies Since 2006, a master’s programme in international studies has been run by Stellenbosch University, Bjørknes College and PRIO. The first semester of this two-year programme is taught in Oslo, with students spending the subsequent three semesters in South Africa.

The programme focuses on international political economy and conflict dynamics, with a particular emphasis on sub-Saharan Africa. The programme provides students with theoretical perspectives, ana-lytical tools and empirical knowledge of these areas.

The Oslo semester consists of three modules developed by PRIO staff: Conflict and Peace, Migration and Ethnicity and Nations and Regions.

In South Africa, the students are taught at the Department of Political Science of the University of Stellenbosch. The university, one of Africa’s best research universities, is located about an hour fromCape Town.

Master Degree Progammes

Peace Research Endowment

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PRIO Publications 2011

Doctoral Dissertations

Binningsbø, Helga Malmin. A Piece of the

Pie: The Perils of Post-

Conflict Peace. Depart-ment of Sociology and Political Science, NTNU. Supervisor: Nils Petter Gleditsch, NTNU; Scott Gates, CSCW/PRIO (defended 29 April).

Østby, Gudrun. Devel-

opment, Horizontal

Inequalities and Civil

Conflict. Department of Political Science, Univer-sity of Oslo. Supervisors: Anne Julie Semb, UIO; Scott Gates, PRIO/CSCW (defended 21 June).

Monographs

Burgess, J. Peter. The

Ethical Subject of Security:

Geopolitical Rationality

and the Threat against

Europe. London: Rout-ledge.

Cunningham, David. Barriers to Peace in

Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Skjelsbæk, Inger. The

Political Psychology of War

Rape: Studies from Bosnia

and Herzegovina. London: Routledge.

Syse, Henrik. Noe å tro

på. En filosofs tanker om

tro i vår tid [Something to Believe in. A Philoso-pher's Reflections on Faith in Our Time]. Oslo: Cappelen Damm.

Edited Volumes

Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Leonardo Morlino & Bertrand Badie, eds. International Encyclo-

pedia of Political Science.

Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

Bergman, Torbjorn & Kaare Strøm, eds. The Madisonian Turn:

Political Parties and

Parliamentary Democracy

in Nordic Europe. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.

Burgess, J. Peter & Serge Gutwirth, eds. A Threat Against Europe?

Security, Migration and

Integration. Brussels: Brussels University Press.

Gates, Scott & Kaushik Roy, eds. Conventioinal

Warfare in South Asia,

1947 to the Present. Farnham: Ashgate.

Gates, Scott & Kaushik Roy, eds. The Nuclear

Shadow over South Asia,

1947 to the Present.

Farnham: Ashgate.

Gates, Scott & Kaushik Roy, eds. Unconventional

Warfare in South Asia

to the Present. Farnham: Ashgate.

Greene, Owen & Nicholas Marsh, eds. Small Arms, Crime and

Conflict: Global Govern-

ance and the Threat of

Armed Violence. London: Routledge.

Listhaug, Ola; Sabrina P. Ramet & Dragana Dulic, eds. Civic and

Uncivic Values: Serbia in

the post-Milošević Era.

Budapest: Central Euro-pean University Press.

Obi, Cyril & Siri Aas Rustad, eds. Oil and

Insurgency in the Niger

Delta: Managing the

Complex Politics of Petro-

violence. London: Zed Books.

Ramet, Sabrina P. & Ola Listhaug, eds. Serbia and the Serbs

in World War Two.

Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Skjelsbæk, Inger; Sanam Anderlini, Elizabeth Jean Wood, Tilman Brück, Marc Vothknecht, Donald Steinberg, Kathleen Kuehnast & Chantal de Jonge Oudraat, eds. Women and War: Power

and Protection in the 21st

Century. Washington, D.C.: United States Insti-tute of Peace Press.

Syse, Henrik & Torb-jørn Røe Isaksen, eds. Konservatisme [Conserva-tism]. Oslo: Universitets-forlaget.

Tadjbakhsh, Shah-rbanou, ed. Rethinking

the Liberal Peace:

External Models and Local

Alternatives. Milton Park: Routledge.

Journal Articles

Baev, Pavel K. 'A Matrix for Post-Soviet "Color Revolutions": Exorcising the Devil from the

Details', International

Area Studies Review 14(2): 3–22.

Boy, Nina; J. Peter Burgess & Anna Leander. 'The Global Governance of Finance and Security: Introduc-tion to the Special Issue', Security Dialogue 42(2): 115–122.

Brochmann, Marit. ‘The Effectiveness of Negotiations over Inter-national River Claims’, International Studies

Quarterly 55(3): 859–882.

Buhaug, Halvard; Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, Helge Holtermann, Gudrun Østby & Andreas Forø Tollefsen. 'It’s the Local Economy, Stupid! Geographic Wealth Dispersion and Conflict Outbreak Location', Journal of Conflict Resolu-

tion 55(5): 814–840.

Carling, Jørgen & María Hernández Carretero. 'Protecting Europe and Protecting Migrants? Strategies for Managing Unauthorised Migration from Africa', British Journal of Politics

and International Rela-

tions 13(1): 42–58.

Carney, Scott; Jason Miklian & Kristian Hoelscher. 'Fortress India', Foreign Policy, July/August 2011.

Cederman, Lars-Erik; Nils Weidmann & Kris-tian Skrede Gleditsch. 'Horizontal Inequalities and Ethno-nationalist Civil War: A Global Comparison', American

Political Science Review 105(3): 478–495.

Cederman, Lars-Erik; Luc Girardin, Nils Weidmann, Andreas Wimmer & Julian Wucherpfennig. ‘Politi-cally Relevant Ethnic Groups across Space and Time: Introducing the GeoEPR Dataset’, Conflict

Management and Peace

Science 28(5): 423–437.

Dyrstad, Karin; Halvard Buhaug, Kristen Ringdal, Albert Simkus & Ola Listhaug. 'Microfounda-tions of Civil Conflict Reconciliation: Ethnicity and Context', Interna-

tional Interactions 37(4): 363–387.

Hatay, Mete & Rebecca Bryant. 'Guns and Guitars: Simulating Sovereignty in a State of Siege', American Ethnolo-

gist 38(4): 631–649.

Hegre, Håvard; Håvard Mokleiv Nygård & Lisa Hultman. 'Simulating the Effect of Peace-keeping Operations, 2010-2035', Lecture Notes

in Computer Science

6589: 325–332.

Heian-Engdal, Marte. '@fredsprosess1' [@peaceprocess1], Babylon 9(1): 82–93.

Hauge, Wenche. 'Mada-gascar between Peace and Conflict - Domestic Capabilities for Peaceful Conflict Management', Conflict, Security and

Development 11(5): 509–531.

Hughes, Glenn. 'The Concept of Dignity in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights', Journal

of Religious Ethics 39(1): 1–24.

Johnson, Dominic D.P.; Nils Weidmann & Lars-Erik Cederman. 'Fortune Favours the Bold: An Agent-Based Model Reveals Adaptive Advantages of Overconfi-dence in War', PLoS ONE 6(6).

Kolås, Åshild. 'Reclaiming the Forest: Ewenki Reindeer Herding as Exception', Human

Organization 70(4): 397–404.

Kolås, Åshild. ‘Naga Militancy and Violent Politics in the Shadow of Ceasefire’, Journal of

Peace Research 48(6): 781-792.

Miklian, Jason. 'I Was a Rare Earths Day Trader', Foreign Policy, 21 January 2011.

Miklian, Jason. 'Revo-lutionary Conflict in Federations: The Indian Case', Conflict, Security

and Development 11(1): 25–53.

Miklian, Jason; Krist-offer Lidén & Åshild Kolås. 'The Perils of ‘Going Local’: Liberal Peace-building Agendas in Nepal', Conflict, Secu-

rity & Development 11(3): 285–308.

Naftalin, Mark. 'A New Rwanda?', The World

Today 67(7): 22–24.

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Naftalin, Mark. 'Beyond Southern Sudan', The

World Today 67(1): 16–17.

Peoples, Mareah. 'Street Harassment in Cairo: A Symptom of Disintegrating Social Structures', The African

Anthropologist 15(1): 1–20.

Reichberg, Gregory M. 'Aquinas' Moral Typology of Peace and War', Review

of Metaphysics 64(1): 467–487.

Rolandsen, Øystein H. 'A False Start: Between War and Peace in the Southern Sudan, 1956–62', Journal of African

History 52(1): 105–23.

Rolandsen, Øystein H. 'A Quick Fix? A Retrospective Analysis of the Sudan Compre-hensive Peace Agree-ment', Review of African

Political Economy 38(130): 551–564.

Rolandsen, Øystein H. 'The Making of the Anya-Nya Insurgency in the Southern Sudan, 1961-64', Journal of

Eastern African Studies 5(2): 211–232.

Rustad, Siri Aas; Halvard Buhaug, Åshild Falch & Scott Gates. 'All Conflict Is Local: Modeling Sub-National Variation in Civil Conflict Risk', Conflict

Management and Peace

Science 28(1): 15–40.

Salehyan, Idean; Kris-tian Skrede Gleditsch & David Cunningham. 'Explaining External Support for Insurgent Groups', International

Organization 66(4): 709–744.

Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora. 'Blurring Boundaries: Refugee Resettlement in Kampala – between the Formal, the Informal, and the Illegal', PoLAR: Political

and Legal Anthropology

Review 34(1): 11–32.

Schneider, Gerald; Sabine C. Carey & Nils Petter Gleditsch. 'Fore-casting in International Relations: One Quest, Three Approaches', Conflict Management and

Peace Science 28(1): 5–14.

Schutte, Sebastian & Nils Weidmann. 'Diffu-sion Patterns of Violence in Civil Wars', Political

Geography 30(3): 143–152.

Skjelsbæk, Inger & Torunn L. Tryggestad. 'Kvinner i det norske forsvaret: Likestilling eller operasjonelt imperativ?' [Women in the Norwegian Armed Forces: Gender Equality or Operational Impera-tive?], Sosiologi i dag 41(1): 53–75.

Strand, Håvard. 'Decon-structing Civil War: A Rejoinder', Security

Dialogue 42(3): 297–302.

Tiller, Stian Johansen & Hilde Henriksen Waage. 'Powerful State, Powerless Mediator: The United States and the Peace Efforts of the

Palestine Conciliation Commission, 1949–51', International History

Review 33(3): 501–524.

Trimikliniotis, Nicos. 'For a Sociology of Recon-ciliation and Conflict: An Ascending Ethic of Reconciliation?', Current

Sociology 59: 600–603.

Trimikliniotis, Nicos. 'Σημείωση για τη «Τουρκική Δημοκρατία της Βόρειας Κύπρου», Ταξικές Παράμετροι' [Note on the “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus', Class Parame-ters], Θέσεις 114: 99–120.

Tuastad, Dag Henrik. 'Ti år etter oktober-urolighetene i Israel' [Ten Years after the October Riots in Israel], Babylon 9(1): 118–127.

Tunander, Ola. 'Inspiratorer, interes-senter, innvielsesmestere og investorer i Breiviks verden' [Inspiration, Interests, Initiation and Investments in Brei-vik’s World], Nytt Norsk

Tidskrift 28(4): 347–358.

Waage, Hilde Henriksen. 'The Winner Takes All: The 1949 Island of Rhodes Armistice Negotiations Revisited', Middle East

Journal 65(2): 279–304.

Wang, Jonas Rusten. 'Regulating Hawala: A Comparison of Five National Approaches', Journal of Money Laun-

dering Control 14(3): 210–224.

Weidmann, Nils. ‘Violence “From Above” or “From Below”? The Role of Ethnicity in Bosnia’s Civil War’, Journal of Politics 73(4 ): 1178–1190.

Østby, Gudrun; Zulfan Tadjoeddin, Henrik Urdal, S. Mansoob Murshed & Håvard Strand. 'Population Pres-sure, Horizontal Inequali-ties and Political Violence: A Disaggregated Study of Indonesian Provinces, 1990-2003', Journal of

Development Studies

47(3): 377–39

Book Chapters

Baev, Pavel K. 'Crooked Hierarchy and Reshuffled Networks: Reforming Russia's Dysfunctional Military Machine' in Vadim Kononenko & Arkady Moshes, eds, Russia as a Network State:

What Works in Russia

When State Institutions

Do Not? London: Palgrave Macmillan (62–80).

Baev, Pavel K. 'Russia's Security Relations with the US: Futures Planned and Unplanned' in Stephen Blank, ed., Russian Nuclear Weapons:

Past, Present, and Future. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute (161–186).

Baev, Pavel K. 'Russia: Moscow Does Not Believe in Changes' in Kenneth M. Pollack, ed., The Arab

Awakening: America and

the Transformation of the

Middle East. Washington, DC: Brookings Institu-tion (291–297).

Baev, Pavel K. 'The Continuing Revolu-tion in Russian Military Affairs' in Petrov Nikolai & Maria Lipman, eds, Russia in 2020: Scenarios

for the Future. Wash-ington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for Interna-tional Peace (349–370).

Baev, Pavel K. 'The Russian Army as a Crumbling Keystone in the European Security Architecture' in Bertil Nygren, ed., The Russian

Armed Forces in Transi-

tion. London: Routledge (200–225).

Baev, Pavel K. ‘The Uncertain Trajectory of Russia-Azerbaijan Rela-tions in the Multiple-pipeline Era’, in Adrian Dellecker & Thomas Gomart, eds, Russian

Energy Security and

Foreign Policy. London: Routledge (132–144).

Bergman, Torbjörn & Kaare Strøm. 'Nordic Europe in Comparative Perspective' in Kaare Strøm & Torbjorn Bergman, eds, The Madi-

sonian Turn, Political

Parties and Parliamentary

Democracy in Nordic

Europe. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press (35–66).

Bergman, Torbjörn & Kaare Strøm. 'The Nordics, Demanding Citi-zens, Complex Polities' in Kaare Strøm & Torbjorn Bergman, eds, The Madi-

sonian Turn: Political

Parties and Parliamentary

Democracy in Nordic

Europe. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press (356–388).

Burgess, J. Peter. ‘Introduction: Security, Migration and Integra-tion’ in J. Peter Burgess & Serge Gutwirth, eds, A

Threat Against Europe? Security, Migration and

Integration. Brussels: Brussels University Press (13–15).

Burgess, J. Peter & Jonas Gräns. ‘Human Security’ in Craig A. Synder, ed., Contemporary

Security and Strategy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan (89–105).

Carling, Jørgen. 'The European Paradox of Unwanted Migration' in J. Peter Burgess & Serge Gutwirth, eds, A Threat

Against Europe? Security,

Migration and Integra-

tion. Brussels: Brussels University Press (33–46).

Cunningham, Kath-leen Gallagher & Emily A. Beaulieu. 'Dissent, Repression, and Inconsistency' in Erica Chenoweth & Adria Laurence, eds, Paths to

Violence. Boston, MA: MIT Press (173–196).

Demetriou, Olga; Georgina Christou & John Mavris. 'Becoming Good Neighbours in Cyprus: Civic Action and the Relevance of the State' in Ulrike Hanna Meinhof & Heidi Armbruster, eds, Negotia-

tion Multicultural Europe:

Borders, Networks,

Neighbourhoods. London: Palgrave (25–44).

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PRIO Publications continued ...

Emanuel, Linda; Tapas Kundu, Eva Reitschuler-Cross, Karen Glasser Scan-drett, Melissa Simon, Lawrence Librach. ‘Addressing the Social Suffering Associated with Illness: A Focus on Household Economic Resilience’ in Linda Emanuel and Lawrence Librach, eds, Palliative

Care: Core Skills and

Clinical Competencies. Maryland Heights, MO: Elsevier Saunders (670–679).

Ezzati, Rojan. ''Alle ser på oss som utlendinger uansett': Selvbilder og andre bilder av unge menn med muslimsk bakgrunn etter 11. september 2001' ["We’re Considered Foreigners Anyway": Self Images and Other Images of Young Men with Muslim Back-ground after 11 September 2001] in Thomas Hylland Eriksen & Hans Erik Næss, eds, Kulturell kompleksitet

i det nye Norge. Oslo: Unipub (57–67).

Gates, Scott & Kaushik Roy. 'Introduction' in Scott Gates & Kaushik Roy, eds, Conventional Warfare in South Asia,

1947 to the Present.

Farnham: Ashgate (9–30).

Gates, Scott & Kaushik Roy. 'Introduction' in Scott Gates & Kaushik Roy, eds, The Nuclear

Shadow over South Asia,

1947 to the Present.

Farnham: Ashgate (9–28).

Gates, Scott & Kaushik Roy. 'Introduction' in Scott Gates & Kaushik Roy, eds., Unconven-

tional Warfare in South

Asia, 1947 to the Present. Farnham: Ashgate (9–30).

Gates, Scott. 'Why Do Children Fight? Motivations and the Mode of Recruitment' in Alpaslan Özerdem & Sukanya Podder, eds, Child Soldiers: From

Recruitment to Reintegra-

tion. Palgrave Macmillan (29–49).

Gleditsch, Nils Petter & Halvard Buhaug. 'Årsaker til krig' [Causes of War] in Jon Hovi & Raino Malnes, eds, Anarki, makt og normer:

Innføring i internasjonal

politikk. Oslo: Abstrakt forlag (167–190).

Greene, Owen & Nicholas Marsh. 'Armed Violence within Socie-ties' in Nicholas Marsh & Owen Greene, eds, Small Arms, Crime and

Conflict Global Govern-

ance and the Threat of

Armed Violence. London: Routledge (79–104).

Greene, Owen & Nich-olas Marsh. 'Conclu-sions and Priorities for Further Research' in Nicholas Marsh & Owen Greene, eds, Small Arms,

Crime and Conflict Global

Governance and the

Threat of Armed Violence.

London: Routledge (248–262).

Greene, Owen & Nich-olas Marsh. 'Introduc-tion' in Nicholas Marsh & Owen Greene, eds, Small Arms, Crime and

Conflict Global Govern-

ance and the Threat of

Armed Violence. London: Routledge (1–11).

Gürel, Ayla & Olga Demetriou. 'Human Rights, Civil Society and Conflict in Cyprus' in Raffaele Marchetti & Nathalie Tocci, eds, Civil

Society, Conflicts and the

Politicization of Human

Rights. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.

Harpviken, Kristian Berg. 'A Peace Nation in the War on Terror: The Norwegian Engagement in Afghanistan' in Nik Hynek & Péter Marton, eds, Statebuilding in

Afghanistan: Multina-

tional Contributions to

Reconstruction. London: Routledge (157–173).

Harpviken, Kristian Berg. 'Warlordism: Three Biographies From Southeastern Afghani-stan' in Astri Suhrke & Mats Berdal, eds, The Peace in Between:

Post-war Violence and

Peacebuilding. London: Routledge (173–191).

Hatay, Mete & Ali Dayioglu. 'Cyprus' in Jørgen S. Nielsen, ed., Yearbook of Muslims

in Europe - Volume 3.

Leiden: BRILL.

Hatay, Mete. 'Turkish Cypriots and the 'Cypriot Solution'' in Sylvia Tiryaki & Mensur Akgun, eds, The Heybeliada Talks:

Two Years of Public

Diplomacy on Cyprus.

Istanbul: Kultur Univer-sity (49–52).

Hauge, Wenche. 'Girl Soldiers in Guatemala' in Alpaslan Özerdem & Sukanya Podder, eds, Child

Soldiers: From Recruit-

ment to Reintegration.

Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan (91–103).

Hernes, Helga. 'Gender Perspectives on Civilan Security Concerns and Policies' in Diane Sains-bury & Maritta Soininen, eds, Kön, Makt, Nation:

Festskrift till Maud

Eduards. Stockholm: Ellanders.

Herron, Patrick; Matt Schroeder, Jasna Lazarevic & Nicholas Marsh. 'Larger but Less Known: Authorized Light Weapons Transfers' in The Small Arms Survey

2011: States of Security.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (8–41).

Jackson, Thomas & Nicholas Marsh. 'Guns and Deaths: A Critical Review' in Nicholas Marsh & Owen Greene, eds, Small Arms, Crime and

Conflict Global Govern-

ance and the Threat of

Armed Violence. London: Routledge (105–121).

Jacobsen, Elida Kris-tine Undrum. 'Friðr: A Northern European Perspective' in Wolf-gang Dietrich, Josefina Echavarría Alvarez, Gustavo Esteva, Daniela Ingruber & Norbert Koppensteiner, eds, The

Palgrave International

Handbook of Peace

Studies. A Cultural

Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan: (67–86).

Kreutz, Joakim & Nicholas Marsh. 'Lethal Instruments: Small Arms and Deaths in Armed Conflict' in Nicholas Marsh & Owen Greene , eds, Small

Arms, Crime and Conflict

global governance and the

threat of armed violence. London: Routledge (43–63).

Kreutz, Joakim; Manuela Torre & Nicholas Marsh. 'Regaining State Control: Arms and Violence in Post-conflict Countries' in Nicholas Marsh & Owen Greene , eds, Small Arms, Crime and

Conflict Global Govern-

ance and the Threat of

Armed Violence. London: Routledge (64–76).

Liden, Kristoffer. 'Peace, Self-Governance and International Engagement: From Neo-Colonial to Post-Colonial Peacebuilding' in Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh, ed., Rethinking the Liberal

Peace: External Models

and Local Alternatives.

Milton Park: Routledge (57–74).

Listhaug, Ola. 'Conclu-sion' in Ola Listhaug & Sabrina P. Ramet, eds, Serbia and the Serbs

in World War Two.

Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan (285–290).

Listhaug, Ola; Kristen Ringdal & Albert Simkus. 'Serbian Civic Values in a European Context' in Ola Listhaug, Sabrina P. Ramet & Dragana Dulic, eds, Civic and Uncivic Values,

Serbia in the Post-

Milosevic Era. Budapest: Central European Univer-sity Press (51–75).

Marsh, Nicholas. 'Governance and Small Arms and Light Weapons' in Nicholas Marsh & Owen Greene , eds, Small Arms, Crime and

Conflict Global Govern-

ance and the Threat of

Armed Violence. London: Routledge (163–182).

Narud, Hanne Marthe & Kaare Strøm. 'Norway, From Hønsval-dian Parliamentarism Back to Madisonian Roots' in Kaare Strøm & Torbjorn Bergman, eds, The Madisonian Turn,

Political Parties and

Parliamentary Democracy

in Nordic Europe. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press (200–250).

Obi, Cyril & Siri Aas Rustad. 'Conclusion: Amnesty and Post-amnesty Peace, is the Window of Opportunity Closing for the Niger Delta' in Cyril Obi & Siri Aas Rustad, eds, Oil and

Insurgency in the Niger

Delta: Managing the

Complex Politics of Petro-

violence. London: Zed Books (200–210).

Obi, Cyril & Siri Aas Rustad. 'Introduction: Petro-violence in the Niger Delta - the Complex Politics of an Insurgency' in Cyril Obi & Siri Aas Rustad, eds, Oil and

Insurgency in the Niger

Delta: Managing the

Complex Politics of Petro-

violence. London: Zed Books (1–14).

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Reichberg, Gregory M. 'Suárez on Just War' in Daniel Schwartz, ed., Interpreting Suárez.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (185–204).

Skjelsbæk, Inger. 'Sexual Violence in the Post-Yugoslav Wars' in Chantal de Jonge Oudraat, Helga Hernes & Kathleen Kuehnast, eds, Women

and War: Power and Protec-

tion in the 21st Century.

Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press (65–84).

Strøm, Kaare & Torbjörn Bergman. 'Parliamentary Democ-racies under Siege?' in Kaare Strøm & Torbjorn Bergman, eds, The Madi-

sonian Turn, Political

Parties and Parliamentary

Democracy in Nordic

Europe. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press (3–34).

Syse, Henrik & Helene Christiansen Ingierd. 'The Moral Responsi-bility of Shareholders: A Conceptual Map' in Gro Nystuen, Andreas Follesdal & Ola Mestad, eds, Human Rights, Corpo-

rate Complicity, and

Disinvestment. Cam-bridge: Cambridge Uni-versity Press (156–182).

Syse, Henrik & Tor Richardsen. 'Human Beings in the "Metaxy": Dilemmas and Extremes in Henrik Ibsen' in Charles R. Embry, ed., Voegelinian Readings

of Modern Literature.

Columbia, MO: Univer-sity of Missouri Press (30–44).

Syse, Henrik. 'Forvalt-ning over generasjonene -- hva sier etikken?' [Care-taking over Generations -- What Does Ethics Say] in Finansråd i utfordrende

tider – om forvaltning

og økonomisk politikk.

Festskrift til Tore Eriksen. Oslo: Finansdeparte-mentet (74–80).

Tadjbakhsh, Shahr-banou & Oliver P. Richmond. 'Conclusion: Typologies and Modi-fications Proposed by Critical Approaches' in Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh, ed., Rethinking the Liberal

Peace: External Models

and Local Alternatives. Milton Park: Routledge (221–241).

Tadjbakhsh, Shahr-banou. 'Introduc-tion: Liberal Peace in Dispute' in Shahr-banou Tadjbakhsh, ed., Rethinking the Liberal

Peace: External Models

and Local Alternatives.

Milton Park: Routledge (1–17).

Tadjbakhsh, Shahr-banou. 'Liberal Peace and the Dialogue of the Deaf in Afghanistan' in Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh, ed., Rethinking the Liberal

Peace: External Models

and Local Alternatives. Milton Park: Routledge (206–220).

Tadjbakhsh, Shahr-banou. 'Open Societies, Open Markets: Assump-tions and Illusions' in Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh, ed., Rethinking the Liberal

Peace: External Models

and Local Alternatives. Milton Park: Routledge (19–36).

Urdal, Henrik. 'Demographic Aspects of Climate Change, Environmental Degrada-tion and Armed Conflict' in United Nations, ed., Population Distribution,

Urbanization, Internal

Migration and Develop-

ment: An International

Perspective. New York: United Nations Popula-tion Division (243–263).

Urdal, Henrik. 'Youth Bulges and Violence' in Jack A. Goldstone, Eric Kauffman & Monica Toft, eds, Political Demog-

raphy: Interests, Conflict,

and Institutions. Boulder, CO: Paradigm (117–132).

PRIO Series 2011

PRIO Reports

Harpviken, Kristian Berg. 'Power Prevails: The Failure of Whole-of-Government Approaches in Afghanistan', PRIO

Policy Brief 4, Oslo: PRIO.

Klein, Menachem. 'The Israeli Perspective on the Two-State Solution', PRIO

Policy Brief 1, Oslo: PRIO.

Nordås, Ragnhild. 'Sexual Violence in African Conflicts', CSCW

Policy Brief 1, Oslo: PRIO.

Suhrke, Astri. 'Disjointed Incremen-talism: NATO in Afghani-stan', PRIO Policy Brief 3, Oslo: PRIO.

Tariq, Mohammed Osman; Kaja Borch-grevink & Kristian Berg Harpviken. 'Building Trust and Institutions - Religious Institution-Building in Afghanistan:

An Exploration', PRIO

Policy Brief 2, Oslo: PRIO.

Østby, Gudrun & Henrik Urdal. 'Educa-tion and Conflict: What the Evidence Says', CSCW

Policy Brief 2, Oslo: PRIO.

PRIO Reports

Carling, Jørgen; Elin Berstad Mortensen & Jennifer Wu. 'A Syste-matic Bibliography on Return Migration', PRIO

Paper. Oslo: PRIO.

Derksen, Deedee. 'Peace From the Bottom-Up? The Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Program', PRIO Paper.

Oslo: PRIO.

Harpviken, Kristian Berg. 'A Peace Nation Takes Up Arms: The Norwegian Engagement in Afghanistan', PRIO

Paper. Oslo: PRIO.

Harsch, Michael F. 'A Reluctant Warrior: The German Engagement in Afghanistan', PRIO

Paper. Oslo: PRIO.

Klein, Menachem. 'The Israeli Perspective on the Two-State Solu-tion', PRIO Paper. Oslo: PRIO.

Nixon, Hamish. 'Achieving Durable Peace: Afghan Perspectives on a Peace Process', PRIO

Paper. Oslo: PRIO.

Rolandsen, Øystein H. & Alfred Lokuji. 'Drifting Apart? The Impact of Secession and Armed Violence on Border Areas in South Sudan', PRIO Paper. Oslo: PRIO.

Suhrke, Astri. 'Defining the Mission: The US Engagement in Afghani-stan', PRIO Paper. Oslo: PRIO.

Suhrke, Astri. 'Faithful Ally: The UK Engagement in Afghanistan', PRIO

Paper. Oslo: PRIO.

Tadjbakhsh, Shahr-banou. 'South Asia and Afghanistan: The Robust India-Pakistan Rivalry', PRIO Paper. Oslo: PRIO.

Tariq, Mohammed Osman. 'Religious Institution Building in Afghanistan: An Explora-tion', PRIO Paper. Oslo: PRIO.

Williams, Rhodri & Ayla Gürel. 'European Court of Human Rights and the Cyprus Property Issue: Charting a Way Forward', PRIO Cyprus

Centre Paper. Nicosia: PRIO Cyprus Centre.

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Leadership and Support

Bernt Aardal (Chair)Institute for Social Research, OsloDag Harald Claes, University of OsloCindy Horst, PRIOSiri Camilla Aas Rustad, PRIORagnhild Sohlberg (Deputy Chair) Sohlberg ConsultingRagnhild Steen Jensen, Ministry of Local Government and Regional DevelopmentRaimo Väyrynen, Professor Emeritus

Lene K. Borg (ex officio)Kristian Berg Harpviken (ex officio)Inger Skjelsbæk (ex officio)

The Board members

DeputiesKarin Aggestam, Lund UniversityBritt T. B. Brestrup, Norwegian Ministry of Foreign AffairsMarta Erdal, PRIOÅshild Kolås, PRIOJo Saglie, Institute for Social Research, OsloNora Sveaas, University of OsloNazneen Khan Østrem, Aschehoug Publishing House

Administration

Lene K. Borg, (Administrative Director)Lars Even Andersen (Dep. Administrative Director)Eivind Breidlid, (Administrative Assistant)Cathrine Bye (Institute Secretary)Damian Laws (Management Adviser)Hans Olav Myskja (Institute CO)Svein Normann (IT Manager)Lorna Q. Sandberg (Chief Accountant)

Director s OfficeKristian Berg Harpviken (Director)Inger Skjelsbæk (Deputy Director)Halvor Berggrav (Adviser)Ingeborg K. Haavardsson (Special Adviser)Lynn P. Nygaard (Special Adviser)

Svein Normann, Cathrine Bye, Lorna Q. Sandberg, Lars Even Andersen, Lene K. Borg, Damian Laws, Hans Olav Myskjaphoto: Andrew J Feltham, pRIo

PRIO Board (2012): Dag Harald Claes, Ragnhild Steen Jensen, Raimo Väyrynen, Ragnhild Sohlberg, Cindy Horst, Siri C. Aas Rustad, Bernt Aardal (chair). Haakon Jamtli Kristiansen

Halvor Berggrav, Inger Skjelsbæk, Lynn P. Nygaard, Kristian Berg Harpviken, . photo: Hans olav Myskja, pRIo

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Report from the Board 2011

The purpose of the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) is to engage in research concerning the condi-tions for peaceful relations between nations, groups and individuals. Since its foundation in 1959, PRIO has played a central international role in developing peace research as an important academic discipline.

Kristian Berg Harpviken is appointed as PRIO’s Director for the period 2009-13, with the possi-bility of extension for up to another 4 years. Inger Skjelsbæk serves as Deputy Director.

In 2011, research at PRIO was organized in terms of one ‘Centre of Excellence’ and three research programmes:

• Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW) (Director: Scott Gates)• Security (Leader: J. Peter Burgess)• Ethics, Norms and Identities (Leader: Jørgen Carling)• Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding (Leader: Pinar Tank)

With respect to research, we consider 2011 to have been another good year for PRIO, with a high level of activity. Much effort from both researchers and support staff has also been directed towards the realization of the institute’s strategic goals for the 2010-13 strategy period.

The following research output is emphasized:• 5 scientific monographs (the corresponding figure for 2010 was 7)• 50 peer-reviewed journal articles (the figure for 2010 was 66)• 52 book chapters (the figure for 2010 was 49)• 2 completed doctoral dissertations (the figure for 2010 was 3)

The institute’s total operating income amounted to NOK 89.4 million, an increase of 9% on the corre-sponding figure for 2010. The 2011 accounts show a surplus after tax of NOK 2.6 million, against a surplus of 4.4 million in 2010. PRIO has a long-term strategic aim of building up its net assets, and the result contributes positively towards this aim. The 2011 surplus will be added to the net assets, which now amount to NOK 39.3 million. The cash-flow analysis also shows a net increase of NOK 10.5 million in the institute’s cash equivalents from 31 December 2010 to 31 December 2011. PRIO’s liquidity situation is considered good: current assets are equivalent to 2 times current liabilities at 31 December 2011.

The Board is of the opinion that the annual accounts give a true and fair view of PRIO’s financial situation as of 31 December 2011.

The institute receives a core grant from the Research Council of Norway. According to current guidelines for governmental funding of research institutes, the core funds should ensure the quality of research carried out at the institute through long-term competence-building within key research areas. A new model for allocation of core grants to research

institutes was launched in 2009. The new model consists of two components: one based on outputs (10%), the second consisting of strategic institute programmes (90%). The output-based component is allocated on the basis of achievements on a set of indicators. PRIO’s solid research outputs have ensured that the institute so far has performed well on these indicators, but the portion of applied research, as defined in the model, has a potentially negative effect in the future.

In 2011, the core grant represented 14.9% of the institute’s total income. In addition, the Research Council of Norway’s contribution to the Centre of Excellence represented 9.8% of the total income. A further 24.9% of the institute’s income came from the Research Council through ordinary project grants. Next to the Research Council of Norway, the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has been PRIO’s most important funder in 2011, providing 28.8% of the institute’s total operating income. Additional income was generated through research projects for several other funders, including the European Commission, the Norwegian Ministry of Defence and the World Bank. It is a strategic goal to diversify the funding base in order to reduce vulner-ability. In this regard, the institute has taken the initiative to establish a new foundation, The Peace Research Endowment, registered in the US. Focused efforts are also directed towards increasing the share of international funding, which in 2011 constituted 19% of the institute’s total income.

For 2012, the Research Council of Norway has approved a core grant of NOK 14,560,000, totalling 16% of a budgeted turnover of NOK 87 million. PRIO has budgeted for a stable turnover and a moderate surplus for 2012. At the start of the year, 78% of the budgeted income was considered certain. The Board is of the opinion that the conditions for continued operation are present.

PRIO enjoys a good internal working environment. Routines for health, environmental awareness and security have been established, and a work envi-ronment committee has been set up. PRIO is also committed to the agreement on fostering a more inclusive workplace. PRIO employees participate in decisionmaking at the institute through member-ship of, or representation on, the Institute Council and the PRIO Board. Reported sick leave in 2011 was 2.3% (2.2% in 2010). The institute does not pollute the external environment.

On average, 94 people were employed at PRIO during 2011, working an equivalent of 69 person-years. The average number of people employed at PRIO during the year decreased by 2 from 2010 to 2011, whereas the number of person-years produced increased by 3.2. A total of 106 persons were engaged by PRIO during 2011, many of those by CSCW on a part-time basis. During 2011, 18 doctoral candidates and 2 master’s degree students benefited from schol-arships and/or workspace at PRIO.

PRIO promotes gender equality for its employees. In 2011, work carried out by research staff at the insti-tute amounted to 52.6 person-years. Among junior researchers and doctoral candidates, women were responsible for 49% of the person-years worked. For senior researchers holding doctoral degrees, the corresponding figure was 52%, while it was only 13% for those with professorial competence. In addition, 16.4 person-years were performed by administrative and support staff at PRIO, and women were respon-sible for 48% of these.

PRIO makes active efforts to prevent discrimination on the basis of functional ability, ethnicity, national origin, skin colour, or religious or philosophical orientation. Activities performed in this regard include recruitment, remuneration and working conditions, promotional schemes, staff development programmes and protection against harassment.

PRIO is engaged in the project ‘Peace and Recon-ciliation in the Eastern Mediterranean’. In relation to this project, a branch office has been established in Nicosia, Cyprus. Apart from the work of the PRIO Cyprus Centre, all of the institute’s activities are carried out at PRIO’s offices in Oslo.

The Board is of the clear opinion that PRIO’s activi-ties are well managed, and in compliance with the Institute’s Statutes, approved strategies, and annual plans of action. The Institute has over several years had a steady growth (3-5%) both in real turnover and number of employees. PRIO is a worldwide well-recognised research milieu within the field of peace and conflict. In the short term, the demand, and funding prospectives, for PRIO’s research is expected to remain robust. The main immediate challenge relates to the termination of funding of PRIO’s Centre of Excellence, Centre for the Study of Civil War, at end 2012. To this end, PRIO has been successful in acquiring alternative funding, aiming at new funding sources with a high level of prestige. In the longer term, we envisage challenges related to the development of Norwegian research policy, to be formulated in a forthcoming white paper on research (due in spring 2013). Possible scenarios include a research policy that aims at cultivating the institute sector as an arena for exclusively applied research, at the same time as universities and colleges are increasingly expected to obtain supplementary funding from external sources. Expansive consul-tant companies and new public think-tanks’ entering the arena, may potentially pose further challenges to the research institute sector in general, and strong academic research milieus like PRIO in particular. At the same time, we consider the research milieu at PRIO to be unique in a Norwegian as well as inter-national setting. We develop new and stronger alli-ances with other research environments, and we are therefore of the opinion that in the long term, PRIO will prove itself as a robust research institute with unique qualities and a strong international profile, well positioned for further growth.

Signed, Oslo, 29 March 2012

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Income Statement

Operating Revenues

Operating Expenses

Financial Income/Expenses

Net Surplus

Disposal of Net Surplus

Cash Flow from Investment Activities

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash Flow Statement

Cash Flow From Operating Activities

All FIGuReS In noK tHouSAnDS

Core grants

project grants

Sales revenues

other revenues

Total operating revenues

Salaries and social costs

professional fees

other personnel costs

office costs

Running costs for field office

travel, representation and seminars

Depreciations

Total operating expenses

Operating surplus (deficit)

Financial income

Financial expenses

Net financial items

Net surplus before tax

Income tax

Net surplus for the financial year

Transferred to other equity capital

2011

13 302

71 979

3 212

929

89 421

44 430

12 214

2 800

11 668

3 846

11 056

1 064

87 078

2 343

1 591

75

1 516

3 858

1 233

2 626

2 626

2010

12 617

65 196

3 253

881

81 947

40 233

7 621

2 058

11 004

3 930

9 590

1 180

75 616

6 331

1 353

366

987

7 318

2 915

4 403

4 403

note 3

note 7, 10

notes 5, 9

note 4

note 11

note 12

Annual surplus

taxes paid for the period

Depreciations

Change project advances from funders

Change debtors

Change other receivables

Change accounts payable and other liabilities

effect of pension fund

Change in other periodized items

Net cash flow from operating activities

payments for purchase of fixed assets

payments for sale of fixed assets

Net cash flow from investment activities

Net change in cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents at 1 January

Cash and cash equivalents at 31 December

2011

3 858

(3 120)

1 114

(1 113)

4 604

42

1 749

3 311

563

11 008

(558)

–

(558)

10 450

67 628

78 078

2010

7 318

(828)

1 180

15 347

(4 595)

462

751

(1 680)

317

18 271

(1 276)

–

(1 276)

16 995

50 633

67 628

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Net Assets and Liabilities

Assets

Balance Sheet

Oslo, 29 March 2012

Fixed assets

Deferred tax assets

Machines and furniture

Total fixed assets

Current assets

Debtors

other receivables

Bank and cash in hand

Total current assets

Total assets

Net assets

Basic capital

other equity capital

Total net assets 31 December

Allocation for liabilities

pension liabilities

long term liabilities, employees

Total allocation for liabilities

Current liabilities

Withholding tax, social security, VAt

project advances from funders

Accounts payable

Current income tax payable

other liabilities

Total current liabilities

Total net assets and liabilities

2011

1 954

1 278

3 232

7 743

2 223

78 078

88 044

91 276

6 197

33 061

39 258

6 210

461

6 671

3 451

28 859

2 796

2 154

8 086

45 346

91 276

2010

1 033

1 834

2 887

12 348

2 265

67 628

82 240

85 107

6 197

30 435

36 632

2 899

274

3 173

3 076

29 972

1 660

3 120

7 474

45 302

85 107

note 11

note 4

note 3

note 11

note 2

note 12

note 6

note 3

note11

Bernt AardalChair

Siri Camilla Aas RustadBoard Member

Ragnhild Steen JensenDep. Board Member

Kristian Berg HarpvikenDirector

Dag Harald Claes Board Member

Ragnhild SohlbergBoard Member

Cindy HorstBoard Member

Raimo VäyrynenBoard Member

28

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Note 5: LeasingOn 1 August 2005, PRIO entered into an agree-ment with the Norwegian Red Cross for rent of office space in Hausmannsgate 7. The agreement was in 2009 extended until 31 July 2015 and the annual rent, with addenda for the 3rd floor, is NOK 2.8 million. After expiry, PRIO has the right to extend the agreement for another five years, at market-regulated rent. Each of the parties can claim an annual regulation of the rent equal to 100% of the change in Statistics Norway’s consumer price indices.

Note 6: Pension Expenses, Pension Assets and Pension LiabilitiesPRIO’s employees are members of the Norwegian Public Service Pension Fund. The pension plan comprises retirement pensions, disability pensions and contingent life pensions (contingent life

Notes to the Accounts at 31 December 2011

2010

3 724 712

1 843 801

(1 760 024)

103 656

3 912 145

121 469

4 033 614

551 612

4 585 226

(2 819 175)

1 766 051

present value of earned pensions this year

Interest expense on pension liabilities

Return on pension expense (before payroll tax)

Administration cost

net pension expense (before payroll tax)

effect of estimate deviation

net pension expense (before payroll tax)

periodized payroll tax

pension expense (after payroll tax)

Regulatory plan changes to age pension

Accounted for pension expense (after payroll tax)

pensions include joint life pensions and children’s pensions). The pension plan is regulated by the Norwegian Public Service Pension Fund Act. The plan also comprises contractual pensions from 62 years. The pension plan is coordinated with pensions from the National Insurance Scheme. Membership is mandatory for all employees who qualify according to current regulations. At 1 January 2012, 69 employees were included in the fund,

and the number of pensioners was 2. Calculation of pension contributions and pension liabilities are based on actuarial principles. The pension scheme is not based on funds; payment of pensions is guaranteed by the Norwegian state (Retirement Pension Act §1). The Norwegian Public Service Pension Fund simulates placing the pension assets in government bonds (fictitious funds).

2011

3 609 531

1 877 992

(1 642 552)

121 145

3 966 116

265 818

4 231 934

559 222

4 791 156

0

4 791 156

Note 1: Accounting PrinciplesThe annual accounts are produced in accordance with the Accounting Act of 1998 and sound accounting practice.

Valuation and Classification of Assets and LiabilitiesLong-lived assets aimed at permanent utilization or ownership are classified as fixed assets. Other assets are classified as current assets. Items falling due within one year are classified as current assets and liabilities.

Fixed assets are stated at historical cost net of accu-mulated depreciation or at estimated fair value if less than book value and the decline in book value is not

perceived as temporary. Depreciation is provided on a straight-line basis at rates calculated to amor-tize each asset over its expected economic lifetime. Current assets are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Assets and liabilities in foreign currency are valued at year-end exchange rates.

Principles for the Entering of Royalty IncomeRoyalty income is accounted for in line with the accrual basis principle.

PensionsThe basis for recording pension liabilities is esti-mated salary level upon retirement and years of service. Deviations from estimates and effects of

changes in assumptions are amortized over expected remaining years of service if exceeding 10% of the greater of pension liabilities and pension funds. Changes in the pension plan are dispersed over the remaining years of service. The figures include payroll tax. The pension means are assessed at real value.

Note 2: Separate Bank Account for Withholding TaxesThe balance in the separate bank account for withholding taxes at 31 December 2011 was NOK 2,926,756. The corresponding figure at 31 December 2010 was NOK 2,630,207.

Note 3: Project AccountsThe method of accounting used for projects is the percentage-of-completion method (Norwegian Accounting Standard 2, Construction Contracts). Project revenues are accounted for according to prog-

ress and reflect earned income. Project expenses are accounted for according to the accrual principle of accounting. The project balance and any outstanding income are regarded as sufficient to cover future expenses needed for the completion of the project.

Earned non-invoiced revenues are included in the sum for debtors in the balance. Account payments and project advances from funders are presented as current liabilities on the balance sheet.

2011

3 625 330

28 858 833

2010

6 912 915

29 972 130

Projects at 31 December

earned non-invoiced revenues on ongoing projects

pre-invoiced production

Note 4: Machines and FurnitureDepreciation of machines and furniture is calcu-lated using the linear method over five years or three years, dependent on the estimated lifetime of the assets.

Cost price 1 January

new investments

Decline/sales during the year

Accumulated previous depreciations

this year’s depreciation

Net book value at 31 December

2011

9 280 553

558 077

0

7 446 645

1 113 807

1 278 179

2010

8 004 697

1 275 856

0

6 266 937

1 179 708

1 833 908

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Notes to the Accounts at 31 December 2011

earned pension liabilities

pension plan assets (at market value)

estimate deviations not recognized

pension liability, before payroll tax

periodized payroll tax

net pension liability, after payroll tax

Note 8: Number of Employees During the Financial YearThe average number of employees at PRIO during 2011 was 94, performing a total of 69 person-years (the corresponding figures for 2010 were 96 and 66.8). Additionally, the institute had 2 graduate students with scholarships and/or office space at PRIO during the year (the corresponding figure for 2010 was 8). The average number of conscientious objectors was 0.6 (the corresponding figure for 2010 was 1).

Note 9: Auditors’ FeeFees to Deloitte Ltd and cooperating firms have been divided as follows:

Note 7: Specification of Salaries and Social Costs. Total salaries and social costs consist of the following items:

The regular presuppositions of the insurance indu-stry are used as actuarial assumptions for demo-graphic factors and retirement.

Economic Assumptions

Statutory audit fee

other audit services

tax advising fee

Total

2011

180 000

114 500

42 050

336 550

2010

180 000

109 000

12 515

301 515

31 December 2011

Assets < liabilities

46 388 922

33 400 775

(7 545 680)

(5 442 467)

(767 388)

(6 209 856)

31 December2010

Assets < liabilities

41 849 735

32 379 409

(6 929 377)

(2 540 949)

(358 274)

(2 899 224)

Discount interest

expected salaries regulation

expected pension regulation

expected G regulation

expected return on funds

2011

3.80%

3.50%

2.80%

3.25%

4.10%

2010

4.50%

4.00%

3.00%

3.75%

5.00%

Salaries

payroll tax

employer contribution pension scheme

Total

2011

35 156 954

5 319 603

3 953 861

44 430 418

2010

34 244 401

5 233 960

754 527

40 232 888

Note 10: Remuneration of the Leadership

Director

Board

Pension

18 414

0

Salary

919 590

215 000

Other

5 214

0

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Notes to the Accounts at 31 December 2011

Note 11: TaxIn 2009, the Norwegian tax authorities decided that PRIO is liable for corporate taxation, effective as of the 2008 income year. PRIO disagrees and has appealed the decision. Awaiting the outcome of the appeal, PRIO has chosen to account for tax as if the institute were liable for corporate taxation.

Note 12: Net Assets

Basic capital

other equity capital, 1 January

net surplus

other equity capital, 31 December

total net assets, 31 December

2011

6 197 000

30 435 219

2 625 820

33 061 039

39 258 039

2010

6 197 000

26 032 495

4 402 274

30 435 219

36 632 219

Specification of income tax expense:

Specification of the tax effect of temporary differ-ences and losses carried forward:

Current income tax payable

Changes in deferred tax

Tax on profit/(loss)

Specification of current income tax payable:

this year’s payable income tax expense

too little/much income tax allocation previous years

Current income tax payable in balance sheet

Reconciliation from nominal to real income tax rate:

profit/(loss) before taxation

estimated income tax according to nominal rate (28%)

tax effect of the following items:

other non-deductable expenses

other non-taxable income

too little/much income tax allocation previous years

Income tax expense

effective income tax rate

2011

2 153 692

–921 033

1 232 659

2011

2 153 692

0

2 153 692

2011

3 858 479

1 080 374

152 286

1 232 659

31.9 %

2010

3 947 913

–1 032 536

2 915 377

2010

3 947 913

–828 025

3 119 888

2010

7 318 101

2 049 068

46 282

–7 998

828 025

2 915 377

39.8 %

Fixed assets

Current liabilities

pension liabilities

Total

off-balance sheet deferred tax benefits

Net deferred benefit/liability in balance sheet

2011

–214 809

–1 738 760

–1 953 569

–

–1 953 569

2010-

–114 270

–106 400

–811 866

–1 032 536

–

–1 032 536

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PRIO Staff in 2011

(Staff who left in 2011 are listed in italics)

Director Kristian Berg Harpviken Deputy Director Inger Skjelsbæk

Researchers Pavel BaevTor Arve BenjaminsenHelga Malmin BinningsbøKaja BorchgrevinkNina Kristin Jessica BoyMarit BrochmannHalvard BuhaugJames Peter BurgessSabine CareyJørgen CarlingJeffrey Taylor CheckelPrimus Che ChiIndra de SoysaOlga DemetriouIda DommersnesKendra DupuyJon ElsterMarte Heian EngdalMarta Bivand ErdalRojan EzzatiScott GatesNils Petter GleditschKristian Skrede GleditschJonas GränsAyla GürelMete HatayWenche Iren HaugeNobuo HayashiHåvard HegreMaria Hernandez CarreteroHelga HernesKristian HoelscherHelge HoltermannCindy Horst

Bjørn HøylandElida Kristine JacobsenJørgen JensehaugenMaria Gabrielsen JumbertMareile KaufmannÅshild KolåsTapas KunduGina LendeKristoffer LidénOla ListhaugPaivi Paulina LujalaNicholas MarshJason MiklianKarl Ove MoeneMark NaftalinMartin Austvoll NomeRagnhild NordåsHåvard M. NygårdPeter Gufu ObaErlend PaascheMareah PeoplesSabrina RametGreg ReichbergJorrit Jelle RijpmaØystein H. RolandsenSiri Camilla Aas RustadJan Ketil RødTove Heggli SagmoKristin Bergtora SandvikInger SkjelsbækRune SlettebakHåvard StrandKaare StrømHenrik SysePinar TankOle Magnus TheisenAndreas Forø TollefsenNicos TrimikliniotisTorunn Lise TryggestadDag Henrik TuastadOla TunanderStein Tønnesson

Henrik UrdalHilde Henriksen WaageHilde WallacherNils B. WeidmannGudrun Østby

Research AssistantsNicole Monique ApostolMarianne DahlJohan Dittrich HallbergStephan HambergAgnes Harriet LindebergJon NordensonTetyana TkachenkoEivind Berg WeibustGerdis WischnathJennifer Wu

Master Students Katherine EdelenHerdís SigurgrímsdóttirSofie Hove Stene

Visiting Researchers Henrikas BartuseviciusRachel BruléJames Der DerianDavid GuttormsenMichael HarschJoseph Craig JenkinsJonathan James KennedyNadim KhouryMarianne LandeAnna LeanderElyse LeonardElin Berstad MortensenA.N.M. MuniruzzamanØyvind OfstadChristin Marsh OrmhaugSharbanou Tadjbakhsj

Library Odvar Leine Olga Baeva

Editorial Staff Bertrand Lescher-Nuland Marit Moe-Pryce

Communication Agnete Schjønsby Julien Bessiere Knut Sindre Åbjørsbråten AdministrationAndrew John FelthamCathrine ByeDamian LawsHalvor Olav BerggravIngeborg HaavardssonLars Even AndersenLene Kristin BorgLorna Quilario SandbergLynn Parker NygaardSvein NormannEivind BreidlidGuido Bonino

Conscientious Objectors Hans Olav Myskja

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Statutes

§ 1: Aim and PurposeThe Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), herein also referred to as “the Institute”, is an independent international research institute. Its purpose is to engage in research concerning the conditions for peaceful relations between nations, groups and individuals.

In addition to this main purpose, the Institute shall: - stimulate research cooperation nationally and internationally - undertake training and teaching - hold conferences and seminars - disseminate information based on its own research as well as that of other institutions.

The Institute is free to choose its research projects. The results of its research shall be available to the public.

The name of the Institute is, in Norwegian, “Insti-tutt for fredsforskning” and, in English, “Peace Research Institute Oslo”, with “PRIO” as the offi-cial abbreviation in both languages.

§ 2: The FoundationThe Peace Research Institute Oslo, is an autono-mous non-profit foundation, independent of ideo-logical, political or national interests.

The “basis capital” (grunnkapital) of the Institute (as of 31 December 1996) stands at NOK 6.197 million.

§ 3: Governing BodiesThe Institute has the following governing bodies:- the Board - the Institute Director - the Institute Council.

§ 4: The BoardThe Board shall consist of seven members with personal deputies. Board members are appointed for a three-year period, in such a way that 4 and 3 members, respectively, are to be appointed at a time.

Members are appointed by the following bodies: - One member by the Institute for Social Research - Two members by the Norwegian Research Council (NFR)- One member by the University of Oslo - One member from the other Nordic countries, appointed by the Nordic International Studies Association- Two members by the Institute Council (IC). These two members shall be chosen from among the PRIO staff. The Institute Director, the Deputy Director and the Administrative Director are not eligible.

The Institute Director, Deputy Director and the Administrative Director take part in the meetings of the Board, without voting rights.

Consideration shall be given to achieving reason-able representation of both sexes.

The Board elects its own Chairperson and Deputy Chairperson.

If any Board member finds it necessary to leave the Board during his/her period of appointment, a new appointment should be made for the duration of the period.

A quorum of the Board shall be constituted by the presence of at least five members; or by the pres-ence of four, including the Chairperson. The Chair has a double vote in the case of a tie.

The Board shall be convened when demanded by the Chair or by two of its members.

The Board shall keep minutes of its meetings. Minutes are to be available to the members of the Institute staff.

§ 5 Board: FunctionsThe Board shall discuss and approve the work plan of the Institute, approve the budget and accounts, and evaluate the activities of the Institute in rela-tion to the Institute’s aim and purpose and its work plan.

The Board shall appoint the Institute Director (cf § 6), the Administrative Director, researchers employed in permanent positions and other researchers when these are engaged for a period of over one year. Notice of termination for these same personnel categories is likewise to be approved by the Board.

§ 6: Appointment of Institute Director and Deputy DirectorThe Institute Council and the Board jointly prepare the appointment of a new Institute Director. The Institute Council is to deliver an annotated recom-mendation to the Board. Before delivering its recommendation, the Council is to obtain state-ments from outside experts.

The Institute Director shall be appointed by the Board to serve for a period of four years, with the possibility of an extension of up to four years. If the Institute Council, within two weeks of the Board’s first decision on the hiring of a new Director, by at least a 3/4 majority, notifies the Board in writing of its reasoned disagreement with the decision, the Board must consider the hiring anew.

The Board shall appoint the Deputy Director for two years at a time, following nomination by the Director and the recommendation of the IC. The Deputy Director may be re-appointed. § 7: Institute Director: FunctionsThe Institute Director is in charge of leading the activity of the Institute.

The Institute Director has overarching responsi-bility for the planning, running, co-ordinating and financing of the scholarly activities of the Insti-tute, within the framework set by the work plan and the budget adopted by the Board. The Institute Director is to see to it that the staff are provided with possibilities to develop their competence.

The Institute Director has main responsibility for information about the Institute externally. He/She shall also determine what is to be published in the name of the Institute.

The Deputy Director shall execute the daily func-tions of the Institute Director when the latter is prevented from performing them.

§ 8: The Institute CouncilThe Institute Council (IC) is composed of all employees in permanent positions, as well as all employees in non-permanent positions employed for 50 % or more of standard working hours for

more than 6 months. All these have voting rights in the IC. The conscientious objectors and the students elect one representative each with voting rights – with personal deputies. These are to be chosen at separate, annual elections. Further rules concerning these elections shall be determined by the IC.

A quorum of the Institute Council shall be consti-tuted by the presence of at least 3/5 of its members with voting rights. Unless otherwise determined, matters are to be decided by simple majority vote. The Chair has a casting vote in the case of a tie.

The Institute Council shall be convened when requested by the Institute Director or three of its members.

The Institute Director takes part in the meetings of the IC, without the right to vote.

At the beginning of each meeting the IC is to decide who shall chair that session.

The Administrative Director normally acts as secretary to the IC. The IC shall keep minutes of its meetings.

§ 9: Institute Council: FunctionsThe Institute Council is a consultative body for the Board and the Director. All matters which, according to § 5 above, are to be dealt with by the Board (including work plan, budget and accounts, appointment of the Administrative Director, researchers in permanent positions and other researchers when they are engaged for a period of over one year) are to be presented first to the IC for its recommendation. Unless special circum-stances are an impediment, the Institute Director and the staff representatives to the Board shall also present to the IC all other matters which they intend to put before the Board.

Personnel matters are not to be dealt with by the Institute Council. The Institute Council itself determines whether a matter falls within its mandate.

The Institute Council elects two members of the PRIO staff to the Board. The IC can require these to take up specific matters before the Board.

§ 10 Freedom of speech All staff members have full freedom of expression, internally and externally.

§ 11: StatutesThese Statutes are available in both Norwegian and English. In the case of any discrepancies, the Norwegian text shall apply.

Amendment of the Statutes requires both a 2/3 majority of the Institute Council, and a 5/7 majority of the Board.

§ 12: DissolutionDissolution of the Institute requires a 2/3 majority of the Institute Council, and a 5/7 majority of the Board.

Should this take place, any funds shall go to the Institute for Social Research or be used for a research purpose designated by the latter Institute.

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The [Centre for the Study of Civil War] has become the

leading international research environment in research

on civil war... [the] level of quality of the research is

exceptionally good

Anonymous expert’s appraisal for the midway

evaluation of CSCW as a CoE

,

,

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Over the past 50 years PRIO has established

itself as the pre-eminent peace and conflict research institute in Europe – many

would say the world. Its major, but by no means only, contribution has been

to drive forward the frontiers of knowledge in quantitative

conflict. Its research and publication record

in this area has been extraordinarily impressive,

its flagship journal is world class and its impact on the

field huge.

Andrew Mack, Simon Fraser University,

Canada. Editor of the Human Secur ity Report.

,

,

www.prio.org