-
1
Upd
ated: S
eptember 20
06
The Battle Deaths Dataset, 1946−2005, Version 2.0
1
Docu
mentation of Coding Decisions
For use with Upp
sala/PRIO
Arm
ed Con
flict D
ataset, 1
946−
2005
, Version 4-200
6
Dataset by:
Bethany Lacina
Upd
ate for 20
03− 05 by:
Bethany Lacina, Patrick M
eier,2 &
Martin Schüepp
3
Centre for the Study of Civil W
ar (CSCW)
International P
eace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO
)
This do
cument contains inform
ation on
the sources used in
com
piling th
e Battle Deaths Dataset. T
o ob
tain th
at dataset and th
e accompanying codebo
ok, p
lease visit
www.prio.no/cscw/datasets/. Versions of th
e dataset are also available for use with the Upp
sala/PRIO
Arm
ed Con
flict D
ataset, version 4-200
6 (H
arbom, H
ögbladh & in
collaboration with Halvard Buhaug, 200
6); the Correlates of W
ar Dataset on Inter-, Intra-, and Extra-state W
ar, version 3.0 (Sarkees, 2
000); and th
e Fearon & Laitin dataset
on civil con
flict (Fearon & Laitin, 200
1).
1 Bethany Lacina ([email protected]
) and Nils Petter Gleditsch ([email protected]) are co-authors of
an article that describes th
is dataset in
full: Lacina, Bethany &
Nils Petter Gleditsch, 2005.
‘Mon
itoring Trend
s in Global Com
bat: A New
Dataset of Battle Deaths.’ Euro
pea
n J
ourn
al of Popula
tion: 21(2–3
): 145–166
. Please cite this article when making use of the battle deaths
data.
The data and article are available at
www.prio.no/cscw/cross/battledeaths.
Bet
hany
Laci
na is a Gradu
ate Fellow at the Stanford University Departm
ent o
f Political Science and a Research Associate at the Centre for
the Study of Civil W
ar, P
RIO
. N
ils
Pet
ter
Gle
ditsc
h is a Research Professor at the International Peace Research
Institute, O
slo, Editor of the J
ourn
al of Pea
ce R
esea
rch, and Professor of Political Science at the Norwegian
University of Science and
Techn
ology, Trond
heim
. 2 Patr
ick
Mei
er is a Gradu
ate Fellow at The Fletcher Schoo
l of Law
and
Diplomacy based at Tufts University. He up
dated this project as a research assistant at the Center for the
Study of Civil
War, P
RIO
. 3
Mart
in S
chüep
p recently received his M
ALD from T
he Fletcher School of L
aw and
Diplomacy and his
Lic
ence
from the G
radu
ate Institute of Internation
al Studies (HEI) in Geneva,
Switzerland.
-
2
Acknowledgements and a Note on Citations and Copyrights
The work repo
rted here has been carried out in
collabo
ration with a nu
mber of colleagues at th
e Centre for the Study
of Civil W
ar, the Upp
sala Con
flict D
ata Project, and th
e Centre for Hum
an Security, Liu Centre for Global Issues, University of British
Colum
bia.
Users of the battle deaths dataset should cite th
e article in which th
e data are presented:
Bethany Lacina & Nils Petter Gleditsch, 2
005. ‘Monitoring Trends in Global C
ombat: A New
Dataset of Battle Deaths.’ Euro
pea
n J
ourn
al of Popula
tion: 21(2–3): 145
–166
. The data are available at
www.prio.no/cscw/cross/battledeaths
Add
itional analysis of th
e data presented here can be fou
nd in
: Bethany Lacina, 200
6. ‘Explaining the Severity of Civil W
ars.’ Jo
urn
al of Conflic
t Res
olu
tion: 50(2): 276
−28
9.
Bethany Lacina, Nils Petter Gleditsch, &
Bruce Russett, 2
006. ‘The Declining Risk of Death in
Battle.’ In
tern
ational Stu
die
s Q
uarter
ly 50(3): 6
73−680.
Users of this data should contact Bethany Lacina
([email protected]) with comments or corrections so th
at th
is dataset m
ay be im
proved in
further versions. This work
has been funded mainly by th
e Research Cou
ncil of Norway, w
ith additional contributions from th
e Centre for Hum
an Security.
For permission to
make extensive use of th
eir materials would like to
thank the Centre for Hum
an Security, Liu Centre for Global Issues, University of British
Colum
bia;
Project Ploughshares; Juan Fernando Giraldo
; Enric M
artínez−
Herrera, Jorge Restrepo; M
ichael Spagat; th
e Stockholm
International Peace Research Institute; th
e Upp
sala
University Con
flict D
ata Project; and Juan F. V
argas. The cop
yrights to th
e materials produced by th
ese and all o
f sources are retained by their original authors and
publishers. T
hese excerpts presented here should not b
e used as a basis for quotation, reproduction, or distribution
of the included m
aterials. U
sers m
ust contact th
e original
authors and/or publishers if th
ey wish to gain perm
ission
for such activities. In a few cases, m
anuscripts and other works-in-progress have been cited. U
sers should be aware
that th
ey m
ust con
tact th
e original authors to
obtain the most u
p-to-date versions of those do
cuments, and th
at th
e authors’ lang
uage or findings m
ay have changed somew
hat
when these do
cuments app
ear as published works.
-
3
Table of Contents
Inform
ation for Users Interested in W
ar
Deaths.......................................................................................................................................................................................................1
Afghanistan...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3
Algeria......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8
Angola....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................14
Argentina
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................20
Azerbaijan...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................23
Balkans
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................26
Bangladesh.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................30
Bolivia....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................32
Brunei.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................34
Burkina
Faso...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................35
Burma (M
yanm
ar)..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................36
Burundi...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................47
Cam
bodia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................52
Cam
eroo
n...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................58
Central African
Republic........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................60
Chad........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................62
Chile.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................67
China &
the Taiwan
Strait......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................68
Colom
bia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................82
Com
oros
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................85
Con
go
(Brazzaville)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................86
Costa
Rica...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................89
Cote
D’Ivoire..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................90
Cuba........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................92
Cyprus.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................94
Dem
ocratic Republic of Con
go
(Zaire)..................................................................................................................................................................................................................96
Djibo
uti.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................101
Dom
inican
Republic.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................10
2
Ecuador.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................10
3
Egypt.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................10
5 El S
alvado
r...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................10
6 Equitorial G
uinea..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................109
Eritrea
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................110
-
4
Ethiopia.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................112
Gabon
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................123
Gam
bia.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................12
4
Georgia.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................12
5
Ghana....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................12
8
Greece...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................13
0
Grenada.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................13
1
Guatemala.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................13
2
Guinea...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................13
6
Guinea-Bissau.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................13
7
Haiti......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................139
Honduras...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................14
1
Hungary................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................142
India &
Pakistan...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................14
3 Indo
china..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................17
1 Indo
nesia...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................17
3
Iran........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................18
2
Iraq........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................18
9 Israel &
Palestine
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................19
9
Kenya....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................20
7 Korean
Peninsula..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................20
9
Laos......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................213
Lebanon
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................216
Lesotho
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................21
9
Liberia...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................220
Madagascar...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................223
Malaysia...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................22
5
Mali.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................22
8
Mexico..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................22
9 Moldo
va................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................230
Morocco................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................231
Mozam
bique.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................23
4 Nam
ibia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................237
Nepal.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................23
8
Nicaragua..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................24
1
Niger.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................24
3
-
5
Nigeria..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................24
5 Oman
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................24
7 Panam
a.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................24
9 Papua New
Guinea...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................25
1
Paraguay...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................25
2
Peru.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................254
Philipp
ines............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................25
7 Puerto
Rico...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................26
5 Rhodesia (Zim
babw
e)...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................266
Rom
ania................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................267
Russia...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................268
Rwanda
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................27
3 Saudi
Arabia.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................27
5
Senegal.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................27
6 Sierra
Leone..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................278
Som
alia.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................28
0 South
Africa..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................28
5
Spain.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................28
7 Sri Lanka
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................28
9 Sudan
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................29
5
Suez......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................303
Surinam
e...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................30
5
Syria......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................306
Tajikistan..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................30
8
Thailand................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................310
Togo......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................31
4 Trinidad and
Tobago............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................31
5
Tunisia..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................31
6
Turkey...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................31
8
Uganda..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................32
3 Union of Soviet S
ocialist
Republics.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................33
0 United Kingdom
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................33
3 United States of
America......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................335
Uruguay
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................338
Uzbekistan............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................33
9
Venezuela.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................340
-
6
Vietnam
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................341
Yem
en...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................346
References............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................35
1
-
Definition of Battle Deaths
Our definition of battle deaths closely follow
s from
the definition
of conflict used to create the Upp
sala/PRIO
Arm
ed Con
flict D
ataset, v
ersion
4-200
6 (H
arbo
m,
Hög
bladh & in
collabo
ration with Halvard Buhaug, 2006). A
ccording
to cod
eboo
k for the Upp
sala/PRIO
dataset (Harbo
m et al., 200
6)
‘An armed con
flict is a con
tested incom
patibility that concerns governm
ent and/or territory w
here the use of armed force between tw
o parties, of which at least
one is th
e go
vernment o
f a state, results in
at least 25 battle-related deaths.
The separate elem
ents of the definition are operatio
nalized as follows:
Use of armed force: u
se of arms in order to
promote the parties’ general position in
the conflict, resulting in
deaths.
Arm
s: any m
aterial m
eans, e.g. m
anufactured weapo
ns but also sticks, stones, fire, water, etc.
25 deaths: A m
inim
um of 25
battle-related deaths per year and per incompatibility.
Party: A
gov
ernm
ent o
f a state or any opp
osition organizatio
n or alliance of opp
osition organizatio
ns.
Gov
ernm
ent: The party con
trolling
the capital o
f the state.
Opp
osition organization
: Any non
-gov
ernm
ental g
roup
of peop
le having anno
unced a name for their grou
p and using armed force.
State: A
state is:
an in
ternationally recogn
ized sovereign
gov
ernm
ent con
trolling a specified territo
ry, o
r an in
ternationally un
recogn
ized gov
ernm
ent con
trolling a specified territo
ry who
se sov
ereignty is not dispu
ted by ano
ther in
ternationally recogn
ized sov
ereign
go
vernment p
reviou
sly controlling the same territory.
Incompatibility con
cerning go
vernment and
/or territory: The in
compatibility, as stated by the parties, m
ust con
cern gov
ernm
ent and
/or territo
ry.
Incompatibility: the stated generally incompatib
le positions.
Incompatibility con
cerning go
vernment: Incom
patibility con
cerning type of po
litical system, the replacement o
f the central g
overnm
ent, or th
e change of its
compo
sitio
n.
Incompatibility con
cerning territory: Incom
patibility concerning the status of a territory, e.g. the
chang
e of th
e state in con
trol of a certain territory (interstate
conflict), secession
, or autonomy (internal con
flict).’
The Lacina & Gleditsch dataset defines b
attle
dea
ths as deaths resulting directly from violence inflicted through
the use of arm
ed force by a party to an armed
conflict during
conte
sted
com
bat.
Conte
sted
com
bat is use of arm
ed force by a party to an armed conflict against any person or
target during which th
e perpetrator faces the im
mediate th
reat of lethal force being
used by ano
ther party to
the conflict against him
/her and
/or allied fighters. C
ontested com
bat excludes
the sustained destruction of soldiers or civilians ou
tside of th
e context o
f any reciprocal th
reat of lethal force (e.g. execution
of prison
ers of war).
Tim
efra
me: W
e have collected ann
ual b
attle deaths data which in
clud
es both deaths during combat and deaths from
wou
nds received in
com
bat. Som
e of th
ose
considered dead of wou
nds may have died in
a year follo
wing that in
which com
bat actually took
place, especially in th
e case of battles taking
place late in
the
calend
ar year. These deaths were includ
ed, h
owever, if they were the direct and im
mediate result o
f injuries sustained during combat v
iolence. Lon
g term
redu
ction in life exp
ectancy because of wou
nds or disability was not in
clud
ed.
-
1
Inform
ation for Users Interested
in W
ar Deaths
It is quite difficult to
obtain inform
ation on
war-related deaths for many conflicts. H
owever, the following list alerts users to con
flicts th
at are kno
wn to have
caused significant num
bers of deaths th
at are not battle-related according to th
e definition used here. T
he list m
ay be of particular in
terest for users who
do no
t wish to exclude one-sided violence or in
tracom
mun
al violence from
their data. T
hose in
terested non
-battle violence sho
uld also con
sult th
e estimates of one-
sided and intra-commun
al deaths by
the Upp
sala Departm
ent o
f Peace and
Con
flict R
esearch, pub
lished in
the
Hum
an S
ecuri
ty R
eport, and
Eck &
Hultm
an (Eck,
2007
).
Conflic
ts w
ith a
Sig
nific
ant D
isparity
bet
wee
n V
iole
nt and N
on-V
iole
nt D
eath
s:
Afghanistan civil war, 1
978−
2002
Algerian war of independ
ence, 1
954−
62
Ang
olan civil war, 1
975−
2002
Burma (M
yanm
ar) civil w
ar, 1
948−
2002
Cam
bodia civil w
ar, 1
967−
75 &
197
9−98
Dem
ocratic Republic of Con
go, civil war 199
8−20
01
East T
imor, w
ar with Indo
nesia from
197
5−98
Ethiopia, civil war 197
6−91
, civil war in
Ogaden 19
60−20
02, civil war in
Eritrea 196
2−91
French Indo
chinese war, 1
946−
54
Indo
nesian war of independence, 1
946−
9 Korean War, 1
950−
3 Laos, civil war 195
9−73
Liberia, civil war 198
9−96
& 200
0−02
Madagascar, war of independ
ence 194
7 Mozam
bique, civil war 197
6−92
Nigeria, civil war in
Biafra 19
67−70
Pakistan, civil war 197
1 Philipp
ines, insurgency in M
indanao 19
70−20
02
Sierra Leone, civil war 199
1−20
00
Som
alia, civil war 198
1−96
Sud
an, civil war 196
3−72
Sud
an, 1
983−
2002
Vietnam
War, 1
955−
75
Conflic
ts w
ith S
ignific
ant In
traco
mm
unal/U
norg
anized
/Non-p
olitica
l Vio
lence
:
Algerian war of independ
ence, 1
954−
62 (intra-Algerian figh
ting
after in
dependence is not defined as a war by Upp
sala/PRIO
) Colum
bia, civil war from 196
5−20
02
Ethiopia, civil war in
Eritrea 196
2−91
Haiti, cou
p activ
ity in 199
1 India, civil conflict in
Pun
jab/Khalistan in
198
3−93
India, civil conflict in
Tripu
ra in
198
0
-
2
Iranian revo
lutio
n and subsequent con
flict, 19
79−2002
Gulf War, 1
990−
1 (post-war attacks on Palestinians in Kuw
ait are not in
clud
ed as battle deaths)
Som
alia, civil war 200
1−2
Sou
th Africa, civil war 198
1−8 (violence between the ANC and
Inkatha)
Conflic
ts w
ith S
ignific
ant O
ne-
sided
Vio
lence
:
Argentina civil war, 1
973−
7 (‘Disappeared’ person
s are no
t con
sidered battle-related deaths)
Bosnia-Herzego
vina civil war, 1
992−
5 (see Balkans)
Bangladesh, Chittagon
g Hills Tracts insurgency 197
4−92
Burundi civil wars, 196
5, 1990−
2002
Cam
bodia civil w
ar, 1
967−
75 (The Cam
bodian genocide is not in
clud
ed in
the Upp
sala/PRIO
cod
ing)
Chad, civil war from 196
5−94
Chile, m
ilitary coup
in 197
3 (The ‘Dirty W
ar’ of disappearances was excluded)
China, rebellion in Taiwan in
194
7 China, rebellion
in Tibet in
195
9 Dem
ocratic Republic of Con
go/Zaire, civil war 199
6−7
Dem
ocratic Republic of Con
go, civil war 199
8−20
01
East T
imor, w
ar with Indo
nesia from
197
5−98
El S
alvado
r, civil war 197
9−91
Greece, civil war 194
6−9
Guatemala, civil war 196
5−95
Indo
nesian war of independence, 1
946−
9 Iranian revo
lutio
n and subsequent con
flict, 19
79−2001
Nigeria, civil war in
Biafra 19
67−70
(massacres in
196
6 no
t included)
Pakistan, civil war 197
1 Rwanda, civil war 199
0−4 (R
wandan geno
cide is not in
clud
ed)
Som
alia, civil war 198
1−96
Ugand
a, attem
pted coup in 197
7 (There was significant one-sided violence throug
hout Idi Amin’s con
trol of Ugand
a 19
71−9)
Ugand
a, civil war 198
1−91
Ugand
a, civil war 199
4−20
02
-
3
Afghanistan
The Upp
sala/PRIO
Arm
ed Con
flict D
ataset cod
es th
e follow
ing conflicts in
Afghanistan:
ID
ID
_Old
Side A
Side B
Years
137
2370
Afghanistan
Various Organizations
1978
−20
01
137
2370
Afghanistan
Taleban
2003
−05
N.B
.: F
or in
form
ation o
n c
onflic
t in
Afg
hanista
n b
etwee
n the U
S, Afg
hanista
n, and a
llie
s again
st a
l-Q
aid
a, se
e bel
ow u
nder
‘U
nited S
tate
s’
Fata
lities
info
rmation for co
nflic
t #137, ci
vil war in
Afg
hanista
n a
nd S
ovi
et inva
sion fro
m 1
978−
89:
Correlates of W
ar Dataset (Sa
rkees, 200
0):
Con
flict n
umber 69
8, ‘Afghanistan vs. M
ujahedin, 1
978−
92, 1
,045,000 Afghan states deaths, 14,45
4 Soviet d
eaths, 1,300
,000
total d
eaths.
(Leitenb
erg, 200
3):
1978
−89 civil w
ar/Sov
iet intervention: 1 m
illion
total w
ar-related deaths.
(Eckhardt, 19
96):
1978
−92 ‘U
SSR in
tervenes in
civil war:’ 1 m
illion civilian war-related deaths, 500
,000 m
ilitary war-related deaths, 1.5 m
illio
n total w
ar-related deaths.
(Bercovitch & Jackson
, 199
7):
P. 1
87: ‘The Afghanistan con
flict cost 1
.5 m
illion
lives − m
ost o
f them
civilian. The Sov
iets lo
st app
roximately fifteen thou
sand
military personnel, w
hile
Afghan troo
p losses were two to th
ree times greater.’
(Sliwinski, 19
89):
Gives estim
ates of the yearly lo
ss of Afghan life th
roug
h 19
89 based on surveys cond
ucted am
ong refugees from Afghanistan in
Pakistan. The study
includes
deaths due to
factors such as ‘exhaustion
’ and ‘m
iscellaneous’, as well as violent d
eaths. The to
tals have also been adjusted upw
ard to in
clud
e an in
creased rate
of in
fant m
ortality am
ong infants in refug
ee cam
ps (p. 42−
43, 4
5).
P. 3
9: th
e nu
mber killed from April 197
8 to 198
9 is app
roximately 1.25
million, w
ith a high estim
ate of 1.5 m
illion
and
a lo
w estim
ate of 1 m
illion
. (B
rogan, 1998):
p. 647: 1
978−
continuing, 6
00,000
deaths.
P. 1
23−24
: ‘Estim
ates vary wildly. In the war against th
e Com
mun
ist g
overnm
ent and
the So
viet occup
ation, 197
9−92
, guesses ranged from
100
,000
to 1
million
, the figure favo
ured by the American gov
ernm
ent, certainly too high
even if it is taken to in
clud
e those who died of disease or starvation
. A better
estimate wou
ld be 40
0,00
0. The Sov
iets lo
st abo
ut 150
,000
killed, 3
11 m
issing
and
35,00
0 wou
nded. P
erhaps ano
ther 200
,000
have been killed since 19
89 in
fighting
between Mujaheddin grou
ps and in
the civil w
ar between the Taliban and
its op
ponents since 19
94. R
elief agencies estim
ate that 2 m
illion people have
been permanently disabled by the figh
ting
, land-mines and
disease.’
(Clodfelter, 200
2):
P. 6
72: ‘[Sov
iet] battle deaths had to
taled 11
,897
(9,511 KIA
and
2,386 DOW), 817
Soviets had died of disease, and 1,739
had died of all other causes.
-
4
P. 6
72: ‘In M
arch 198
9 the biggest b
attle yet o
f the war com
menced when the Mujahideen op
ened what all assum
ed would be the final trium
phant o
ffensive th
at
wou
ld end
with the liberation
of Kabul. …
At least 5,000
lives were lost in
the siege…
’ P. 6
72: ‘By 19
90 Afghanistan was a devastated coun
try. Half of th
e nation
’s 30,00
0 villages had been destroyed. As many as 1.3 m
illion
Afghans had died from
causes directly related to th
e war…
’
P. 6
72: ‘Kabul was shelled and
rocketed for 13
mon
ths, January 199
4−February 19
95, w
ith 8,00
0 peop
le killed there and 30
,000
wou
nded. …
the Taliban arose in
the south and sw
ept forward to Kabul to
capture th
e city on September 27
, 199
6…Three−fourths of Kabul was in
ruins by then and 50,00
0 peop
le had died in th
e city since 199
2 because of th
e continuing chaos.’
SIPRI Yearboo
ks
(Goo
se, 1
987): G
ov and
USSR vs. M
ujahideen since 19
78. >
200,00
0 fatalities.
(Wilson & W
allensteen, 1
988): G
ov and
USSR vs. Afghan Mujahideen since 19
78. 1
978−
87: 1
00,000
−150,000 military, >35
0,000 civilian.
(Lindg
ren, W
ilson & W
allensteen, 1
989): G
ov and
USS
R vs. Afghan Mujahideen since 19
78. 1
978−
88: >
150,000 military, >30
0,00
0 civilian.
(Lindg
ren et al., 199
0): G
ov and
USSR vs. Afghan Mujahideen since 19
78. 197
8−87
: 1 m
illion. 1
989: >15
,000
. Note saying th
is figure prob
ably in
clud
es all
war-related deaths rather th
an only battle deaths.
Inte
rpre
tation:
Altho
ugh Sliwinski’s metho
dology is not entirely clear, his figure of 1.3 m
illion deaths has been taken in m
ost sou
rces as total w
ar-related deaths. For battle-
related deaths, the Brogan figu
re of 40
0,00
0 dead and
the SIPRI figu
re of 45
0,00
0 agree closely, and m
atch fairly well w
ith the mid-w
ar estim
ate by
Clodfelter.
Ann
ual d
eath rates provided by Sliwinski w
ere used to
trend the SIPRI estimate of 450
,000
deaths from
197
8−87
; 198
8 violence based on a de-escalation from
19
87 figure; and 198
9 estimated with 15
,000
battle deaths, following SIPRI.
In th
e COW Participant F
ile Sov
iet losses were set at 1
4,45
3 military KIA
, per Clodfelter, rem
aining lo
sses cod
ed as Afghan.
Fata
lities
info
rmation for co
nflic
t #137, ci
vil war in
Afg
hanista
n fro
m 1
990−
2001:
(Eckhardt, 19
96):
1991
−95 ‘fighting between factions:’ civilian and
military deaths not available, 5
0,00
0 total w
ar-related deaths
(Brogan, 1998):
P. 1
23−24
: Estim
ates 200
,000 killed since 198
9 (Internation
al Institute for Strategic Studies, 2
003): E
stim
ate 54
,000 to
tal d
eaths from
199
7−20
03.
(Leitenb
erg, 200
3): 1
990−
2000
civil war: 1
million
total w
ar-related deaths.
-
5
(Project Ploughshares, 200
3):
‘At least 1,500
people were killed in
the figh
ting
this year [200
2]. M
ost o
f those killed were Taliban and
al Q
aeda soldiers. How
ever, civilians also fell victim to
fighting
between rival faction
s, and between the coalition forces and
Taliban and
al Q
aeda com
batants.
…At least 1,000
con
flict-related deaths occurred during th
e year [20
01]. Prior to
the beginn
ing of th
e US bom
bing
cam
paign, th
ere were repo
rts of at least 300
deaths. A
fter th
e bo
mbing began, estim
ates of civilian deaths ranged from 600
to 5,000
. Likely hu
ndreds of Taliban soldiers were also killed.
…It is likely th
at hun
dreds died th
is year [200
0] in
the on
going figh
ting or as a result of widespread hu
man rights abuses.
…Spring and summer fighting left hundreds, likely th
ousand
s, of civilians and combatants dead [in 199
9].
…With
estim
ates ranging upw
ard from
3,000
, there was a sharp in
crease in
civilian deaths in 199
8.
…There were repo
rts of as many as 3,000
Taliban killed du
ring and
after a M
ay battle [in 199
7].
… Rocket attacks and
troo
p clashes killed hun
dreds in 199
6. In addition
, malnutrition and disease arising from
war sho
rtages m
ay have killed 250
,000
children.
…‘ [In 19
94 alone], 8000 Kabulis have been killed and 10
0,00
0 more have been injured. The Red Cross estim
ates th
at m
ore peop
le are dying
here than in
any
other war in
the world, y
et th
e country's plight has been all b
ut forgo
tten, p
articularly by
the UN which pulled ou
t in Janu
ary’. T
he Observer, 20 Nov
ember,
1994
’’
SIPRI Yearboo
ks:
(Lindg
ren et al., 199
1): G
ov and
USSR vs. Afghan Mujahideen since 19
78. 197
8−90
: 1 m
illio
n. 199
0: unk
nown. Note saying th
is figure prob
ably in
clud
es all
war-related deaths no
t only battle-related deaths.
(Heldt, W
allensteen &
Nordq
uist, 1
992): G
ov and USSR vs. Afghan Mujahideen since 19
78. 1
978−
91: 1
million. 1
991: unk
nown. Note saying th
is figure
prob
ably in
clud
es all war-related deaths no
t only battle-related deaths.
(Amer et al., 199
3): N
ote saying th
at it is no longer possible to disting
uish sides or go
vernment. Con
flict includes Mujahideen and military factions. D
irect and
indirect deaths 19
78−90
: 1 m
illion. 1
992: unk
nown.
(Wallensteen &
Axell, 1
994): G
ovt. vs. H
ezb-i-Islami, Hezb-i-Wahdat (since 19
78) vs. U
zbek m
ilitia (1992
). Deaths includ
ing 19
93 >1 million. A
pril
1992
−Decem
ber 19
93: >
10,000
. Deaths in 199
3: 2,000
−3,000.
(Sollenb
erg & W
allensteen, 1
995): G
ovt. vs. H
ezb-i-Islami (19
78), Hezb-i-Wahdat (since 19
90) vs. U
zbek m
ilitia (199
2). D
eaths includ
ing 19
94 >14
,000
. Deaths in 199
4: 4,000
−10
,000.
(Sollenb
erg & W
allensteen, 1
996): G
ovt. vs. H
ezb-i-Islami (19
78), Hezb-i-Wahdat (since 19
90) vs. N
IM (19
92). Deaths includ
ing 19
95 >15
,000
. Deaths in
1995
: 1,000.
(Sollenb
erg & W
allensteen, 1
997): G
ovt. vs. Jum
bish-i M
illi-ye Islami (19
92) and vs. T
aleban (19
94). All con
flicts 199
2−96
: >20
,000. D
eaths in 199
6 >1,00
0.
(Sollenb
erg & W
allensteen, 1
998): G
ovt. vs. Jum
bish-i M
illi-ye Islami (19
92), Jam
iat-I-Islami (19
78) vs. H
ezb-I-Wahdat (19
90). All conflicts 19
92−97
: >20
,000
. Deaths in 199
7 >20
00.
-
6
(Sollenb
erg, W
allensteen &
Jato, 199
9): G
ovt. vs. Jum
bish-i M
illi-ye Islam
i, Jamiat-I-Islami, Hezb-I-Wahdat all since 199
2. Total fatalities unk
nown. Deaths in
1998
>20
00.
(Seybo
lt &
Upp
sala Con
flict D
ata Project, 2
000): G
ov vs. UIFSA since 199
2. Total deaths un
know
n. Total in
199
9 >2,00
0.
(Seybo
lt, 2
001): G
ov vs. UIFSA since 199
2. Total deaths un
know
n. Total in
200
0 >3,000.
Inte
rpre
tation:
Year
Estim
ate
Commen
ts
1990
7,00
0 Sub
sequ
ent y
ear taken to be representative
1991
7,00
0 Sub
sequ
ent y
ear taken to be representative
1992
7,00
0 From SIPRI total for April 199
2 to Decem
ber 19
93
1993
3,00
0 SIPRI Yearboo
ks
1994
10
,000
SIPRI: 8,000
is Project Ploughshare’s estim
ate for Kabul only, and
Clodfelter cites a similar figure for Jan 19
94 to
Feb 199
5 19
95
5,00
0 Harpv
iken suggests >1,00
0; Amnesty estimates 25,00
0 civilians killed 199
2 to 199
5; to
tal h
ere for those years is 25,00
0
1996
5,00
0 Harpv
iken suggests >1,00
0 in SIPRI; year of m
ajor Taliban offensive
1997
3,00
0 SIPRI reports >2,00
0; 3,000
Taliban dead in Project Ploughshares
1998
7,00
0 Low
figure in Amnesty Report
1999
2,00
0 SIPRI; sup
ported by inform
ation in Project Ploughshares
2000
4,00
0 SIPRI; Harpv
iken
2001
prior to
US-led
invasion
1,00
0 1,00
0 minim
um im
plied by
Upp
sala cod
ing; 300
is m
inim
um in
Project Ploughshares
Total
60,300
Fata
lities
info
rmation for co
nflic
t #137, Taliban c
onflic
t in
Afg
hanista
n fro
m 2
003−
05:
2003
: (IISS, 200
6): > 1,200
(Ploughshares, 200
6): >
1,200
(C
ERAC, 2
006): 8
97 killed (civilians on
ly)
(iCasualties, 200
6): U
S forces: 1
8; Rom
ania: 2
; Germany: 5; C
anada: 2.
2004
:
-
7
(IISS, 200
6): >1,00
0 (Ploughshares, 200
6): > 250
(CERAC, 2
006): 8
22 th
rough 1 Aug
ust (civilians only)
(iCasualties, 200
6): U
S forces: 2
4; UK: 1
; Norway: 1
; Canada: 1
2005
: (IISS, 200
6): <
1,400
(Ploughshares, 200
6): 1
,000
(SIPRI Yearboo
ks): < 1,300
(iCasualties, 200
6): U
S forces: 6
7; UK: 1
; Sweden: 2
; Rom
ania: 1
; Portugal: 1; G
ermany: 1; F
rance: 1.
Inte
rpre
tation:
Year
Low
High
Best
Notes
2003
89
7 1,20
0 1,20
0 Low
= CERAC, H
igh & Best =
IISS, Ploughshares
2004
25
0 1,00
0
1,00
0 Low
= Ploughshares, High & Best =
IISS
2005
1,00
0 1,40
0 1,30
0 Low
= Ploughshares, High = IISS, B
est =
SIPRI
-
8
Algeria
The Upp
sala/PRIO
Arm
ed Con
flict D
ataset cod
es th
e follow
ing conflicts in
Algeria:
ID
ID
_Old
Side A
Side B
Years
49
1490
France
FLN, M
NA
1954
−62
73
1730
France
OAS
1961
−62
81
1810
Algeria
Morocco
1963
19
1 29
30
Algeria
FIS, Various Islam
ist insurgent group
s 19
91−2
002
Fata
lities
info
rmation for co
nflic
t #49, Alg
eria
n w
ar of in
dep
enden
ce v
ersu
s th
e Fre
nch
fro
m 1
954 to 1
962, and c
onflic
t #73, Fre
nch
conflic
t with the
OAS fro
m
1961−
2:
Correlates of W
ar Project (Sarkees, 2
000): C
onflict #
432, Franco-Algerian War from 195
4−62
: 18,00
0 state deaths and
100
,000
total d
eaths.
(Eckhardt, 19
96):
1952
−62 & 196
2−63, ‘France intervenes in
civil war; R
ebel leaders vs. G
overnm
ent:’ 83
,000
civilian war-related deaths, 19,00
0 military war-related deaths,
102,00
0 total w
ar-related deaths.
(Leitenb
erg, 200
3):
1954
−62 ‘ind
ependence struggle vs. France:’ 1 millio
n total war-related deaths.
1962
−63 ‘rebels leaders vs. g
overnm
ent:’ 1,00
0 military, 1,000
civilian, and
2,000
total w
ar-related deaths.
(Rum
mel, 1
997, Table 14.1, line 630
): Total war dead 19
54−62
estim
ated as: 100
,000
(low), 611
,000
(middle), 1
.003
million
(high). Add
ition
al lo
w estim
ate of
13,000
killed in OAS dem
ocide from
196
1−62
. (H
arff &
Gurr, 198
8):
Table of Genocides and
Politicides since W
WII.
Algeria, July−
Dec 196
2. Victim
ized group
s: Harkis, OAS sup
porters. Num
ber of victims: 12,00
0−60
,000
. (B
ercovitch & Jackson
, 199
7):
P. 7
8−9: ‘Fifteen th
ousand French troo
ps died during th
e conflict, w
hile tens of thou
sand
s of civilians, m
ost o
f them
Algerians, w
ere killed in
terrorist attacks and
reprisals.’
(Brogan, 1998):
p. 6: ‘60
0,00
0 peop
le were killed in
the War of Independence’
pg 9: A
lgerians cite figure of 1.5 million deaths in
war of independence.
P. 6
45: ‘Algeria: colon
ial insurrection’ 195
4−62
, 100
,000
(C
layton
, 198
8):
-
9
P. 1
73−89
: description
of the conflic
t.
P. 1
77: F
rench forces in
crease from 80,00
0 by end
195
4, to
100
,000
in June 19
55 to
190
,000
in M
arch 195
6 and to 390
,000
in Aug
ust 1
956. Peak in late 195
7 with Arm
y alon
e at 415
,000
. P. 1
79: F
LN casualties April to
Decem
ber 19
56 were ov
er 13,00
0.
P. 1
88−89
: ‘The cam
paign’s casualty figures can never be adequately recko
ned. French estimates claim
that 141
,000
ALN were killed, a further 12,000 died in
internal FLN purges, and
som
e 1,50
0−2,00
0 were killed by the Tunisian and Moroccan armies in efforts
to
maintain order. To these figu
res must b
e added
several thousand more Moslems who
died in th
e grim
con
ditions of th
e French regrou
pment cam
ps. In respect o
f the French side of the equation
, the French
admitted 13
,000
soldiers of Europ
ean origin and
3,500
indigeno
us killed in
action, with further totals of 7,00
0 and 1,00
0 respectively killed in accidents and
a
further combined total o
f 11
,000
died from
disease or suicide. Abo
ut half of th
ese deaths occurred after April 196
1. To these totals m
ust b
e added 2,788
Europ
eans and
13,29
6 indigeno
us disappeared, p
resumed dead, figures all covering the pre−
April 196
1 period
only. The activities of th
e OAS and
the measures
necessary to repress th
is organization caused m
any further Europ
ean and Moslem deaths. French estimates sug
gest a further 50,00
0 indigeno
us disappeared
between March 196
1 and March 196
2, with the likelihood
of revenge killings of indigeno
us after th
e March cease-fire totaling at least 151
,000
, alm
ost certainly
more. In addition
over 4,00
0 Algerians were killed in
France during in
ternal faction
al strife. Nationalist claim
s extend
to to
tals of 30
0,000 indigeno
us dead.’
(Clodfelter, 200
2):
P. 6
10: ‘By July 1, 1
962, th
e date th
at Algerian independence was m
andated, 2,360
people had died and
5,418
had suffered wou
nds in th
e Secret A
rmy’s
campaign of terror.’
P. 6
10: ‘Postwar feuding
between op
posing faction
s of th
e FLN, m
ostly pitting the ‘interior’ forces…
against the ‘exterior’ forces…
cost up to 150
,000
lives.
Ano
ther 30,00
0 Algerians, from th
e 20
0,00
0 harkis who
served with
the French during
the war, w
ere massacred by the rebel v
ictors. A
ll to
ld, there were 42
,090
acts of terrorism com
mitted by
Algerian against F
renchm
an, F
renchm
an against Algerian, Algerian against A
lgerian, and
Frenchm
an against Frenchm
an. F
rench
and French Algerian civilian lo
sses from th
is terror to
taled 2,78
8 killed, 7
,541
wou
nded, 3
75 m
issing
and believed dead. M
uslim civilian casualties due to
terrorism were 16
,738
killed, 1
3,61
0 wou
nded, and
13,29
6 missing and
believed dead. In France another 4,30
0 Muslim Algerians were killed and 9,00
0 wou
nded, m
ostly in clashes between the FLN and
the rival ind
ependence organization
, the M
NA. …
Milita
ry casualties in th
e guerilla con
flict fou
ght in the
countryside were even heavier th
an th
ose of th
e war in
the cities. T
he FLN lo
st at least 141
,000
killed. C
ombined with civilian lo
sses in
the bled and
Muslim
deaths in
the cities, the Arab Algerian death toll m
ay have reached 30
0,00
0. The French military lo
st 17,45
6 killed…
French records listed 5,966
of the military
fatalities as death by accident, b
ut th
is is suspiciou
sly high
…’
Inte
rpre
tation:
Estim
ate total o
f 25
2,02
6 battle deaths, based on the follow
ing grou
ps:
13,000
Europ
ean soldiers KIA
(Clayton
) 3,50
0 no
n-Europ
ean French forces KIA
(Clayton
) 14
1,00
0 FLN KIA
(Clayton
)
2,78
8 French deaths in
terrorist incidents (Clodfelter)
16,738
Algerian deaths in
terrorist incidents (Clodfelter)
75,000
Algerian civilians KIA
(Based on 30
0,00
0 total ind
igenou
s dead from Clodfelter).
Fata
lities
info
rmation for co
nflic
t #81, bord
er w
ar bet
wee
n A
lger
ia a
nd M
oro
cco in 1
963:
Militarized Internation
al Dispu
te Dataset (Ghosn &
Palmer, 2
003): B
etween 12
7 and 35
0 deaths to
tal, 101−
250 for Algeria and
26−
100 for Morocco.
-
10
(Bercovitch & Jackson
, 199
7):
P. 1
16: ‘There were thou
ght to be as many as a th
ousand
fatalities du
ring th
e conflict.’
(Clodfelter, 200
2):
P. 6
13: ‘cost Algeria 300
dead and Morocco probably 20
0 slain.’
Inte
rpre
tation:
Clodfelter estimates ju
st sligh
tly high
er fatalities for each participant than the MID
cod
ing suggests. H
is estim
ate of 500
total fatalities was accepted based on
further inform
ation on
single battles in
Clodfelter and the Bercovitch & Jackson
sug
gestion that th
is was a relatively high
intensity conflict. C
OW Participant File
also based on Clodfelter.
Fata
lities
info
rmation for co
nflic
t #191, ci
vil war in
Alg
eria
fro
m 1
991−
2002:
Correlates of W
ar Dataset (Sa
rkees, 200
0): C
onflict #
739, Algeria vs. Islam
ic Rebels from
199
2−on
going (199
7): 8
0,000 state deaths, total deaths un
know
n.
(Internation
al Institute for Strategic Studies, 2
003): >
88,500
com
bat-deaths since 199
2.
(Eckhardt, 19
96):
1992
−95, ‘Rebels leaders vs. G
overnm
ent:’ civilian and
military war-related deaths no
t available, 5
0,000 total w
ar-related deaths.
(Brogan, 1998):
p. 6: ‘Between 50
,000
and
100
,000
have been killed in fighting betw
een Islamic terrorists and
the army since 19
92.’
(Leitenb
erg, 200
3):
1990
−95, ‘go
vernment v
s. M
uslim extremists:’ 30,00
0 total w
ar-related deaths.
1993
−200
0, ‘go
vernment v
s. M
uslim extremists’: 100
,000
total w
ar-related deaths.
These estim
ates are based on private archives.
(Clodfelter, 200
2):
P. 6
18: ‘Algerian Civil W
ar: 1
992−
’ P. 6
18: ‘In th
e first eight m
onths of 199
7 at least 1
,500
people died in
the campaign of terror and
counterterror. A
ltho
ugh the Islamic Salvatio
n Arm
y agreed to
a
cease-fire th
at year, th
e 3,00
0-man Arm
ed Islam
ic Group
continued to
slaughter th
ose who
disagreed with their vision
of a theocratic Algeria. ... Official
government figures to
the end of January 199
8 listed 26,53
6 security personn
el and
civilians killed and 21
,000
injured, but other observers estim
ated as many as
100,00
0 dead in
the violence by June 199
9.
(Project Ploughshares, 200
3):
Total: A
n estimated 130
,000
people have been killed in
the past 10 years.
2002
: According to
independ
ent m
edia reports, app
roximately 90
0 peop
le died in th
e first eight m
onths of 200
2.
2001
: App
roximately 1,65
0 peop
le died in 2001.
-
11
2000
: More than 2,500
people died in
200
0.
1999
: There were estimates th
at as many as 3,000
people, m
ostly civilians, died in 199
9.
1998
: Between 7,00
0 and 10
,000
people were killed in
con
flict d
uring 19
98, m
arking a further in
crease in
casualties from
the previous year’s already extrem
e death toll.
SIPRI Yearboo
ks
(Wallensteen &
Axell, 1
994): G
ov vs. FIS since 199
2 and vs. G
IA since 199
3. Deaths 19
92−93
: 1,700
−3,00
0. Deaths in 199
3: 1,100
−2,40
0.
(Sollenb
erg & W
allensteen, 1
995): G
ov vs. FIS since 199
2 and vs. G
IA since 199
3. Deaths 19
92−94
: 10,00
0−25
,000
. Deaths in 199
4: >5,00
0.
(Sollenb
erg & W
allensteen, 1
996): G
ov vs. FIS since 199
2 and vs. G
IA since 199
3. Deaths 19
92−95
: 25,00
0−45
,000
. Deaths in 199
5: >3,00
0.
(Sollenb
erg & W
allensteen, 1
997): G
ov vs. FIS since 199
2 and vs. G
IA since 199
3. Deaths 19
92−96
: 30,00
0−50
,000
. Deaths in 199
6: >2,00
0.
(Sollenb
erg & W
allensteen, 1
998): G
ov vs. FIS since 199
2 and vs. G
IA since 199
3. Deaths 19
92−97
: 40,00
0−80
,000
. Deaths in 199
7: >3,00
0.
(Sollenb
erg, W
allensteen &
Jato, 199
9): G
ov vs. GIA
since 199
3. Conflict with
all group
s 19
92−98
: 40,00
0−10
0,00
0. M
inim
um of >1,50
0 military casualties,
and >2,50
0 civilian casualties in 199
8.
(Seybo
lt &
Upp
sala Con
flict D
ata Project, 2
000): G
ov vs. GIA
since 199
3. Con
flict w
ith all g
roup
s 19
92−99
: 40,00
0−10
0,00
0. 199
9: >1,00
0.
(Seybo
lt, 2
001): G
ov vs. GIA
since 199
3. Con
flict w
ith all g
roup
s 19
92−99
: 40,00
0−10
0,00
0. 200
0: >1,00
0.
(Seybo
lt, 2
002): G
ov vs. GIA
since 199
3. Con
flict w
ith all g
roup
s 19
92−20
00: 4
0,00
0−10
0,00
0. 2001: >1,00
0.
(Wiharta &
Antho
ny, 2
003): G
ov vs. GIA
since 199
3. Con
flict w
ith all g
roup
s 19
92−20
02: 4
0,000−
100,00
0. 2002: 150
−35
0.
(Mack, 200
4): B
est &
low estim
ate of 150
battle-related deaths, h
igh estimate of 350
In
terp
reta
tion:
Most sou
rces prefer an estim
ate of app
roximately 10
0,00
0 battle deaths. S
IPRI trend data has een used to obtain the follo
wing high and
low estim
ates, and given
preference to
the estimate that to
tals nearly 90
,000
battle deaths. T
his conflict in
clud
ed large am
ounts of terrorist v
iolence against civilians. These are con
sidered
battle deaths.
Year
Intensity
Low
High &
Best
19
91
1 10
0 Intensity on
e estimate
100
Intensity on
e estimate; not in
clud
ed in
other cod
ers’ date rang
e 19
92
1 60
0 SIPRI
600
SIPRI
-
12
1993
3 2,40
0 SIPRI
6,00
0 SIPRI, tripled
1994
3 10
,000
SIPRI estimate, dou
bled
30,000
SIPRI, tripled
1995
3 6,00
0 SIPRI estimate, dou
bled
12,000
SIPRI, tripled
1996
3 4,00
0 SIPRI estimate, dou
bled
12,000
SIPRI, tripled
1997
3 6,00
0 SIPRI estimate, dou
bled
12,000
SIPRI, tripled
1998
3 7,00
0 Project Ploughshares
10,000
Project Ploughshares
1999
3 3,00
0 Project Ploughshares
3,00
0 Project Ploughshares
2000
3 2,50
0 Project Ploughshares
2,50
0 Project Ploughshares
2001
3 1,65
0 Project Ploughshares
1,65
0 Project Ploughshares
Total
1993
−200
1:
42,750
Subtotal o
f 20
150 from
199
7−20
01 agrees with IISS
89
,150
Su
btotal of 29
,150
from 199
7−20
01 is slightly high
er th
an IISS
2002
2 15
0 Hum
an Security
350
Hum
an Security
Fata
lities
info
rmation for co
nflic
t #49, ci
vil war in
Alg
eria
fro
m 2
003−
2005:
2003
: (IISS, 200
6): O
ne report suggests < 1,500
deaths, m
ost d
ue to
fighting between security forces and GIA
and
GSPC. S
econd repo
rt th
at 900
total d
ied and 43
0 of
those were Islamic extremists
(Ploughshares, 200
6): 1
,000
(SIPRI Yearboo
ks): < 50 in clashes with GIA
(IISS, 200
6): >
500
; evenly split b
etween security forces and militants with some civilian
casualties
(Ploughshares, 200
6): 4
29, o
fficial d
eath to
ll; in
most serious in
cident, o
ver 60
com
batants killed (GSPC reblels and
Chadian soliders)
(SIPRI Yearboo
ks): < 25 in clashes with GIA
(IISS, 200
6): 4
90
(Ploughshares, 200
6): 7
6 civilians, 177
security force mem
bers, 2
35 suspected terrorists = 488
; GIA
respo
nsible for at least 14 civilia
n deaths
(AI Report o
n Algeria): som
e 50
0 killed according to press reports
(June 10
, Terrorism
Mon
itor, Vol. 2
, Issue 11 20
05): GSPC kills 15 Mauritanian soldiers in cross-border raid
-
13
Inte
rpre
tation:
Year
Low
High
Best
Notes
2003
90
0 1,50
0 90
0 Low
= IISS; H
igh = IISS; B
est =
low estim
ate from
IISS, w
hich rou
ghly
agrees with Ploug
hshares
2004
42
9 50
0 42
9 Low
= Ploughshares; High = IIS; O
fficial estim
ate used as best estim
ate in
absence of other in
form
ation
2005
48
8 50
0 48
8
Low
= Ploughshares; High = AI Report; IISS, A
I & Project Ploughshares all
correspo
nd. P
roject Ploughshares inform
ation taken as best estim
ate because
most specific
-
14
Angola
The Upp
sala/PRIO
Arm
ed Con
flict D
ataset cod
es th
e follow
ing conflicts in
Angola:
ID
ID_Old
Side A
Side B
Territory
Years
66
1660
Portugal
MPLA, F
NLA, U
NITA
Ang
ola
1960
−74
131
2310
Ang
ola
UNITA
19
75−20
02
192
2940
Ang
ola
FLEC
Cabinda
1991
1994
1996
−98
20
02
20
04
Fata
lities
info
rmation for co
nflic
t #66, Angola
n w
ar of in
dep
enden
ce a
gain
st P
ort
ugal 1960−
74:
Correlates of W
ar Dataset (Sa
rkees, 200
0): C
onflict #
434, ‘Angolan-Portugese W
ar,’ 196
1−75
: 8,000
state deaths and an unkno
wn total n
umber.
(Brogan, 1998, 13): ‘Abo
ut 90,00
0 peop
le were killed during the colonial war, 1
961−
75.’
(Rum
mel, 1
997, Table 14.1, line 167
6): E
stim
ates for th
e period
196
1−75
: 30,00
0 (low
), 55,00
0 (m
iddle), 9
0,00
0 (high) to
tal d
ead.
(Leitenb
erg, 200
3): 1
961−
75, ‘independ
ence strug
gle vs. P
ortugal:’ 30
0,00
0 civilian, 3
00,000
military, and
600
,000
total w
ar-related deaths.
(Eckhardt, 19
96): 1961−
75, ‘Indep vs. P
ort; USSR
, S Af interv:’ 30,00
0 civilian war-related deaths, 25,00
0 military war-related deaths,
55,000
total.
(Clodfelter, 200
2, 620
): ‘Portuguese battle deaths by year up
to Decem
ber 1, 196
8, were as follows: 196
1−13
4; 196
2−11
5; 196
3−83
; 196
4−10
1; 196
5−87
; 19
66−9
0; 196
7−88
; 196
8−10
2. After tw
elve years of war Portuguese military losses in
Angola stoo
d at 1,071
KIA
…Guerilla combat fatalities totaled more than
10,000
….Estim
ates of total v
iolent deaths in th
e colonial wars, 196
1−74
, were as follows: Portuguese military and
civilian dead 4,000
in Angola…
guerilla dead
25,000
in Angola…
African civilian dead 50,00
0 in Ang
ola’
(Bercovitch & Jackson
, 199
7, 101
): ‘Guinea-Bissau form
ally gained independ
ence on September 10
, 197
4. M
ozam
biqu
e completed th
e transition to
independ
ence on June 25, 197
5, and
Angola on
Nov
ember 11
, 197
5. M
ore than a hundred th
ousand people were killed during the strugg
le for in
depend
ence,
including large nu
mbers of civilians and Portuguese troo
ps. A
s many as five thou
sand
Portugu
ese troo
ps died in th
e war…
’ (N
ote: Unclear whether th
ese figures refer to all three conflicts or only to Ang
ola)
Inte
rpre
tation:
-
15
Clodfelter’s figures are 4,00
0 state deaths and
75,00
0 Ang
olan deaths or 79,00
0 in to
tal. This falls within the rang
e presented by
Rum
mel, and relatively close to
figures presented by
Brogan, COW, and Eckhardt. Leitenb
erg’s figures seem
to be a clear outlier. Because Clodfelter’s figures are based
on
detailed inform
ation
on Portuguese fatalities and because other higher figures pu
rport to be to
tal w
ar-related deaths, Clodfelter’s figure was used as th
e best estim
ate.
Estim
ates:
Low
: 55,00
![Stanford University · 3.1 Dataset SQuAD dataset is a machine comprehension dataset on Wikipedia articles with more than 100,000 questions [1]. The dataset is randomly partitioned](https://img.pdfslide.us/doc/110x75/602d75745c2a607275039f53/stanford-university-31-dataset-squad-dataset-is-a-machine-comprehension-dataset.jpg)
