Annals of Library Science and Documentation 41,1; 1994; 23-32

RISING TRENDS IN PERIODICAL PRICES: NEED TO DEVELOP NATIONAL BASED PERIODICALCENTRES AND NETWORKS

YNAGI REDDYAssistant LibrarianUniversity of HyderabadHyderabad 500134

The trends in prices for the core periodicalsaccording to the subject, country of origin, type ofpublisher and frequency by applying the statisticalindicators like Mean Growth Rates, CompoundGrowth Rates, Standard Deviation and Co-Effi-cient of Variation over the period 1981-91 andalso, trends in foreign exchange and Indianinflation are presented. The data indicates that theperiodical prices increased by 21-31%, foreignexchange by 10-15% and Indian inflation byalmost 8%. Further, the prices showed significantdispersion and were less consistent. Sugges-tions have been made to over come the problemof escalating periodical prices.

INTRODUCTION

Among the multitude of documents, periodicaloccupies the first and foremost place, since itcontains the most recent findings which is ofimmense value for further research in any field. Itis very handy for information communication, andno other medium has replaced it since its inven-tion in 1665.

The benefits of periodicals in scientific researchhave been well described by Strauss, Shreveand Brown (1972) and Stuart and Miller (19aO)- "the periodicals constitute a most important partof science and technology, library resources be-cause they publish the immediate results of ex-perimental research and technical developments.A continuous record of scientific advance is pre-sented in these journals. Since the articles arereviewed by the experts in the field, the journalpossesses information of inestimable significancethat keeps the standards high. Depending on thesize and types of institutions, serials can meet avariety of needs better than any othercategories of library materials Scholarlymagazines provide an efficient means for sharingthe results of research conducted nationallyand internationally, thus helping to forestall need-

Vol41 No 1 March 1994

less duplication of effort and keeping readersinformed of recent advances in subjects ofinterest ...... It is evident that in all types oflibraries, nearly all classes of readers will find atleast some serials to be useful and desirable. Asa category, serials are probably most importantto research scientists".

But now, libraries all over the world are tacinqsevere problems in the acquisition of scientificjournals dueto ever increasing prices and dimin-ishing budgets. Further, the fluctuations in for-eign exchange conversion rates, decreasing pur-chasing power of currencies and indiscriminatepricing policies of publishers are reducinq theacquisition power of libraries. Biophysical Journalpriced at $ 260 in 19a7 has increased to $ 400 in19aa. Thus Current Science which was printed at$ 30 raised to $ 122 and Pram ana from $ 30 to $195 in 19a4. The devaluation of rupees in 1991has resulted in a staggering increase of periodi-cal prices by more than 50%.

In the words of Okerson (19a6) "The costs oflibrary materials particularly serials has emergednext to automation as one of the great lihrary con-cerns today. It promises to continue so to the endof century" [1OJ. The same view was endorsed bythe survey "Information UK 2000" conducted byBritish Library Research and Development De-partment in 19a9.

NEED AND OBJECTIVES FOR THE STUDY

Since De Gennaro (1977) for the first timehighlighted the problems of periodical prices,several studies were conducted and with a fewexceptions, they were not comprehensive.

i) The two popularly known periodical priceindices - A.L.A./FAXON and BoH. Black-well are not adequate, since they do notattempt to find out the reasons for priceincrease.

23

YNAGIREDDY

ii) Some studies simply identified the pricetrends by simple growth rate over theperiod with a fixed base year. For ex-ample, a journal's cost was Rs. 100 in1981 and Rs. 1000 in 1991. Therefore,the increase in price was 90%. But in atrue economic sense this is not correctbecause the price increase in any par-ticular year will depend on the price ofpreceding year.

iii) Normally, in these studies no statisticalindicators like Mean Growth Rates,Compound Growth Rates, StandardDeviation, Co-efficient of Variation wereused. Proper sampling techniques werenot followed. Moreover, the methodolo-gies of several studies were not well de-scribed.

i'J) Average increase of prices for longerperiods, measures of dispersion andconsistency are missing from the litera-ture.

v) The impact of foreign exchange conver-sion rates and inflation were not system-atically studied.

The present study was conducted to focus uponthe periodical price trends over the period 1981-1991 for the core journals in some specifiedsubjects selected by the faculty of the Universityof Hyderabad, with the following objectives.

i) to identify price trends of periodicals ac-cording to the subject, country of origin,publisher and the frequency;

ii) to find out the impact of foreign exchangeconversion rates on the prices; and

iii) to observe the general inflationary trendsin India.

METHODOLOGY

Selection of the Sample

To determine the trends in periodical prices twotraditional subjects from the universe of subjects -Chemistry and Physics (in the Sciences), Eco-nomics and Sociology (in the Social Sciences)and English and Philosophy (in the Humanities)

24

were selected as a representative sample of thethree main groups. The reasons for this selectionwere that in addition to highly productive informa-tion content, these subjects were being taught inmany Indian and foreign universities and a con-tinuous record of periodical price data is availablein the libraries. To decide about the samplejournals the current subscription lists of thesubjects were circulated among the faculty witha request to select the core journals needed fortheir academic and research programmes with-out any bias for country, price and specializa-tion. The most common journals identified by thefaculty were studied for price variations and thefollowing is the subject-wise breakup of the jour-nals.

Subject No. ofsamplesselected

Total Percentagejournals

Chemistry 18 53 34Physics 16 40 40Economics 17 59 29Sociology 16 40 40English 18 35 51Philosophy 16 26 62

Total 101 253 40

The publishers of the sample journals in eachsubject were categorized by sponsors - aca-demic, commercial, society and others.

Collection of Data

The prices for the years 1981-1991 in originalcurrencies were noted from the periodicals sincethey are the most authentic source. If a journalwas discontinued in the University of HyderabadLibrary, the prices of such journals were obtainedfrom local libraries like Osmania University,American Studies Research Centre, Centre forEconomics and Social Studies and CentralInstitute of English and Foreign Languages. Theforeign exchange conversion rates of major worldcurrencies - U.S. Dollar, British Pound, Dutch Guilderand Deutsch Mark for each year from 1981-1991were taken based on the averages from not lessthan six Good Office Committee Conversion(G.O.C.) rates files of a year. The rate of inflationin India which is measured by the Whole SalePrice Index numbers is published by EconomicSurvey of India and was used for the study.

Ann Lib Sci Doc

Analysis

Based on the above, average prices over the pe-riod were calculated for each subject. For theseaverage prices the annual growth rates - toobserve the relative increase in prices for succes-sive years; compound growth rates - to find outthe accumulated annual increase; standarddeviation - to identify the range of dispersion;and co-efficient of variation - to observeconsistency in the pricing pattern were deter-mined by applying the following statistical formu-lae:

i) Annual Growth RateP2 - P1

---------------- X 100P1

Where, P2 =P1

Price in current yearPrice in preceding year

ii) Compound Growth Rate (CGR) =

[

log p. 1991 - Log p. 1981 ]Antilog { } - x 100

11where p i991 price in 1991

p 1981 = price in 1981

iii) Standard Deviation (SO)

VLXi2-ni2

where, n =xi =

sample sizeprice in the i th year

iv) Co-Efficient of Variation (C.V.)Standard deviation

---------------- x100mean

The lesser the value the prices are most consis-tent. The higher the value the prices are volatile.

FINDINGS

Tables 1-4 illustrate the pricing patterns accord-ing to the subject, country of origin, type ofpublisher and the frequency of publication. Table5 denotes the trends in foreign exchangeconversion rates and Indian inflation. Each tablepresents 2 rows of data against the subject, coun-try, publisher and frequency for the years 1981-91. The upper one indicates the' price in rupeesconverted from original currencies according toG.O.C. rates and the lower one represents the

Vo141 No 1 March 1994

RISING TRENDS IN PERIODICAL PRICES

annual growth rate. Though the prices in rupeeswere rounded to the nearest rupee, the fractionswere considered for growth rates and other statis-tical measures. The last 4 columns illustrate themean (average) price and its correspondingannual increase over the period, followed bycompound growth rate, the standard deviationand co-efficient of variation respectively.

Table 1shows the pricing pattern according to thesubject. It is observed that the periodical pricesrecorded an average annual increase rangingfrom 21 % to 31 % and a compound growth rateranging from 18% to 27% during the period 1981-91. While Physics journals registered the highestaverage annual increase of almost 31 % and acompound growth rate of 27%. English, Eco-nomics and Sociology journals recorded anaverage annual growth rate of almost 21 % andcompound growth rate of 18%. It is interasting tonote that the Philosophy journals prices occupiedthe second place with an increase of almost 28%,whereas the Chemistry journal prices showed anincrease of 24%. While the journal prices ofscience subjects recorded a high dispersion,English journal prices registered a low disper-sion. The co-efficient of variation for all thesubjects ranged from 58% to 86% which indicatethat the journal prices were volatile and less con-sistent.

Table 2 illustrates the pricing patterns of journalsaccording to the country of origin. For lack ofrepresentativeness Australia, Germany and Japanare omitted from description. Similar to the sub-jects the journal prices of any country recordeduniform growth rates. The foreign journal pricesrecorded an average annual increase rangingfrom 24% - 35% and compound growth rateranging from 21 % - 29%. Holland journal pricesrecorded the highest average annual increase ofalmost 35% and a compound growth rate of 29%followed by Canada, USA and Britain. Whereasthe Indian journal prices registered a moderateaverage annual growth rate of 8% and a com-pound growth rate of 7%. The Standard deviationand co-efficient of variations were also high forforeign journals which indicates that the disper-sion was high and the journal prices were lessconsistent. However, the Indian journal pricesshowed a co-efficient of variation of only 26%inferring that the Indian journal prices were con-sistent. Among the foreign countries Holland jour-nal prices were more volatile, followed by Can-ada, Britain and USA.

25

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Table 1

Periodical prices trends and growth rates by subject (1981-1991)

Titles 1984 19861982 1985 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Mean C.G.R Std.Dev.

C.V1981 1983

Chemistry 18 5927 7371 8400 10761 13221 15196 18068 20878 25737 32188 50094 18895 21.41 12522 66.2724.37 13.95 28.11 22.87 14.93 18.90 15.55 23.28 25.06 55.63 24.27

Physics 16 2424 3113 3594 4298 5706 6859 8433 13693 17024 22103 33905 11014 27.10 9433 85.6528.39 15.46 19.61 32.74 20.21 22.95 62.37 24.33 29.84 53.39 30.93

Economics 17 491 555 617 686 846 952 1280 1414 1693 1910 3082 1229 18.18 741 60.2813.16 11.05 11.22 23.30 12.59 34.40 10.50 19.71 12.84 61.37 21.01

Sociology 16 322 378 435 489 569 645 726 855 1191 1452 2050 828 18.34 509 61.5117.44 15.10 12.61 16.31 13.36 12.46 17.76 39.34 21.93 41.21 20.75

English 18 194 229 268 317 368 418 483 584 693 844 1217 510 18.15 295 57.7217.76 17.07 18.36 16.12 13.45 15.55 20.92 18.78 21.78 44.21 20.40

Philosophy 16 256 298 332 378 424 456 575 722 902 1097 2389 712 22.52 588 82.5816.46 11.51 13.84 12.11 7.40 26.17 25.55 24.97 21.65 117.80 27.74

<2-~.....z0.....~~'"1

Table 2("l=-.....\0\0 Periodical price trends and growth rates by country (1981-1991)~

Titles 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Mean C.G.R Std.Dv C.V

Australia 1 243 316 354 420 474 478 552 630 843 1026 1489 620 17.92 352 56.7030.04 12.03 18.64 12.86 0.84 15.48 14.13 33.81 21.71 45.13 20.47

Britain 29 2194 2545 2896 3260 4115 4792 6116 7540 9071 12010 17834 6579 20.98 4601 69.9315.99 13.78 12.59 26.23 16.45 27.62 23.29 20.31 32.39 48.50 23.71

Canada 3 144 194 275 315 351 358 386 482 680 739 1571 500 24.27 381 76.2934.72 41.58 14.68 11.53 1.99 7.81 24.68 41.18 8.68 112.63 29.95

Germany 1 1791 2021 2709 3486 3941 3968 4678 5652 7182 9526 13273 5293 19.97 3333 62.9612.84 34.04 28.68 13.05 0.69 17.89 20.82 27.07 32.64 39.33 22.71

Holland 8 1971 2542 2412 2826 3473 5606 7704 14717 16340 21510 32676 10162 29.08 9559 94.07 ~29.01 -5.11 17.15 22.89 61.42 37.42 91.03 11.02 31.64 51.91 34.84 ~

~India 15 58 63 69 68 81 87 102 111 117 120 125 91 7.20 24 25.98

~7.55 10.64 -1.92 19.12 7.49 16.92 8.58 5.73 2.28 4.74 8.11

Japan 1 819 897 948 1061 1199 1208 2318 2404 3136 3408 5508 2082 18.92 1403 67.35 ~9.52 5.69 11.92 13.01 0.75 91.89 3.71 30.45 8.67 61.62 23.72 ~

USA 43 1930 2510 2956 3945 4911 5412 6097 7127 9340 11236 18234 6700~

22.65 4552 67.94 t:;;30.08 17.76 33.44 24.48 10.21 12.66 16.89 31.06 20.29 62.28 25.92

~~

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N "oc::00

Table 3 ~~

Periodical price trends and growth rates by publisher (1981-1991)~

Mean C.G.R Std.Dev C.vt::l

Titles 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 "oc::

Academic 30 242 279 315 356 414 472 563 663 795 968 1537 601 18.30 367 61.06Institutions 15.34 12.95 13.09 16.21 14.07 19.17 17.83 19.88 21.73 58.:'.:! 20.90

Commercial 33 2089 2533 2843 3266 4150 5064 6527 9172 10873 14423 21370 7483 23.54 5769 77.10Publishers 21.24 12.26 14.87 27.07 22.01 28.90 40.51 18.55 32.65 48.17 26.62

Societies' & 38 2378 3024 3500 4612 5705 6403 7345 8739 11256 13591 22058 8055 22.45 5530 68.65Others 27.17 15.74 31.78 23.70 12.23 14.72 18.98 28.80 20.75 62.29 25.62

Table 4

Periodical price trends and growth rates by frequency (1981-1991)

Titles 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Mean C.G.A. Std.Dev C.V

Weekly 9 10384 12546 13885 18156 22801 26277 31049 41668 50592 64582 98296 35476 22.67 25667 72.3520.82 10.67 30.75 25.59 15.25 18.16 34.20 21.42 27.65 52.20 25.67

Fortnightly 7 1826 2916 3899 5030 5950 6900 7862 9616 12846 16260 26038 9013 27.33 6765 75.0659.73 33.70 28.99 18.29 15.96 13.95 22.31 33.59 26.57 60.13 31.32

Monthly 19 1748 2107 2236 2633 3244 4035 5459 6548 8073 10079 16986 5741 22.96 4387 76.4120.53 6.16 17.75 23.20 24.38 35.30 19.93 23.30 24.84 68.53 26.39

Bi-monthly 7 890 1097 1510 1175 1879 1766 1936 2091 2963 3379 4966 2150 16.91 1145 53.2623.18 37.63 -22.13 59.82 -5.99 9.63 8.01 41.67 14.04 46.97 21.28

~Quarterly 49 250 288 321 362 424 489 589 717 873 1059 1608 635 18.42 393 61.95

15.06 11.27 12.83 17.17 15.48 20.38 21.69 21.73 21.30 51.93 20.88=l' Half Yearly 10 859 1169 1523 1912 2375 2678 3077 3814 4823 5939 8626 3345 23.33 2231 66.70::;;(n. 36.09 30.28 25.51 24.23 12.73 14.90 23.97 26.45 23.14 45.24 26.25Q.00("l

Table 3 shows the price trends according to typesof publishers. The commercial publications re-corded the highest average annual increase ofalmost 27% and compound growth rate of 24%,whereas the academic publications recorded thelowest average annual increase of 21 % andcompound growth rate of 18% over the period. Itis interesting to note that both society andcommercial publications registered almost equalincrease. Though the dispersion was high forcommercial and society publications, the priceswere less consistent for all the three categories.

Table 4 illustrates the pricing patterns accord-ing to frequency. The tortniqntlies recorded thehighest average annual increase of 31 % andcompound growth rate of 27%, whereas the

RISING TRENDS IN PERIODICAL PRICES

quarterlies and bimonthlies registered the lowestaverage annual increase of 21 %. It is interestingto note that the weeklies, monthlies and half-yearlies reqistered an average annual increase of26%. The dispersion was also high for all thecategories and the prices were less consistent.

Table 5 indicates the trends in foreign exchangeand Indian inflation. From the table it is observedthat the average annual increase of all thecurrencies ranged from 10% to 15% during theperiod. However, a high increase of 31 % - 38%was recorded in the year 1991. Similarly theinflation in India was high in 1990 and in 1981.However, on an average 7.6% inflation rate wasrecorded during the period,

Table 5

Foreign exchange and Indian inflation (1981-1991)

Year

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

*AGR

Vol 41 No 1 March 1994

U.S! British Dutch Deutsche W.S.P.1.Dollar Pound Guildar Mark of India

9.0 18.75 3.7 4.1 100.0

9.86 17.7 3.86 4.2 104.99.56 -5.6 4.32 3.32 4.9

10.42 16.2 3.81 4.24 112.15.68 -8.47 -1.3 0.95 6.86

11.66 16.2 3.76 4.28 120.111.9 0 -1.31 0.94 7.14

13.18 16.4 3.82 4.38 125.413.04 1.23 1.6 2.34 4.41

13.27 19.36 5.39 6.11 137.70.68 18.36 41.1 39.5 9.8

13.8 22.4 6.83 7.68 143.63.99 15.7 26.72 25.7 4.3

14.31 25.8 7.53 8.51 154.33.7 15.18 10.25 10.81 7.45

16.86 28.36 8.08 9.1 165.717.82 9.92 7.3 6.93 7.4

18.32 32.86 10.16 11.43 182.78.66 15.87 25.74 25.6 10.26

24.81 43.96 13.97 15.0 207.535.43 33.96 37.5 31.23 13.6

11.05 9.57 15.19 14.64 7.6

29

YNAGIREDDY

Thus the periodical prices though recorded asignificant increase during the period, thegrowth rates were not uniform, irrespective ofthe subject, country or origin, type of publisherand frequency. Moreover, the prices recordeda staggering increase in 1991. Further, all catego-ries showed a significant dispersion and theprices were less consistent. This may be attrib-uted not only to the fact that publishers areindiscriminate in pricing policies but also therearefluctuations in foreign exchange conversionrates. The devaluation of rupee in 1991 hasresulted in a staggering increase in periodicalprices. On the whole, the periodical prices in-creased by 3-4 times over Indian inflation duringthe period, thereby reducing the acquisition powerof the libraries significantly, resulting in subscrip-tion crunch/cancellation of number of journalsevery year.

SUGGESTIONS

Sinr.e the universities are maintained by thepublic funds (Governments) and the libraries,publishers, agents and faculties/ scientists areinvolved in the periodical subscription chain, eachone has to perform certain tasks to overcome themenacing problem. Therefore, the following sug-gestions are made for each of the above groups.

Governments

i) Since periodical is the important sourceof current information and basic ingre-dient for research and as the periodicalprices are increasing at the rate of 21 % -301% per annum, the Governmentsshould provide adequate grants to theuniversities.

ii) Considering the present economic con-dition of the country, it seems there isevery need to establish National Periodi-cal Centre (NPC) which will help in one ormore of the following ways:

a) to improve easy access to periodicalliterature for libraries as well as indi-viduals;

b) to reduce the overall costs and timefor acquiring by individual libraries;

c) to act under appropriate conditions

30

as a distributing agent for librariesand publishers;

d) to provide librarians additional op-tions, as they establish own collec-tion development and maintenancepolicies;

e) to preserve periodical materials andto advise the local and regionalresource centres to develop theirperiodical collection by avoidingduplications; and

f) to provide a base for the develop-ment of new and feasible publicationstrategies.

iii) As a second alternative, one of the exist-ing libraries of national importance maybe given additional resources and re-sponsibilities to act as NPC based onthe subject specialization such as,sciences, technology, agriculture, medi-cine, social sciences and humanities. Forexample, the INSDOC library at Delhi withits regional centres can be assigned theresponsibility of acting as resourcecentres for science subjects. Similarly,one of the ll'I's, ICAR and CSIR librariesetc. for other subjects may be selected.This method will not only eliminate a lot ofunnecessary duplication but also givescope to subscribe new and more spe-cialized joumals. The other libraries shouldrestrict their subscriptions only to corejournals. For efficient functioning of thesystem the facilities like DELNET, CAL-IBNET, HYLIBNET, NICNET, INFLIBNETetc. may be availed of.

iv) Since the reputed publishers are mo-nopolising the trade, creating incentivesto small and medium publishers in theform of subsidies will bring a healthycompetition among the publishers.

v) Since the financial norms for allocatinglibrary grants are outdated, a reviewcommittee may be appointed to suggestfresh financial norms for university librar-ies.

Ann Lib Sci Doc

Universities

i) Since non-availability of required informa-tion affects the scientific advancementand the academic standards, universityauthorities should provide sufficient grantsto its libraries for collection development.In this regard the diversion of overallsavings from the university budgets to thelibraries, approval to utilize the savings onlibrary personnel, xerox revenue, over-due charges, income by sale of wastepaper material etc. for the collection de-velopment programmes has to be en-couraged.

ii) Provision may be made in the librarybudgets to subscribe the journals on 2years or 3years basis, since the publish-ers offer considerable discounts on longersubscriptions.

iii) Expert committee, may be constitutedto suggest alternatives to publishing. Inthis direction conferences, symposia,workshops, computer conferences etc.are to be encouraged.

Librarians

Since the librarians are the most important linkbetween publishers and scientists, the followingapproaches will definitely help to overcome theproblem to a great extent.

(a) Consumer Approach:

i) In order to meet the varied demands ofthe scientists and to save the nationaleconomy, resource sharing among thelibraries in the form of collection co-ordination by rationalisation of periodicalsubscription is indispensable.

ii) Librarians with the help of subject spe-cialists should identify the core journalsthat are to be subscribed and get theadditional information on demand fromperipheral journals from other libraries.

iii) Duplication of periodical subscriptionsare to be eliminated to the maximumextent possible. In this regard the studyof University of Hyderabad based on the

Vol 41 No 1 March 1994

RISING TRENDS IN PERIODICAL PRICES

union list of current periodicals 1989, thestudy of NISSAT in Calcutta and the studyof CSIR libraries indicate that substantialamount can be saved by eliminatingduplicate subscriptions.

(b) Monitoring Approach:

i) Developing methods for constant moni-toring of prices to inform faculty to effectthe cancellations if any publisher is foundincreasing the prices indiscriminately;

ii) Librarians with the help of subject expertsshould produce a journal review columnto provide authoritative information onjournal quality, value and price;

iii) Compiling local price indices and con-ducting extensive research on general in-flationary trends, foreign exchange trendsand projected increases in order to for-mu~ate the renewals budgets;

iv) Compilation of union catalogues, lists ofperiodicals and documentation lists tofacilitate better inter-library loan serv-ices; and

v) Conducting extensive user studies toidentify the use and non-use of journals.

(C) Fund Rising Approaches:

i) Acquiring microfilms, microfiche, CD-ROMS as backruns;

ii) Admitting private bodies like pharma-ceutical, computer industries etc. asmembers on payment basis; and

iii) By sale of services and increasing thelibrary fees.

Faculty

i) Members of faculty, in order to increasetheir prestige, should not invariably turnto reputed journals for publishing theirarticles. They should also encouragesmall and medium publishers by optingfor them.

ii) They should restrict their recommenda-

31

YNAGlREDDY

tions for subscriptions only to core jour-nals and supplement their additional in-formation needs by inter-library loan.

iii) They should respond positively to therecommendations of the librarians to ef-fect cancellations of expensive titles.

Publishers

i) Since the scholars extend their namesand labour to journals and publishersreceive information free of cost they areobligated to price them reasonably.

ii) Since libraries are main customers oftheirproducts, they should not increase theprice of journals during financial crisis.

Thl~S everybody who is involved in the chain ofinformation communication should work hand in'land (Q overcome the problem of escalatingperiodical prices and to promote scientific re-search for the benefit of society.

REFERENCES

1. DE GENNARO (R). Escalating journalprices; time to fight back. Amer. Lib. 8,2;1977; 69-74.

2. ELHANCE (D N). Fundamentals of statis-tics. 30th ed. 1984. Kitab Mahal;Allahabad.

3. GWINN (N E). A National PeriodicalCentre; articulating the dream. Lib. J..1978; 103; 2166-2167.

4. HAMAKER (C). Costs and the serials in-formation chain; containing the impacton library budgets. In Impact of rising

32

costs of serials and monographs onlibrary services and programmes. 1987.Howarth Press; New York. p.99-113.

5. HOUBECK (R L). If present trends con-tinue : responding to journal price in-creases. J. Acad. Librarianship. 13, 4;1987; 214-220.

6. LAXMAN RAO (N) and PRAFULLA CHAN-DRA (T V). Rationalisation of periodicalsubscriptions. University News. 22; 1993,Mar. 22; 14-17.

7. LYNDEN (F C). Library materials coststudies. Lib. Resour. Tech. Servo27; 1983;156-162.

8. MARTYN (J V P) and FREENEY (M). In-formation UK2000. 1991. Bowker;London.

9. NISSAT News Letter. 11, 2; 1992.

10. OKERSON (A). Periodical prices: a his-tory and discussion. In Serials manage-ment, V. 1 (Ed. Marcia Turtle and Jean G.COOk). 1986. Jai Press; Greenwich.p.101-134.

11. SISCOM (Society for Information Scienceand Communications). 13, 7-8; 1993; 3.

12. STRAUSS (LJ) I SHREVE (I) and BROWN(A L). Scientific and technical libraries-their organisation and administration.2nd ed. 1972. Becker and Hayes; NewYork.

13. STUART (R D) and MILLER (G B). Col-lection development in libraries - a trea-tise. 1980. Jai Press; Greenwich. V. 10.

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