Animals Kritik Generic

8/18/2019 Animals Kritik Generic

1/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

DDI Animals K

***General Links***

Plan Link

The Aff aers !ver "he !n#!in# $ar !n "he n!n%h&man animal ' an( )essa"i!n !f vi!len)e &nder "he

)&rren" l!#i) is !nl( a m!men"ar( defermen" +ven m!men"s !f aaren" "enderness and )!massi!n

,e)!me #r!"es-&e s(m"!ms !f a )!rr&"ed !rder

.ell (PhD candidate in social philosophy at Binghamton) 11(Aaron, The Dialectic of Anthropocentrism in Critical Theory and Animal Liberation, pg. 17!")

#re$d noted in his %ell!&no%n comments on %hat he termed 'h$man megalomania' that 'c$rio$sly eno$gh . . .anthropocentric iolence* is still +-oreign to children.' Despite o$r %retchedness and -ailings, in a '%rong li-e'that can neer be lied rightly, there is the hope that %e can do better . The bad -acticity o- o$r distortedand distorting relationship to other animals and the rest o- li-e is eposed as s$ch by eery generationo- children %ho m$st be bro&en and indoctrinated, %hose innocence m$st be sacri-iced in order to contin$e in thelogic o- sacri-ice. /n the -inal aphorism o- 0inima 0oralia, Adorno holds that ' perspecties m$st be -ashioned thatdisplace and estrange the %orld, reeal it to be, %ith its ri-ts and creices, as indigent and distorted +asit %ill appear one day in the messianic light.' /t seems that o$r one conso! lation is that this perspectie, at least in relationto o$r treatment o- other animals, obstinately ret$rns and cannot be entirely sn$--ed o$t -or as long as %e contin$e to eistas a species./- %e are -inally to abandon the sel-!aggrandiing narratie o- anthropocentrism constr$cted in the 2est, %e %ill hae to begin by reconcept$aliing the di--erence bet%een h$mans and animals in a %ay that does not operate $nder a destr$ctieecl$sionary logic. Both -or h$man beings and -or animals, any cessation o- iolence $nder the c$rrentlogic is only a momentary de-erment, an armistice b$t neer a peace . 3en moments o- apparenttenderness and compassion become grotes4$e symptoms o- a corr$pted order so long as this %ay o-li-e is permitted to stand As 5or&heimer and Adorno obsere in Dia! lectic o- 3nlightenment, 'the -ascists6 pio$s loeo- animals, nat$re, and children is the l$st o- the h$nter. The idle stro&ing o- children6s hair and animal pelts signi-ies thishand can destroy. /t tenderly -ondles one ictim be-ore -ell! ing the other, and its choice has nothing to do %ith the ictimsg$ilt. The caress intimates that all are the same be-ore po%er.' The 8ai o--icers arbitrary choice o- %ho %o$ld s$rie (-oranother day) and %ho %o$ld be &illed demonstrates the same terrible eitel&eit o- 5egel6s radical eil indiid$al, %hored$ces eery decision to a choice o- 'this or that9 The arbitrary nat$re o- the decision is an eercise o- po%erin its ra%est -orm, and an $ncanny reminder o- o$r contemporary iolence to%ards animals . #or thesame pererse arbitrariness at the core o- the :: o--icers decision holds s%ay in a society %hich doomsmillions o- animals to $nimaginable s$--ering %hile pampering millions o- others as 'pets.':$ch interl$des o- apparent noniolence are merely pa$ses bet%een atrocities as Leinas p$ts it, 'the peace

o- empires iss$ed -rom %ar rests on war. Peace* does not restore to the alienated beings their lost identity.' 2ar on theother, radicalied in the -orm o- -ascism, sho%s that 'not only modern %ar b$t eery %ar employs arms that t$rn againstthose %ho %ield them. /t establishes an order -rom %hich no one can &eep his distance.' There is no sa-e gro$nd -or the'a$thentically' h$man indiid$al;beca$se there can be no a$thentic anthropocentrism,


2/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

'animal.'

/"a"eivil /!)ie"( Link

The lan is &ne"hi)al ' e!s&re "! #ra"&i"!&s vi!len)e is "he ,asi) )!ndi"i!n !f "he Animal in m!dern

s!)ie"( and makes "he $!rld f&ndamen"all( &ne"hi)al and endless massa)res inevi"a,le

/an,!ma"s& (associate pro-essor o- philosophy at 2orchester Polytechnic) 11(=on, /ntrod$ction to Critical Theory and Animal Liberation, pg. 1>!1)

This episteme to borro% #o$ca$lts term, has s$btended and conditioned the %hole o- ciiliation -rom its beginning, proiding the ery basis o- positie h$man c$lt$re . #or cent$ries, o$r sciences and systems o-&no%ledge hae conspired to diide sentient li-e, conscio$s being!in!the!%orld, into t%o neat, m$t$allyecl$sie, and $tterly -ra$d$lent hales;'the h$man' ers$s 'the rest'other, %e end $p disao%ing o$r o%nh$manity (itsel-, a-ter all, a -orm o- animality) embracing a 'machine ciiliation' based in death!-etishism. '5o% is it possible' ?eich %ondered, 'that man* does not see the damages (psychic illnesses, biopathies, sadism, and %ars) to hishealth, c$lt$re, and mind that are ca$sed by this biologic ren$nciation9'

/t is stri&ing that ?eich, Adorno, and 5or&heimer, all o- %hom %ere per! sonally -orced to -lee @ermany by 5itler, had no

4$alms abo$t comparing the h$man treatment o- animals to the treatment o- =e%s and other enemies o- the +Third ?eich$nder -ascism. A-ter the %ar, Adorno -amo$sly %rote that'A$sch%it begins %hereer someone loo&s at asla$ghterho$se and thin&s they6re only animals,' a once!obsc$re 4$ote that recently has been gien ne% li-e byanimal rights actiists and sympathetic scholars. /n -act, pointed com! parisons o- o$r treatment o- other animals to the 8ais6 treatment o- the =e%s and others in the 5oloca$st are peppered thro$gho$t Adorno6s %or&, some! times sho%ing $pin the most $nepected places (incl$ding a st$dy o- Beethoen6s m$sic). As 0endieta obseres here,Adorno dre% aneplicit lin& bet%een ant6s denial o- any meaning-$l s$b


3/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

=ac4$es Derrida obsered that 'there are also animal genocides.' he %rote %ith $ncharacteristic moral sobriety

T*he annihilation o- certain species is indeed in progress, b$t it is occ$rring thro$gh the organiation and eploitation o- anarti-icial, in-ernal, irt$ally in! terminable s$rial, in conditions that preio$s generations %o$ld hae


4/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

ecl$de not only those h$man beings %ho are not recognied as s$ch b$t also those 'non!h$mananimals %ho are -ig$red by and ecl$ded -rom the $niersal.

/t might be tho$ght that the %ay to address this limitation is to maintain the $niersal, both in ils political and ethical -orms,in a state that is tr$ly and per-ectly empty and / %ill indeed ma&e this arg$ment ill s$b! se4$ent chapters B$tthe leap-rom a h$manist, anthropocentric (and -alsely empty) $niersal to a tr$ly empty, non!anthropocentric oneis not to be achieed all at once. /n order to $nderstand the necessity -or this transition and ro appreciatethe sta&es inoled therein, it is important -irst to $nderstand ho% deeply anthropocentric m$ch o- o$rthin&ing abo$t animals and other -orms o- nonh$man li-e is. /t is also important t$ $nderstand that thecontemporary debates s$rro$nding di--erence based identity politics and $niersalism ta&e place %ithinthe same anthropocentric horion that gro$nds and str$ct$res the ery instit$tions that progressie thin&ers hope totrans-orm /n the co$rse o- eploring these iss$es. / %ill s$ggest that the gen$ine critical target o- progressie tho$ghtand politics today sho$ld be anthropocentrism as s$ch, -or it al%ays one ersion or another o- the h$manthat -alsely occ$pies the space o- the $niersal and that -$nctions to ecl$de %hat is considered non!h$man (%hich, o- co$rse incl$des the immense ma


5/100


6/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

%omen, they eploit and co!opt %hat is act$ally done to animals /t co$ld be arg$ed that the $se o- these meta! phors is as eploitatie as the posing o- rs$la 5amdress an anonymo$s pig some%here %as dressed, posed, and photographed. 2as she sedated to &eep that pose or %as she, perhaps, dead9?adical -eminist theory participatesling$istically in eploiting and denying the absent re-erent by not incl$ding in their ision rs$la 5amdress6s-ate. They b$tcher the animalK %oman c$lt$ral echanges represented in the operation o- the absent re-erent and thenaddress themseles solely to %omen, th$s capit$lating to the absent re-erent, part o- the same constr$ct they %ish to change.

2hat is absent -rom m$ch -eminist theory that relies on metaphors o- animals6 oppression -orill$minating %omen6s eperience is the reality behind the metaphor . 2hen 0ary Daly s$ggests raiding the

Playboy's playgro$nd to let o$t 'the b$nnies, the bitches, the beaers, the s4$irrels, the chic&s, the p$ssycats, the co%s, thenags, the -oy ladies, the old bats and biddies, so that they can at last begin naming themseles' %e, her readers, &no% thatshe is tal&ing abo$t %omen and not abo$t act$al b$nnies, bitches, beaers, and so on. B$t, / arg$e, she sho$ld be.Fther%ise, -eminist theorists6 $se o- lang$age describes, re-lects, and perpet$ates oppression by denying theetent to %hich these oppressions are c$lt$rally analago$s.

Animal =e"ah!rs Link ' 9/)ae#!a"<

=!re eamles in)l&din# 9s)ae#!a"<

Adams (-eminist and animal rights adocate 0asters o- Diinity -rom Qale 7) 80

(Carol =., The se$al politics o- meat a -eminist!egetarian critical theory, pg. +!")

2e also distance o$rseles -rom animals thro$gh the $se o- metaphors or similes that distort the realityo- other animals6 lies. F$r representa! tions o- animals ma&e them re-er to h$man beings rather than to them! selesone is sly as a -o, h$ngry as a bear , pretty as a -illy. 2hen %e tal& abo$t the ictimiation o- h$mans %e$se animal metaphors deried -rom animal sacri-ice and animal eperimentation someone is ascapegoat or a g$inea pig. Eiolence $ndergirds some o- o$r most commonly $sed metaphors thatcannibalie the eperiences o- animals beating a dead horse, a bird in the hand, / hae a bone to pic& %ith yo$. (:ee#ig$re Liberate Qo$r Lang$age.)

Animal =e"ah!rs Link ' 9Pie)es !f =ea"<

This )ard is meh

Adams (-eminist and animal rights adocate 0asters o- Diinity -rom Qale 7) 80(Carol =., The se$al politics o- meat a -eminist!egetarian critical theory, pg. +R)

Cons$ming 0eat 0etaphorically2itho$t its re-erent point o- the sla$ghtered, bleeding, b$tchered ani! mal, meat becomes a -ree!-loating image. 0eat is seen as a ehicle o- meaning and not as inherently meaning-$l the re-erent 'animal' has beencons$med. '0eat' becomes a term to epress %omen6s oppression, $sed e4$ally by patriarchy and

-eminists, %ho say that %omen are 'pieces o- meat.' Beca$se o- the absence o- the act$al re-erent, meat asmetaphor is easily adaptable. 2hile phrases s$ch as '2here6s the Bee-9' seem diametrically opposed to the $se o-'meat' to coney oppression, '2here6s the Bee-9' con-irms the -l$idity o- the absent re-erent %hile rein-orcing theetremely speci-ic, assa$ltie %ays in %hich 'meat' is $sed to re-er to %omen. Part o- ma&ing 'bee-' into 'meat' isrendering it nonmale. 2hen meat carries resonances o- po%er, the po%er it eo&es is male. 0ale genitalia and malese$ality are at times in-erred %hen 'meat' is disc$ssed (c$rio$s loc$tions since $ncastrated ad$lt males are rarely eaten).'0eat' is made nonmale thro$gh iolent dismemberment. As an image %hose original meaning has been cons$med andnegated, 'meat6s' meaning is str$ct$red by its enironment.

>


7/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

Par"i)&lari"( Link

A" ,es" "he affirma"ive )han#es "he "(e !f ,!dies i)ked !&" f!r a,e)"i!n and dea"h

Pe"ers!n (Pro-essor o- Comparatie Literat$re at niersity o- 2estern :ydney)13(Christopher, Bestial Traces ?ace, :e$ality, Animality, pg. 1!)

Democracy6s de-erral th$s bears enormo$s implications -or o$r e--orts to combat ario$s -orms o- discrimination anddisen-ranchisement. /ndeed, it $nderscores that the abolition o- all -orms o- discrimination can neer be -$lly accomplished.3cl$sion cannot be ecl$ded. 2hile one might arg$e that absol$te political e4$ality and incl$sion remain desirable!albeit$nachieable!!ideals, / hold char by maintaining s$ch principles %e eacerbate rather than ameliorate iolence precisely by blinding o$rseles to ho% discrimination conditions all social relations. /ts inescapability, moreoer, is not limited tonational belonging and political participation, The concept o- &inship, -or instance, is al%ays predicated on the t%in poles o- incl$sion and ecl$sicn.t66 To claim that yo$ arc my &in!%hether %e $nderstand this notion in biological or nonbiologicalterms!is al%ays to pres$me that there are others %ho are not my &in. As m$ch as %e might %ant to imagine a $niersal&inship %itho$t ecl$sion, &inship is based on a logic o- sameness (o- &indness) that m$st eliminate alterity, As 0arc :hellobseres, the Christian ideal o- $niersal &inship %hich says that 'all h$man beings are brothers' ineitably translates intothe 'partic$larist act$ality' o- 'only my brothers are h$man all others are animals.'+JThe &inKnon&in distinction is th$smapped onto the h$manKanimal opposition. 0oreoer, to the etent that the -ig$re o- the animal %ithin theh$manKanimal dialectic is str$ct$rally irred$cible, the h$maniation o- some political and social othersal%ays necessitates the contin$ed deh$maniation o- other others . Consider, -or instance. the contemporaryAmerican rhetoric o- '%hite trash. This lang$age relies on a logic o- intraracial ab


8/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

the inescapable anthropocentricity o- the h$manKanimal diide that the re! s$lt %ill be a -ied species de-inition that clearlydemarcates once and -or ally all h$mans as h$man beings, th$s tacitly b$t -irmly positioning all other animals as 'animals'9Consider the synonyms -or beast o--ered by The American 5eritage Dictionary o- the 3nglish Lang$age (Third 3dition)' br$te, animal, br$tish, br$tal, beastly, beastial. These ad


9/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

/n a hierarchical social order, being associated %ith animals -$nctions as a mar&er o- a gro$p6sdisempo%erment and their aailability -or economic and social eploitation. 2inthrop =ordan arg$es that the 8egro!ape association -$nctioned 'as a means o- epressing the social distance bet%een the 8egro and the %hite man.' 5eca$tions, ho%eer, that 'American colonials no more tho$ght 8egroes %ere beasts than did 3$ropean scientists andmissionaries i- they had really tho$ght so they %o$ld hae sternly p$nished miscegenation -or %hat it %o$ld hae been; b$ggery i.e., bestiality*.' 8o, %hat %hite American c$lt$re re 4$ired %as a people %hom they co$ld

compare %ith animals, b$t %ho %ere not animals.A people %ho are treated li&e animals b$t %ho are not animals, a people o- color %ho %ere $n-ree in a co$ntrythat proclaimed as its central principles -reedom and democracy, s$ch mar&ed people o--er potent sel-!re-erential possibilities -or %hite people. As Toni 0orrison asserts, '#or in the constr$ction o- blac&ness andenslaement co$ld be -o$nd not only the not!-ree b$t also, %ith the dramatic polarity created by s&in color, the pro


10/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

(=ames, Beyond BiopoliticsAnimal :t$dies, #actory #arms, and the Adent o- Deading Li-e, Phaen3 R, no. (-allK%inter >1) 1"1>)

There is a tendency in certain actiist and philosophical disc$ssions o- o$r &illing o- other animals, partic$larly at the ind$strial leel, to compare that iolence to the %orst sorts o- h$man atrocities. /nother %ords, there is a tendency to see the &illing o- animals either as m$rder (s$ch as in The :miths song, N0eat is

0$rderO), or to see the &illing o- animals as genocide (perhaps best s$mmed $p by P3TAs -ormer campaign called aN5oloca$st on yo$r plateO). And one can $nderstand the tendency to theorie in s$ch %ays. A-ter all, ario$s s$riors o-the 8ai Lagers compared the treatment o- animals to the treatment o- those &illed in the camps. The most -amo$s being, o- co$rse, /saac Basheis :ingers comment -rom his story, NThe Letter 2riterO :inger %rote, Ni*n relation to animals*, all people are 8ais -or the animals, it is an eternal Treblin&aO (Collected Stories 71). B$t one co$ld also loo& to the %ritingso- people li&e Eassily @rossman and Primo Lei -or ario$s other comparisons bet%een the iolence o- h$mans to otheranimals, and the iolence cond$cted against ictims o- the Shoah. B$t it isnt ). /ndeed, 5annah Arendt, %hile %riting abo$t the horrors o- %hat happened, made arather interesting remar&. :he said that %hat shoc&ed the conscience %as not


11/100


12/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

species, Alison 0ood, the reports a$thor, has p$t together %hat may %ell be the -irst!eer systematic estimate o- the sie o- the ann$al global capt$re o- %ild -ish. /t is, she calc$lates, in the order o- one trillion, altho$gh it co$ld beas high as .7tn.To p$t this in perspectie, the nited 8ations #ood and Agric$lt$re Frganisation estimates that > billion animals are &illedeach year -or h$man cons$mption M the e4$ialent o- abo$t nine animals -or each h$man being on the planet. /- %e ta&e0oods lo%er estimate o- one trillion, the comparable -ig$re -or -ish is 1">. This does not incl$de billions o- -ish ca$ght

illegally nor $n%anted -ish accidentally ca$ght and discarded, nor does it co$nt -ish impaled on hoo&s as bait.0any o- these -ish are cons$med indirectly M gro$nd $p and -ed to -actory!-armed chic&en or -ish. A typical salmon -armch$rns thro$gh !+&g o- %ild -ish -or eery &ilogram o- salmon that it prod$ces.Lets ass$me that all this -ishing is s$stainable, tho$gh o- co$rse it is not. /t %o$ld then be reass$ring to beliee that &illing on s$ch a ast scale does not matter, beca$se -ish do not -eel pain. B$t the nero$s systems o- -ish ares$--iciently similar to those o- birds and mammals to s$ggest that they do. 2hen -ish eperience something that %o$ldca$se other animals physical pain, they behae in %ays s$ggestie o- pain, and the change in behaio$r may last seeralho$rs. (/t is a myth that -ish hae short memories.) #ish learn to aoid $npleasant eperiences, li&e electric shoc&s. And pain&illers red$ce the symptoms o- pain that they %o$ld other%ise sho%.Eictoria Braith%aite, a pro-essor o- -isheries and biology at Pennsylania :tate niersity,has probably spentmore time inestigating this iss$e than any other scientist. 5er recent boo& Do #ish #eel Pain9 sho%s that-ish are not only capable o- -eeling pain, b$t also are a lot smarter than most people beliee. Last year,a scienti-ic

panel to the 3$ropean nion concl$ded that the preponderance o- the eidence indicates that -ish do-eel pain.2hy are -ish the -orgotten ictims on o$r plate9 /s it beca$se they are cold!blooded and coered in scales9 /s it beca$sethey cannot gie oice to their pain9 2hateer the eplanation, the eidence is no% acc$m$lating thatcommercial-ishing in-licts an $nimaginable amo$nt o- pain and s$--ering. 2e need to learn ho% to capt$re and &ill %ild-ish h$manely M or, i- that is not possible, to -ind less cr$el and more s$stainable alternaties to eating them.

BT+ Link

BT+ des"r!(s e)!s(s"ems as $ell as "he fish livin# in "hem

;e#a 88 (L$is A. Eega Ph.D., 8ational 0arine ?ene%able 3nergy Center at the niersity o- 5a%ai6i, NFT3C oerie%O, FT3Cne%s, 1JJJ)

Frganisms impinged by an FT3C plant are ca$ght on the screens protecting the inta&es. /mpingementis -atal to the organism. An entrained organism is dra%n into and passes thro$gh the plant. 3ntrainedorganisms may be eposed to biocides, and temperat$re and press$re shoc&. 3ntrained organisms mayalso be eposed to %or&ing -l$id and trace constit$ents (trace metals and oil or grease). /nta&es sho$ld bedesigned to limit the inlet -lo% elocity to minimie entrainment and impingement. The inlets need to be tailoredhydrodynamically so that %ithdra%al does not res$lt in t$rb$lence or recirc$lation ones in the immediate icinity o- the plant. 0any, i- not all, organisms impinged or entrained by the inta&e %aters may be damaged or &illed. Altho$gh eperiments s$ggest that mortality rates -or phytoplan&ton and ooplan&ton entrained by the %arm!%aterinta&e may be less than 1>> percent, in -act only a -raction o- the phytoplan&ton crops -rom the s$r-ace may be &illed byentrainment. Pr$dence s$ggests that -or the p$rpose o- assessment, 1>> percent capt$re and 1>> percent mortality$pon capt$re sho$ld be ass$med $nless -$rther eidence eists to the contrary. 0etallic str$ct$ral elements (e.g., heatechangers, p$mp impellers, metallic piping) corroded or eroded by sea%ater %ill add trace elements to the e--l$ent. /t isdi--ic$lt to predict %hether metals released -rom a plant %ill a--ect local biota. Trace elements di--er in their toicity andresistance to corrosion. #e% st$dies hae been cond$cted o- tropical and s$btropical species. #$rthermore, trace metalsreleased by FT3C plants %ill be 4$ic&ly dil$ted %ith great ol$mes o- %ater passing thro$gh the plant. 5o%eer, the sheersie o- an FT3C plant circ$lation system s$ggests that the aggregate o- trace constit$ents released -rom the plant or redistrib$ted -rom nat$ral so$rces co$ld hae long!term signi-icance -or some organisms.FT3C plant constr$ction and operation may a--ect commercial and recreational -ishing. #ish %ill be attracted to the plant, potentially increasing -ishing in the area. 3nhanced prod$ctiity d$e to redistrib$tion o- n$trients may improe -ishing.5o%eer, the losses o- inshore -ish eggs and larae, as %ell as


13/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

entrainment and to the discharge o- biocides may red$ce -ish pop$lations. The net e--ect o- FT3C operationon a4$atic li-e %ill depend on the balance achieed bet%een these t%o e--ects. Thro$gh ade4$ate planning and coordination%ith the local comm$nity, recreational assets near an FT3C site may be enhanced.

+n"rainmen" !f BT+ leads "! "he slah"er !f fish

!mf!r" and ;e#a 11 (L$is A. Eega Ph.D., 8ational 0arine ?ene%able 3nergy Center at the niersity o- 5a%ai6/ andChristina 0 Com-ort, N3nironmental Assessment o- Fcean Thermal 3nergy Conersion in 5a%aiiO, A$g$st >11,httpKK%%%.seat$rtle.orgKPD#KFcrKCom-ortC0U>11U/nFceans110T:/3331J:eptember>11onUp!.pd-)

Lethal entrainment o- organisms in the inta&e pipes is one o- the most direct impacts FT3C can hae onthe enironment. :mall ne&ton may also be impinged on the inta&e screen, i- their s%imming capacity is lessthan the approach elocity o- the %ater +*. 3stimates o- organism density and depths o- occ$rrence are necessary toestimate the impact o- FT3C entrainment or impingement on a pop$lation. :t$dies inestigating the plan&ton comm$nityat discrete depths, rather than net to%s %hich integrate across the %ater col$mn are relatiely rare, b$t one thoro$gh st$dyo- laral -ish does eist and is a al$able reso$rce -or FT3C enironmental assessment *. A small selection o- other plan&ton has been characteried %ith respect to depth and onshore!o--shore distrib$tion, incl$ding heteropod moll$s&s *and nemerteans +*. An eample -rom Boehlert and 0$ndys laral -ish database is a st$dy o- scombrid larae 1>*. Theresearchers $sed 0FC83:: (m$ltiple opening!closing net and enironmental sensing system) to sample larae at R depth bins, both d$ring the day and at night. 0$ltiple species and genera o- t$na %ere characteried by their relationship %ith

depth, temperat$re, and salinity. At the location o- an o--shore FT3C plant, most t$na larae are -o$nd in 1>!>m depth %ater, p$tting them at high ris& -or entrainment in the %arm %ater inta&e at >m 1>*. Conersely, thelarae o- other species s$ch as bill-ish are -o$nd primarily in the ne$ston, %here they are $nli&ely to be entrained "*.Deeper!d%elling organisms are also s$b>>m (Table 1) *. Data -rom this site is an ideal %ay to predictthe biomass and types o- organisms %hich may be entrained at 1>>>m depth. Baseline st$dies o- the deep %ater habitatsho$ld ideally incl$de more -ormal monitoring o- entrainment at the 83L5A site.

A-&a)&l"&re Link

A-&a)&l"&re is ,ad f!r fish $elfare

!""ee 10 (:tephanie Q$e Cottee is a program coordinator at Fntario Por&, Are -ish the ictims o- Vspeciesism9 A disc$ssion abo$-ear, pain and animal conscio$snessO, p. )

The topic o- -ish %el-are has recently attracted m$ch attention. /n -act, the 3$ropean #ood :a-ety A$thority(>1>) has recently come o$t %ith seeral doc$ments concerning transport, h$sbandry and sla$ghter o- an array o- -armed-ish species. This is beca$se many handling methods, h$sbandry proced$res and man! agement practices ina4$ac$lt$re can potentially ca$se pain and -ear and there-ore red$ced %el-are. Beca$se %el-are sho$ld be abo$t ho% an animal V-eels rather than ho% healthy it is or ho% %ell it biologically -$nctions, amain point o- contention has been the iss$e o- %hether or not -ish hae the capacity to eperiencemental s$b>7) beca$se they lac& somene$roanatomical str$ct$res, %hich in h$mans are associated %ith conscio$s s$b>) and those %ho beliee that -ish hae the mental capacity as %ell as the ne$rological and physiological apparat$s that enables them to s$--er -rom negatie s$b>+a, b).

A-&a)&l"&re )a&ses ain and dis"ress f!r fish

;!la"! e" al 7 (@ilson L$i Eolpato, 3liane @onWales!de!#reitas, and 0arisa #ernandes!de!Castilho %or& -or the ?esearchCenter o- Animal 2el-are, N/nsights into the concept o- -ish %el-areO, p. 1)

13


14/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

A4$ac$lt$re is a gro%ing h$man initiatie s$pported by comple ind$strial technologies. 0assie 4$antities o- -ish are prod$ced each year -or -ood, sport, home a4$aria (ornamentation), or restoc&ing programs. These practices mayimpinge on -ish %el-are thro$gh capt$re methods, high stoc&ing densities, and transport o- -ish . 0oreoer,catch!and!release practices impose additional discom-ort or een pain -or -ish. :cienti-ic research alsocreates stress -or -ish, and th$s, a$thors are increasingly re4$ested by >> ?o$ger et al., 1JJR /ersen et al., 1JJR :andodden etal., >>1 Chandroo et Y al.,. >>"). Y \\\\\\\\ Y \\\\5andling and 8etting Y Con-inement and short!term cro%ding Y /nappropriate densities Y Danish Centre -or Bioethics and ?is& Assessment Y This is a post!print ersion o- an article p$blished in =o$rnal o- #ish Biology by 2iley!Blac&%ell #or

more articles on animal ethics, see %%%.animalethics.net Y Physical dist$rbance eo&es a ne$roendocrine stress response in many specieso- -armed -ish (reie%ed by Pic&ering 1JJR) and red$ces disease resistance (:tangeland et al., 1JJ). 5andling stress increases$lnerability to %hitespot in channel cat-ish (Dais et al., >>. Y Physical con-inement in other%ise -ao$rable conditions increasescortisol and gl$cose leels and alters imm$nological actiity in ario$s species (@arci!@arbi, 1JJR). Carp (Cyprin$s carpio) sho% a mild, physiological stress response to cro%ding that declined as the -ish adapted, b$t cro%ded -ish are more sensitie to anadditional ac$te stressor (con-inement in a net ?$ane et al., >>). Cro%ding d$ring grading increases cortisol leels -or $p to +Rh in @reenbac& -lo$nder?hombosolea tapirinia, @$nther (Barnett [ Pan&h$rst, 1JJR). Y 5igh densities may impair %el-are in some species (tro$t and salmon 3%ing [ 3%ing1JJ", sea bass, Dicentrarch$s labra L, Eaana, >>, red porgy, Pagr$s pagr$s, ?otllant [ Tort, 1JJ7, seabream :par$s a$rat$s, 0ontero et al., 1JJJ),

b$t enhance it in others (Arctic charr =ergensen et al., 1JJ). 5alib$t s$--er less in>1) b$t sho% more abnormals%imming (ristiansen [ =$ell, >> ristiansen et al., >>+). The relationship may not be linear (in salmon negatie e--ects begin to &ic& in at a criticaldensity, T$rnb$ll et al., >>+) and density interacts %ith other -actors s$ch as %ater 4$ality (3%ing [ 3%ing, 1JJ" :cott et al., >>1, 3llis et al., >>).

14

http://www.thefishsite.com/fishnews/19883/fish-welfare-challenges-still-faced-in-aquaculture-industry#sthash.2KZn356v.dpufhttp://www.thefishsite.com/fishnews/19883/fish-welfare-challenges-still-faced-in-aquaculture-industry#sthash.2KZn356v.dpuf


15/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

@enes coding -or heat shoc& proteins are oer!epressed in sea bass held at high densities (@ornati et al., >>+). An enolase gene is $p!reg$lated in sea

bream held at high densities (?ibas et al., >>+). Y Aggression can ca$se in>1). :$bordinate -ish can be preented -rom -eeding (C$bitt, >>), gro% poorly and are more $lnerable to disease (reie%ed by 2edermeyer, 1JJ7). Y \\\\\\\\\3n-orced social contact Y \\ Y \\\\2ater 4$ality deterioration Y Danish Centre -or Bioethics and ?is& Assessment Y This is a post!print ersion o- an article p$blished in =o$rnal o-

#ish Biology by 2iley!Blac&%ell #or more articles on animal ethics, see %%%.animalethics.net Y 0any aderse e--ects o- poor %ater

4$ality hae been described, %ith di--erent ariables interacting. 3.g. $ndist$rbed salmonids $se c >> mg o- oygen per &g o- -ish per ho$rand this can do$ble i- the -ish are dist$rbed. #or these species, access to aerated %ater is essential -or health (2edermeyer, 1JJ7)./mm$noglob$lin leels -all in sea bass held at lo% oygen leels (:capigliati et al., 1JJJ). Poor %ater 4$ality mediates densitye--ects on %el-ar e in rainbo% tro$t (3llis et al., >>). Y Atlantic salmon aoid bright light at the %ater s$r-ace, ecept %hen -eeding (#ern] etal.,1JJ" =$ell et al., >>). Contin$o$s light is associated %ith increased gro%th in seeral species (e.g. cod P$anendran [ Bro%n, >>) Y Dorsal -inerosion increases d$ring periods o- -asting in steelhead tro$t (2in-ree et al., 1JJR). Plasma gl$cose increased in Atlantic salmon a-ter 7 days %itho$t -ood,

b$t other %el-are indices %ere $na--ected (Bell, >>). Atlantic salmon depried o- -ood -or longer periods ($p to R days) lost %eight and condition, b$tthis stabilised a-ter > days (3inen et al., 1JJR). #armed Atlantic salmon s%im slo%er and -ight less d$ring -eeding bo$ts %hen -ed on demand (Andre%s

et al., >>). Y Therape$tic treatments themseles may be stress-$l to -ish (e.g. @ri--in et al., 1JJJ, >> Thorb$rn et al.,>>1 Qildi [ P$lats$, 1JJJ :or$m [ Damsgard, >>). Y Brie- epos$re to a predator ca$ses increased cortisol leelsand entilation rate and s$ppressed -eeding (e.g. 0etcal-e et al., 1JR7). 0ortality and in>> :o$thgate [ 2all, >>1). :ea bass &illed by chilling in ice %ater had lo%er plasma gl$cose and lactate leels

and sho%ed less mar&ed behaio$ral responses than those &illed by other methods, in partic$lar by asphysia in air and electro!st$nning (Poli et al., >>:&>1), see ?obb [ estin, >> Lines Y \\\Bright light and photoperiod manip$lation Y #ood depriation Y Disease treatment Y naoidable contact Y %ith predators Y :la$ghter Y \\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Y Danish Centre -or Bioethics and ?is& Assessment Y This is a post!

print ersion o- an article p$blished in =o$rnal o- #ish Biology by 2iley!Blac&%ell #or more articles on animal ethics, see %%%.animalethics.net Y et al.,>> Ean de Eis et al., >>. Y eeping ornamental -ish Y Eario$s bodies are concerned %ith ethical iss$es arising -rom the &eeping o- ornamental -ish,%hether in priate homes or in p$blic a4$aria. These iss$es incl$de conseration o- species $sed by the a4$ari$m trade and their habitats as %ell as the%el-are o- the indiid$al -ish themseles. Table gies eamples o- some recent scienti-ic o- the impact o- ario$s practices in ornamental -ish &eeping onthe %el-are o- indiid$al -ish. Y Table . 3amples o- scienti-ic st$dies o- the impact o- ario$s aspects o- ornamental -ish &eeping on -ish %el-are. Y \\\\\\

Al#ae .i!f&els Link

T&rnin# al#ae in"! ,i!f&el des"r!(s marine e)!s(s"ems and s&ff!)a"es fish

Giers,er#en 14 (=os, 2riter -or I$ar&s to I$asars, a ne%s serice that p$blishes $p!to!date in-ormation on the

latest deelopments in scienti-ic ne%s and research, =an$ary , >1+, NA Tr$ly @reen ?eol$tion T$rningAlgae into Bio-$elO, httpKK%%%.-rom4$ar&sto4$asars.comKa!tr$ly!green!reol$tion!t$rning!algae!into!bio-$elK)

Pl$s, algae is %et, ery %et. :o %et, in -act, that the only real %ay to $se it as a iable so$rce o- energy is to dry it o$t^ atmassie costs. @ro%ing them and drying them in large eno$gh 4$antities is proing to be a ma


16/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

ish )an s&ffer ' killin# "hem is &ne"hi)al

.ek!ff (Ph.D.) 10(0ar&, #ish do -eel pain Qes they do, science tells $s, April , >1>, httpKK%%%.psychologytoday.comKblogKanimal!emotionsK>1>>+K-ish!do!-eel!pain!yes!they!do!science!tells!$s)

A ne% boo& titled Do -ish -eel pain9 by the reno%ned scientist, Eictoria Braith%aite, is a ery important read -or thoseinterested in the general topic o- pain in animals, especially beca$se it has been long ass$med that -ish are not sentient beings and are not all that intelligent. A -e% years ago / reie%ed the literat$re abo$t sentience in -ish and other animals%ho lie beneath the s$r-ace (see also) and it6s clear that a strong case can be made -or protecting -ish andother a4$atic animals -rom harm. Pro-essor Braith%aite6s boo& contains an incredible amo$nt o- recentscienti-ic data that s$pport this idea.0any people %ill li&ely not ta&e or hae the time to read her boo&, so let me tell yo$ %hat she says at the beginning o- herchapter titled 'Loo&ing to the -$t$re.' :he %rites '/ hae arg$ed "ha" there is as m$ch eidence that -ish -eel painand s$--er as there is -or birds and mammals !! and more than there is -or h$man neonates and preterm babies.' (page 1").Pro-essor Braith%aite then goes on to note that these data %ill re4$ire $s to change the %ays in %hich %einteract %ith -ish beca$se %e no% &no% that they s$--er and -eel pain . Catch!and!release programs s$relyneed to be c$rtailed beca$se een i- -ish s$rie their enco$nter %ith a hoo& they do s$--er and die -rom the stress o- beingca$ght, -ighting to get the hoo& o$t o- their mo$th or other body areas, and the %o$nds they end$re (-or a st$dy on catchand release methods and mortality in -ish see).3en h$nters agree that catch!and!release are $nethical and that tort$ring a-ish at the end o- a hoo& is


17/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

cannot s%im. F- co$rse, this is not tr$e h$mans, altho$gh not possessing -ins, can $se their arms, legs, hands and -eet inorder to propel themseles thro$gh the %ater. /n addition,altho$gh h$mans do not s%im in the eact manner thatdoes a tro$t, it is an accepted -act that h$mans can indeed s%im . /n -act, :neddon et al. (>>) discoeredthat rainbo% tro$t possess c$taneo$s nociceptors capable o- detecting noio$s stim$li . Thiselectrophysiolog! ical st$dy not only identi-ied the physical location o- the nociceptors, b$t also that the nociceptie neresdemonstrate properties similar to those described in the higher!ertebrate pain system.Li&e in mammals, nereendings o- A!delta and C -ibres act as nociceptors in -ish. These -ibres di--er in diameter, myelination andin-ormation transmission speed and are associated %ith di--erent types o- pain li&e pric&ing or d$ll, aching pain.Complemented %ith the behaio$ral component to the st$dy, it %as proposed that the aoidance behaio$r ind$ced by pain-$l stim$li is not li&ely to be merely re-leie, b$t accompanied %ith discom-ort. 2ith respect to @reg! orys secondcriterion, Cheroa et al. (1JJ+) addressed that iss$e %ell oer a decade ago %hen they-o$nd that tro$ts strong tail-lic& aoidance reaction in response to electric shoc&, needle pric& or -in pinchingdecreased in intensity %ithincreasing dosage o- the endogeno$s mammalian opioid and analgesic, dermorphin. nder a similar set!$p %ithcod, Cheroa (1JJ7) -o$nd that there %as decrease in pain sensitiity (as meas$red by tail $nd$lation) $nder the action o-een non!opioid s$bstances and s$ggested the presence o- another endogeno$s anal! gesia system in -ish in addition to theopioid system. /n addition, naloone, an antagonist o- opioid recep! tors, is able to reerse the analgesic e--ect o- morphinein gold-ish and carp (3hrensing et al. 1JR Cheroa and Lapshin >>>). These -indings are not s$rprising, gien the -actthat -ish do possess opioid receptors and endogeno$s opioids in their nero$s systems (:neddon >>+). :neddon (>>)

contrib$ted more s$pporting eidence %hen she -o$nd that administration o- morphine signi-icantly red$ced pain!relatedtypes o- behaio$rs (ind$ced by acetic acid in>+ D$nlop et al. >>). :ince then, there hae been plenty more st$diesinestigating noio$s stim$li and analgesics on nociceptie responses (?eilly et al. >>R 8ordgreen et al. >>J) all %ithres$lts sho%ing that ario$s species o- -ish respond to noio$s stim$li as %ell as analgesia in a manner consistent %ith pain.Ta&en collectiely, it seems that teleost -ish hae been able to s$ccess-$lly -$l-il all the ario$s criteria andre4$irements researchers o-ten demand in their 4$est to assess animal conscio$sness.Despite all this eidence, the debate contin$es. This %as seen in the igoro$s echange o- ie%s regarding -ish %el-are thatreoled aro$nd %hether or not -ish hae -eelings. 5$nting-ord et al. (>>) hae reie%ed a ariety o- practices, s$ch ascommercial -ishing, recreational angling and a4$a! c$lt$re, on the %el-are o- -ish and hae ta&en a -eelings!based approachin doing this. They con! cl$ded that some o- these practices %ill hae an aderse e--ect on -ish %el-are. Their -indings %ere

strongly challenged by Arlingha$s et al. (>>7) %ho %ere etremely critical o- the -eelings!based approach and %hore>). The criticisms o- Arlingha$s et al. (>>7) %ere based almostentirely on the -act that there are ne$ro!anatomical brain di--erences bet%een -ish and the higher ertebrates and in partic$lar that -ish lac& a neocorte (?ose >>). 5o%eer,ne$roanatomical similarities or di--erences play norole in the -eelings!based approach.

Ces Pain ' A2 /)ien"ifi) @n)er"ain"(

/h!&ld ass&me "ha" fish )an s&ffer

aE isk al)&l&s

L&nd e" al (8ational Eeterinary /nstit$te) 7(Eonne L$nd, Cecilie 0. 0e


18/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

also that %e, as morally responsible h$mans, are acting $nrighteo$sly, according to the ethical reason! ing aboe).Theris& co$ld there-ore be large, een tho$gh the probability may be lo% . There-ore, a rea! sonable ris&management strategy %o$ld be to imple! ment animal %el-are considerations in -ish -arming ; een tho$gh there is stillscienti-ic $ncertainty regarding means o- meas$ring -ish capacities.The ethical aspect here inoles the estimation o- probability and the leel o- ris& that can be accepted, as %ellas the indiid$als $nderstanding o- h$man responsibilities to%ards animals ; more precisely, to %hat degree one is ready

to diminish h$man interests in -ao$r o- those o- other sentient beings. Th$s, a rea! son %hy it may be di--ic$lt toimplement -ish %el-are may be that, $nli&e in the case o- climatic changes, negatie conse4$ences o- h$man neglect interms o- -ish %el-are considerations %illprimarily a--ect -ish and not h$mans. Conse4$ences may not be considered great(-or h$mans) and there-ore the ris& is considered lo% or een negligible, ma&ing it easier to disregard the problem ;altr$ism poses a moral challenge. 5o%! eer, implementing -ish %el-are in a4$ac$lt$re %o$ld probably not be tr$lyaltr$istic in the present sit$ation. There is li&ely a %in M %in sit$ation basic improe! ments in -ish %el-are %ill in manycases res$lt in an improed economic o$tcome -or the -ish -armer.

,E +"hi)al imera"ive @n)er"ain"( is inevi"a,le

I$ama (Acadia niersity, Canada) 7(@eorge ., The %el-are o- -ish, D/:3A:3: F# AIAT/C F?@A8/:0:, Eol. 7" 1""M1"R, >>7)

/t is $nli&ely that %e %ill eer &no% i- non!h$man organisms share the same eperiences %e hae in pain, s$--ering,

aniety, and een h$nger. /t is a signi-! icant challenge een to &no% i- %e share the same -eelings as other h$mans $nderidentical physiological conditions.The mechanisms $nderpinning the eperience o- pain and s$--ering in h$mans are not completely &no%n. 2itho$t this&no%ledge, it is impossible -or $s to &no% i- the physiological and h$moral changes in non!h$mans in response to noio$sstim$li might be the same eperience that %e hae. /t is my opinion thateen i- %e shared identical ne$ralstr$ct$res and had the same behaio$ral and h$moral responses to noio$s stim$li as animals s$ch as -ish,%e co$ldneer &no% $ne4$iocally that pain and s$--ering as %e &no% it eists in non!h$mans. /n spite o- this,disc$s! sions abo$t %el-are in animals generally oerloo& this lac& o- &no%ledge./n theory, it is possible that %e %ill one day &no% the chemical, anatomical, and physiological basis -oro$r conscio$sness, or the sensations o- pain and h$nger. 34$ally, it is entirely possible that one day %e may &no% i-non!h$mans share those correlates %ith $s. 2ith that &no%ledge, ho%eer, %o$ld %e be any -$r! ther ahead than %e aretoday %ith respect to &no%ing i- -ish and other animals share those eperiences as %e do and i- this %o$ld a--ect o$r care

-or their %el-are9 /t is my opinion that %e %o$ld not be any -$rther ahead at that point./t %ill al%ays be con


19/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

Chandroo et al. >>+a, :ohlberg et al. >>+, 5$nting-ord et al. >>, BZrresen in press). Pain is the $npleasant sensory andemotional eperience asso! ciated %ith act$al or potential tiss$e damage (%%%. iasp!pain.orgKterms!p.htmlX8ociceptor).Pain is th$s disting$ished -rom nociception, %hich is the physio! logical actiity ind$ced in the nociceptor and nocicep! tie path%ays (leading to the central nero$s system) by a noio$s stim$l$s.#ish hae many ne$roanatomical similarities %ith other ertebrates as regards nociceptors, nere-ibres, and ne$rophysiology (e.g. The Aian Brain 8omencla! t$re Consorti$m >>", :neddon >>, :neddon et al.

>>a, Lieberman >>). 0ost ne$ropeptides, ne$ro! transmittors and opioid receptors inoled in nocicep! tion and painmod$lation in mammals are also -o$nd in -ish (see reie% by 5$ntington et al. >>).The main arg$ment $sed against pain perception in -ish is that the -ish brain lac&s a neocorte (?ose >>), since this isinoled in the h$man perception o- pain (Bermond 1JJ7). /t is commonly ass$med that a spe! cies cognitie potential anddegree o- conscio$sness correlates positiely %ith the relatie sie o- the pre! -rontal cortical region (e.g. #$ster 1JR>).5o%eer, c$rrent research proides no indication o- any distinct brain str$ct$re acting as a $nitary ne$rals$bstrate o- s$b). #or eample, the h$man Vrecord o- ` o- theneocortical area occ$pied by the pre-rontal cortical area, is %ell s$rpassed by an egg!laying mammal (the echidna,Tachygloss$s ac$leat$s), -or %hich the corresponding -ig$re is ">` (e.g. Diac et al. 1JR7). Also, birds lac& aneocorte as a distinct brain area b$t they sho% conincing signs o- pain , -or eample, selecting -eed %ith pain &illers $nder circ$mstances that %o$ld be eperi! enced as pain-$l by h$mans (@entle 1JJ, Danb$ry et al. >>>). The posterodorsolateral neostriat$m -$nc! tions in pigeons hae been sho%n to be e4$ialent to the pre-rontal corte o-

mammals (0ogensen [ Diac 1JR). 0oreoer, the signi-icance o- the neocorte -or emotions in h$mans isdisp$ted. 8e% scienti-ic deel opments $sing techni4$es s$ch as -$nctional magnetic resonance imaging (-0?/) aremodi-ying or altering eisting models, sho%ing a leel o- compleity not pre! io$sly epected, and inoling brain areasthat %ere not preio$sly considered to be part o- the emotional path%ay (alisch et al. >>). The classical ie% ontelencephalic eol$tion and the -$nction o- di--erent brain areas has been challenged, and it has been s$ggested that thetelencephalon is organied into deelopmentally distinct domains (the pallial, striatal and pallidal domains) that arehomologo$s in all erte! brates, incl$ding -ish. A ne% nomenclat$re -or brain anatomy has th$s been proposed %hich betterre-lects brain -$nctions (The Aian Brain 8omenclat$re Con! sorti$m >>"). Another eplanation o- the ability toeperience pain in the absence o- a neocorte is based on the arg$ment o- analogy. According to this arg$! ment, speciesthat separated early in eol$tion may hae deeloped di--erent types o- brain str$ct$res to sole similar socio!ecological challenges, an eample o- so called conergent mental eol$tion.Th$s, sentience may eolein the absence o- a pre-rontal corte (3mery [ Clayton >>+). The -act that -ish species hae a m$ch smallerrelatie brain sie compared to h$mans does not necessarily indicate non!sentience. /t has been s$ggested that relatielysimple -eelings li&e pain and h$nger may not need etensie brain processing, in contrast to more comple -eelings li&eg$ilt and


20/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

pregnancies made more di--ic$lt by misg$ided medical adice. pon learning that the diseases a--licting them and theirloed ones %ere related to diet, some %ere st$nned to realie that among the g$ilty -oods %ere those most pried by their-amilies and comm$nities. Legacies o- slaery that had become mar&ers o- Blac& identity %ere inscribingracist oppression on Blac& bodies all oer again . /n coming to desire dead bodies -or dinner, they had$n%ittingly become complicit in the destr$ction o- their o%n bodies.And the bodies o- others. Animals.Fther people. Fther Blac& people.#or anyone %ho is or has been oppressed, the 4$estion o- complicity %ith one6s o%n or;%orse; somebody else6s oppression can be pro-o$ndly $nsettling. Tara :ophia Bahna!=ames %rites that, a-ter readingThe Dreaded Comparison, '/ %as not shoc&ed by the eistence o- oppression, b$t rather by the compleity o- mycomplicity.' /n one o- the most iid moments in the anthology,0ichelle ?. Loyd!Paige, a 'socially a%arecollege pro-es! sor %ho challenges her st$dents to thin& abo$t ho%... their priilege allo%s them to be$nconcerned abo$t iss$es they do not thin& pertains to them,' shares %ith $s the moment at %hich she realiedthat in '$nconscio$sly participating in patterns o- indi--erence and oppression, / was guilty of the offense withwhich I indicted my students! And here %as tr$th in a :tyro-oam bo, %hich held si %hole chic&en %ings coered inhot barbe4$e sa$ce %ith a side o- ranch dressing.''2riting abo$t s$gar, co--ee, and other destr$ctie commodities as %ell as the enironmen! tal costs o- animal agric$lt$re,Breee 5arper notes that 'racially...oppressed minorities in America...are collectiely complicit;and

$s$ally $n&no%ingly;in being oppressors to o$r brothas and sistahs .' 2ell a%are o- her mied position on the matri o- oppression, 0elissa :antosa %rites o- the 'priileges %e ta&e -or granted ash$mans liing in the global 8orth and the responsibility %e hae -or the ecological, animal, and h$mancosts o- o$r %ay o- li-e.'

/e)ies Privile#e Link +"

In "he same $a( "ha" $e m&s" address !&r hi"e rivile#e $e m&s" )!nfr!n" se)ies rivile#e

ar"i)&larl( $i"hin dis)&ssi!ns !f ra)ial &s"i)e The Affirma"iveFs )h!i)e "! render "he shae !f "heir

,!dies and i"Fs relian)e !n "he dea"h !f "he n!n%h&man animal makes se)ies vi!len)e inevi"a,le

Kemmerer (associate pro-essor o- philosophy and religions at 0ontana :tate niersity Billings)11(Lisa, /ntrod$ction to in :ister :pecies 2omen, Animals, And :ocial =$stice, eds. Lisa emmerer, pg. )

5ere is one o- the &ey ideas that / am assimilating into my social


21/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

Despite my belated e--orts, / hae no do$bt that my %hite priilege contin$es to be largely opa4$e -rom myo%n point o- ie%, )

21


22/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

0any h$man comm$nities indigeno$s to tropical -orests are staring to death natie rain-orest tribesare being %iped o$t. / %as startled and saddened to realie thatAmerica6s addictions and oercons$mption arein coll$sion %ith enironmental racism and c$lt$ral genocide o- o$r o%n bro%n and Blac& indigeno$s brothas and sistahs as %ell as the %or&ing poor, locally and globally. Fnce / learned these tr$ths abo$t the-ast!-ood ind$stries, / -elt betrayed by resta$rants s$ch as 0cDonald6s and B$rger ing. 0cDonald6s %as al%ays promotingits -ood thro$gh this 'happy!go!l$c&y!/!care!abo$t!&ids' clo%n (a.&.a. ?onald 0cDonald). 5o%eer, it seems they onlycared (in terms o- pro-it) abo$t the &ids %hose par! ents s$pported this 'death -oods' ind$stry by treating their children to5appy 0eals;-oods not only prod$ced %itho$t eco!s$stainability in mind, b$t also contrib$ting to today6s diabe! tes andobesity crisis among children. Brain n$trition specialist Carol :imontacchi %rote in >>>, 'according to the 0cDonald6s 8$trition #acts, the child6s so-t!drin& portion is t%ele o$nces, and the small sie is siteen o$nces. The child6s sering o-Coca!Cola Classic contains nearly ten teaspoons o- s$gar.'F$r $nmind-$l cons$mption is not only harming o$r o%n health in the .:. %e are s$pporting the pain, s$--ering, and c$lt$ral genocide o- those %hose land and people %e hae enslaed andKoreploited -or meat as %ell as s$crose, co--ee, blac& tea, and chocolate, too. nless yo$r addictie s$bstances are labeled'-air trade' and 'certi-ied organic,' they are most li&ely s$pporting a company that pays people less than they need to lieo--, to %or& on plantations that $se toic pesticides andKor prohibit the right to organie -or their o%n h$man rights.Ta&e a loo& at yo$r diet and the ingredients o- eerything yo$ p$t in yo$r mo$th. /s yo$r health s$--ering beca$se o- yo$r

addiction to s$gar9 /s yo$r addiction ca$sing s$--ering and eploitation tho$sands o- miles a%ay on a s$gar!cane plantation,near a to%n that s$--ers -rom high rates o-poerty and $nderno$rishment simply beca$se that land gro%s o$r 'dope' insteado- local grains and prod$ce -or them9 / %onder, has America con-$sed o$r addictie cons$mption habits %ith being'ciilied'9 The British %ho sipped their s$gary teas consid! ered themseles ciilied, despite the tort$re and slaery ittoo& to get that %hite s$gar into their tea c$ps, along %ith the cotton and tobacco they $sed.Collectiely, maybe %e in the .: are too addicted to see clearly, to see past the net -i. This addictie behaior hasocc$rred -or cent$ries. :adly, those %ho %ere originally enslaed to harest s$gar cane (A-ricans andindigeno$s Americans) are no% enslaed in m$ltiple %ays as cons$mers o- s$crose, hormone!ins, on an American plantation. 5o% %o$ld yo$ -eel, a-ter yo$r %i-e orson had


23/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

and 0other @aia. Qes, $nless the cane s$gar yo$ are cons$ming is labeled 'organic' (as %ell as '-air trade'), o$rcollectie oercons$mption o- and addiction to cane s$gar also helps destroy;not n$rt$re;0other @aia6s ecosystem.Phosphor$s!laden -ertil! iers that r$n o-- the s$gar -ields destroy the land and %ater.

And f!re#r!&ndin# e"hi)al )!ns&m"i!n in rela"i!nshi "! !&r !si"i!n in "he Gl!,al :!r"h is )r&)ial "!

reven" an"i%ra)is" s!)ial m!vemen"s fr!m reinf!r)in# #l!,al $hi"e s&rema)(

Harer (Ph.D. -rom niersity o- Cali-ornia, Dais, in the department o- geography. 0A -rom 5arard, BA -rom Dartmo$th.5er passion is -ood and health geography as it pertains to -emales o- the A-rican diaspora liing in the nited :tates. :he has been inspired by bell hoo&s, #rant #anon, /8C/T3S 2omen o- Color Against Eiolence, =ames Bald%in, and the collectieconscio$sness o- Blac& %omanists) 13(Amie Lo$ise, Eegan Conscio$sness and the Commodity Chain Fn the 8eoliberal, A-rocentric, and Decolonial Politics o-NCr$elty!#reeO, Dissertation accepted by C Dais, Pro4$est)

5o%eer, this strength is also a potential %ea&ness %hen engaging %ith #3Ps main a$dience the American Vpriilegedcons$mer. Frnelass long time -r$strations %ith American egans, and their collectie obliion to both the signi-icance o-racism and neoliberalism on ethical cons$mption, implies this there are certain tr$ths that those in the :A are $n%illing toaccept, despite being Ned$catedO abo$t the roots o- ine4$ality and s$--ering by organiations s$ch as #3P. Along these lines,%hat all three g$ides imply is that it is -ar easier to relin4$ish ones meat!eating priilege than it is to

relin4$ish ones global 8orth cons$mer priilege. People in the :A can be pers$aded to transition into ne%Vethical dietary philosophies ho%eer, the caeat seems that -or a signi-icant n$mber, a ne% Vethical diet m$st not ta&ea%ay their priileged position to enact it thro$gh Vgreen cons$mer!capitalism and commodity -etishism (Torres >>RAllon >1> Le%is and Potter >1> :andlin and 0cLaren >1>). 3en tho$gh m$ch o- my -oc$s on commodity -etishismand Vgreen cons$merism too& place in chapters t%o and -o$r, commodity -etishism can also be -o$nd in the ery small, b$tslo%ly gro%ing online egan A-rocentric health ind$stry in the :A. D$ring my online search, none o- the stores / -o$ndin-ormed the b$yer i- the company is Vconscio$s abo$t the possible h$man eploitation that ma&e their Vconscio$s prod$cts possible (:ee :lom >>7 A-ri&a >1 0aAt!?a >1 I$een A-$a 2ellness /nstit$te >1). 2hile / per$sedthro$gh these Vconscio$s prod$cts o- these Vrace!conscio$s sites, / began thin&ing abo$t Barthess post!empire %hitesho% he tho$ght the relationships %hite people hae %ith ob1). 2ithin the :A borders in %hich yo$ng 0artin died,he %as clearly racialied as 'Blac&O. 5o%eer, he %as also holding t%o clear Vedible mar&ers o-neoliberal %hiteness :&ittles and :napple /ce Tea. :&ittles has many ingredients, incl$ding s$gar and palmoil, neither o- %hich is NethicallyO so$rced./t is the socio!historical racialiation o- 5aitian blac&s asNs$bh$manO and Nin-erior O (#ischer >>+) that has made possible, -or eample, the s$gar -o$nd in -oods

li&e :&ittles and :napple /ce Tea. This is beca$se the Dominican ?ep$blic is notorio$s -or indent$ring5aitians into Nslaery!li&eO conditions to harest s$gar -or a demanding @lobal 8orth and 2est (5arper>1>b). This phenomenon occ$rs beca$se, li&e the indigeno$s %omen haresting tomatoes $nder horrendo$s conditions, itis an ind$stry accepted Vstandard that Blac& 5aitians sho$ld be Vnat$rally s$bserient (#ischer >>+).:hortly a-ter Trayon 0artin %as m$rdered, tho$sands o- people in the :A protested p$blicly, decrying the -act that achild %as &illed a clear sign o- antebell$m slaerys lingering legacy o- anti!Blac& racism.To sho% s$pport -or0artin, h$ndreds o- people in the :A sent empty :&ittles %rappers to the police chie- inestigating0artins m$rder (msnbc.com >1). /n addition, tho$sands o- ad$lts and children co$ld be seen in the :A and the

23


24/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

holding or %earing :&ittles and :&ittles re-erences in protest (see @annes >1).#or these protesters, :&ittles in >1 %as temporarily re!symbolied -rom NTaste the ?ainbo%O to asymbol against racial pro-ilingKracism. This is the obio$s story that ne%s media o$tlets s$ch as ?e$ters (>1)narrated. 5o%eer, / also sa% a second story :A and Blac& people are protesting against thelegacies o- antebell$m slaery, occ$rring in the :A, by holding a prod$ct prod$ced by 0ars, /nc., acorporation that $ses modern day global :o$th NBlac&O slaery -or their s$gar and cocoa ingredients .By considering the t%o stories represented aboe, and eamining ho% they operate in tension, %e realie ho% theachieement o- an Vethical planet, by %ay o- -ood, is an etremely comple sit$ation -or the global 8orth especially amongst a pop$lation o- people (Blac& American) that are collectiely recipients o-domestic %hite racism as %ell as the material bene-iciaries o- global :o$th racism. P3TAs VeganShopping Guide, A-$as Sacred Woman, #3Ps Ethical Food Choices, and Trayon 0artin :&ittles protesters ma&e clearthat ethical cons$mption is not a simple binary o- een Vgood ers$s Vbad. Transcending s$ch binaries,and instead eamining the tensions amongst these polarities, enco$rages %ays to prod$ce m$ltiplecritical pedagogies o- cons$mption and racial literacies $sing ob


25/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

other e$genicists %ho historically s$pported slaery and that $sed by modern proponents o- animal $se -or h$man bene-it.2hilst 4$ic& to point o$t the d$alistic, and th$s red$ctiist, tendencies in other theoretical paradigms,social scientists rarely apply this leel o- criticism to their o%n %or& . / am interested in %hat may happen i-,in ta&ing 6the animal 4$estion6 serio$sly,%e see& to moe a%ay -rom this idea that h$man!animalrelationships (and the rest o- social li-e) are neat and categorie!able and cease see&ing 6the one6 theory %hich%ill eplain it all. /t is my contention that :ociology in its c$rrent -orms can not contrib$te e--ectiely to the emancipationo- animals in anything other than the most s$per-icial o- %ays. This is d$e to the -act thatthe ast ma>+, 1). /nstead, in their place lie conceptions o- society as li4$id!modern,6 as $ltimately and irreoca! bly mobile and emergent, i.e. as constantly in a state o- -l$ and change and as produced by its inhabitants as opposed to

being pre! eisting. 2ith this re!concept$aliation o- society as -l$id, mobile, messy, and o-ten $n!categorisable comes anemphasis on 'the pro! cess$ality o- relationships' (Ba$man >>+, ). /n other %ords schol! ars are starting to abandon theidea o- concrete relationships that hae a pre!eisting -orm and instead see them as a process;as al%ays on the moe, in-l$ and al%ays $nder creation. Th$s sociologists, no% -reed -rom the limiting con-ines o- st$dying only relationships, can begin instead to st$dy their 6relating,6 i.e. the processes not the person (Lato$r >>+a, >). Theoretically this allo%s a moea%ay -rom the inherent psychologism o- :ociology and a%ay -rom traditional, d$alist acco$nts to%ards a 'praiological,constr$ctionist acco$nt' (Co$lter 1JRJ, ). Cr$cially, -or h$man!animal st$dies, this means that 6the social6 is no longersynonymo$s %ith 6the h$man.6To date, attempts to re!%or& social theory in s$ch light hae, ho%! eer, -ailed and still ret$rn to either some -orm o-essentialism or rest $pon some &ind o- d$alism(s) or, more typically, both. A-ter all, this %ay o- &no%ing the social %orld isso deeply ingrained that it $s$ally goes $n4$estioned, een by sociologists. /t is, ho%eer, this intellect$al tradition;o- Cartesian d$alistic modes o- tho$ght; %hich


26/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

nat$ral' (0$rphy 1JJ", J>). This posits 6the social6 as $ltimately, and -$ndamentally, s$perior to 6thenat$ral.6 C$rrent attempts to re!thin& the bo$ndaries bet%een 6the social6 and 6the nat$ral6 do eist. 0ost notably they can be -o$nd in 3nironmental :ociology (e.g. Loc&ie >>+) or the :ociology o- :cienti-ic no%ledge (e.g. Barnes [ Bloor1JJ) %here s$ch ideas are $sed to eamine the distinction bet%een h$mans and the enironment or h$mans and inanimateob> Taylor>>7b). 2hilst modern re!conceptions o- the diide bet%een the social and the nat$ral, %hich rest$ltimately on some -orm o- social constr$ctionism, may claim to moe beyond this their insistence onh$man interpretations o- sit$ations (%hether ling$istic or other%ise) al%ays -orces them to ret$rn to a-$ndamentally anthropocentric theory.

/!)ial Dea"h Link ' +"

Their e-&a"i!n !f "he s!)ial $i"h "he h&man reven"s "he eman)ia"i!n !f n!nh&man animals and an(

!ressed !"hers e m&s" ,e#in $i"h ar!a)hin# s!)ial life &n%an"hr!!)en"ri)all(Ta(l!r (:enior Lect$rer in :ociology at #linders niersity PhD in :ociology -rom 0anchester 0etropolitan niersity)11(8i&, Can :ociology Contrib$te To The 3mancipation F- Animals9, Theoriing Animals ?ethin&ing 5$manimal ?elations, pg. 1+)

Arg$ments li&e this mirror common thin&ing abo$t animals and are -irmly based $pon the idea that to be considered a 6social animal6 one has to hae the ability to interpret the %orld in a %holly h$man%ay. 5ence there is no s$ch thing as the 6social animal6, there is, and can only eer be $nder s$ch an interpretation, the6social h$man6. Th$s animal interpretations o- the %orld become n$ll and oid. Qet interpret the %orld theys$rely do -or ho% %o$ld they eat, -orage, interact %ith other 6sa-e species6 and so on %itho$t this ability. 2hat %e do not&no% abo$t animals and their %orlds o$t%eighs that %hich %e do &no% and %ill contin$e to do so %hile %e loo& at the%orld %ith s$ch a narro%, anthropocentric -oc$s. 0oreoer,traditional :ociology %hich considers 6the social6 to be limited to being the realm o- 6the h$man6 is, deliberately, or inadertently, contrib$ting to s$ch belie-s.

ntil %e begin to approach social li-e $n!anthropocentrically, :ociology simply cannot contrib$te tothe emancipation o- animals (and, by etension any oppressed 6Fthers6).Theories %hich hae so$ght to help the plight o- animals in modern societies hae beengenerated -rom %ithin s$cha traditional epistemological -rame%or& and, as s$ch, cannot hope to contrib$te to a remoal o- animaloppression other than by the most s$per-icial o- means. #or eample, sociological approaches to%ards animal rights (or6animal protection6 i- pre-erred, see Taylor >>+) de-ine animals and the ca$se o- animal rights as a 6constr$ct6 o- itsmembers, %hether this be its h$man members or the animals they -ight -or. This inher! ently misses %hat indiid$alsdo asactiists. The actor becomes lost %ithin s$ch str$ct$ral imperaties as 6identity6 or 6social moements6. nless %e %ish to

2>


27/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

ret$rn to positiistic, and d$alistic, theories then the starting point -or sociologists inestigating the 6animal rightsmoement6 is no more, and no less, than its constit$ents and %hat they act$ally do as opposed to %hat they actielyconstr$ct. This is all b$t impossible i- the starting point ass$mes a h$man constr$ction o- the %orld.

ramin# ard +"hi)sGen!)ide Ima)" ' 1:

The Aff has failed in "heir #!al !f r!vidin# an a))&ra"e and effe)"ive #eneal!#( !f "he =iddle Passa#e

and m!dern !li"i)al an"a#!nisms The fi#&re !f "he .la)k in Ameri)an )ivil s!)ie"( is !ne !f a )!&n"less

series !f s"and%ins f!r "he Animal )!n"in#en"l( red&)ed "! s!me"hin# less "han h&mani"( in !rder "!

&s"if( vi!len)e The ver( idea !f "he 9e!s&re "! #ra"&i"!&s vi!len)e< is "he ,asi) )!ndi"i!n !f "he

Animal in m!dern s!)ie"( and makes "he $!rld f&ndamen"all( &ne"hi)al and endless massa)res inevi"a,le

/an,!ma"s& (associate pro-essor o- philosophy at 2orchester Polytechnic) 11(=on, /ntrod$ction to Critical Theory and Animal Liberation, pg. 1>!1)

This episteme to borro% #o$ca$lts term, has s$btended and conditioned the %hole o- ciiliation -rom its beginning, proiding the ery basis o- positie h$man c$lt$re . #or cent$ries, o$r sciences and systems o-

&no%ledge hae conspired to diide sentient li-e, conscio$s being!in!the!%orld, into t%o neat, m$t$allyecl$sie, and $tterly -ra$d$lent hales;'the h$man' ers$s 'the rest'other, %e end $p disao%ing o$r o%nh$manity (itsel-, a-ter all, a -orm o- animality) embracing a 'machine ciiliation' based in death!-etishism. '5o% is it possible' ?eich %ondered, 'that man* does not see the damages (psychic illnesses, biopathies, sadism, and %ars) to hishealth, c$lt$re, and mind that are ca$sed by this biologic ren$nciation9'

/t is stri&ing that ?eich, Adorno, and 5or&heimer, all o- %hom %ere per! sonally -orced to -lee @ermany by 5itler, had no4$alms abo$t comparing the h$man treatment o- animals to the treatment o- =e%s and other enemies o- the +Third ?eich$nder -ascism. A-ter the %ar, Adorno -amo$sly %rote that'A$sch%it begins %hereer someone loo&s at asla$ghterho$se and thin&s they6re only animals,' a once!obsc$re 4$ote that recently has been gien ne% li-e byanimal rights actiists and sympathetic scholars. /n -act, pointed com! parisons o- o$r treatment o- other animals to the 8ais6 treatment o- the =e%s and others in the 5oloca$st are peppered thro$gho$t Adorno6s %or&, some! times sho%ing $p

in the most $nepected places (incl$ding a st$dy o- Beethoen6s m$sic). As 0endieta obseres here,Adorno dre% aneplicit lin& bet%een ant6s denial o- any meaning-$l s$b


28/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

bet%een the 8ais6 etermination o- the =e%s and ?oma and the ro$tinied mass m$rder o- nonh$man beings, that CharlesPattersons recent boo& on the s$b


29/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

#re$d noted in his %ell!&no%n comments on %hat he termed 'h$man megalomania' that 'c$rio$sly eno$gh . . .anthropocentric iolence* is still +-oreign to children.' Despite o$r %retchedness and -ailings, in a '%rong li-e'that can neer be lied rightly, there is the hope that %e can do better . The bad -acticity o- o$r distortedand distorting relationship to other animals and the rest o- li-e is eposed as s$ch by eery generationo- children %ho m$st be bro&en and indoctrinated, %hose innocence m$st be sacri-iced in order to contin$e in thelogic o- sacri-ice. /n the -inal aphorism o- 0inima 0oralia, Adorno holds that ' perspecties m$st be -ashioned thatdisplace and estrange the %orld, reeal it to be, %ith its ri-ts and creices, as indigent and distorted +asit %ill appear one day in the messianic light.' /t seems that o$r one conso! lation is that this perspectie, at least in relationto o$r treatment o- other animals, obstinately ret$rns and cannot be entirely sn$--ed o$t -or as long as %e contin$e to eistas a species./- %e are -inally to abandon the sel-!aggrandiing narratie o- anthropocentrism constr$cted in the 2est, %e %ill hae to begin by reconcept$aliing the di--erence bet%een h$mans and animals in a %ay that does not operate $nder a destr$ctieecl$sionary logic. Both -or h$man beings and -or animals, any cessation o- iolence $nder the c$rrentlogic is only a momentary de-erment, an armistice b$t neer a peace . 3en moments o- apparenttenderness and compassion become grotes4$e symptoms o- a corr$pted order so long as this %ay o-li-e is permitted to stand As 5or&heimer and Adorno obsere in Dia! lectic o- 3nlightenment, 'the -ascists6 pio$s loeo- animals, nat$re, and children is the l$st o- the h$nter. The idle stro&ing o- children6s hair and animal pelts signi-ies this

hand can destroy. /t tenderly -ondles one ictim be-ore -ell! ing the other, and its choice has nothing to do %ith the ictimsg$ilt. The caress intimates that all are the same be-ore po%er.' The 8ai o--icers arbitrary choice o- %ho %o$ld s$rie (-oranother day) and %ho %o$ld be &illed demonstrates the same terrible eitel&eit o- 5egel6s radical eil indiid$al, %hored$ces eery decision to a choice o- 'this or that9 The arbitrary nat$re o- the decision is an eercise o- po%erin its ra%est -orm, and an $ncanny reminder o- o$r contemporary iolence to%ards animals . #or thesame pererse arbitrariness at the core o- the :: o--icers decision holds s%ay in a society %hich doomsmillions o- animals to $nimaginable s$--ering %hile pampering millions o- others as 'pets.':$ch interl$des o- apparent noniolence are merely pa$ses bet%een atrocities as Leinas p$ts it, 'the peaceo- empires iss$ed -rom %ar rests on war. Peace* does not restore to the alienated beings their lost identity.' 2ar on theother, radicalied in the -orm o- -ascism, sho%s that 'not only modern %ar b$t eery %ar employs arms that t$rn againstthose %ho %ield them. /t establishes an order -rom %hich no one can &eep his distance.' There is no sa-e gro$nd -or the'a$thentically' h$man indiid$al;beca$se there can be no a$thentic anthropocentrism,


30/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

non!h$man animals to that o- the h$man. /n -act, in o$r 2estern* society, comparison to an animal hascome to be a sl$r .17 /n her #ore%ord to :piegels boo&, Alice 2al&er notes that V/t is a comparison that, een -orthose o- $s %ho recognie its alidity, is a di--ic$lt one to -ace. 3specially i- %e are the descendants o- slaes.Fr o- slae o%ners. Fr o- both. 3specially so i- %e are also responsible in some %ay -or the presenttreatment o- animals.1R :piegel proceeds to stage a largely descriptie yet important artic$lation o- the Vdreadedcomparison by eidencing ho% Vthe domination o- animals . . . %as in many cases $sed as a prototype -or the s$b ?oberto 3sposito gest$res to this Vpre!history o- biopolitics %hen he posits Vthe 4$estion o- the relation o- modernity %ith its Npre,O b$t also that o- the relation%ith its Npost.O 1As a -$ndamentally colonial -ormation o- po%er, premised on the piotal role o- racism in goerning s$b


31/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

/n -ig$ring -orth her compelling thesis that it is -$ngibility that characteries the li-e and death o- the blac& slae, :aidya5artman delineates its comple dimensionsThe relation bet%een pleas$re and the possession o- slae property, in both -ig$ratie and literal senses, can be eplained in part by the -$ngibility o- the slae M that is, the


32/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

coloniation o- China and its inhabitants in the early t%entieth cent$ry. Th$s the =apanese soldier %ho,later describing ho% he -elt p$shing Chinese prisoners into a pit and setting them + on -ire, said that it%as 'identical to %hen he sla$ghtered pigs.' Perhaps the best!&no%n episode o- the deh$maniation;%hich is to say, animaliation;o- h$man pop$lations %as the 8ai etermination o- =e%s d$r! " ing 2orld 2ar T%o. :cholars see&ing to $nderstand ho% engaging in acts o-deh$maniation 'made sense' to the perpetrators o- atrocities hae -oc$sed es pecially on the c$lt$ral narraties $sed by the

8ais to rationalie their iolence. According to enneth B$r&e, 5itlers %ar rhetoric constr$cted =e%s thro$gh a 'deil'-$nction that $ni-ied those %ho constit$ted absol$te good in opposition to those %ho constit$ted absol$te eil, and %hohence %ere beyond moral re! demption. The more recent %or& o- #elicity ?ash has identi-ied the %ays that 5itler $sedmetaphor, metonymy, and personi-ication to degrade opponentsS 8ot s$rprisingly these -orms o- ling$istic iolenceincl$ded n$mero$s animal representations. Both B$r&e and ?ash reeal a d$alism inter%oen in 5itlers rhetoric bet%eenAryans and 's$bordinate' beings;speci-ically the =e%s %hose ery nat$re %as seen as being so -$ndamentally di--erent-rom the 's$! perordinate' Aryans as to constit$te a separate species. /n 0ein amp-, 5itler depicts =e%s as being biologically in-erior as $nable to prod$ce c$lt$re, as lac&! ing so$ls, as being less intelligent, and as being physically andmentally %ea&er than the 'master race.' The latter term might as easily hae been 'the master Rspecies.' And in -act,5itler occasionally $sed the term 'species' interchangeably %ith 'race' in 0ein amp- . :$ch eamples co$ld be m$ltiplied. B$t there is another dimension to the 'animaliation' o- h$man persons that iso-ten oerloo&ed;namely, that the po%er o- s$ch animal metaphorsdepends on a prior c$lt$ral $nderstanding o-

other animals themseles, as beings %ho are by nat$re ab


33/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

o- -actory -arming.'1R The -actory -arm carries on the paradigm o- manip$lation -or pro-it so obio$s in the cramming o-slaes into slae ships. :o%s, -or eample, are chained or clamped into narro% -arro%ing stalls, -or months or years on end,so as to sae caloric energy ependit$re. Chic&ens and pigs are stac&ed in tiers three, -o$r, or -ie high the pigs6 tails arec$t o-- so as to preent stress!ind$ced 1J tail biting.%ere transported economically to the 8e% 2orld.Eirt$ally eerynarratie description o- slae!ship conditions entails some combination o- chains, leg irons, stac&ing,handc$--s, cramped spaces, and penli&e enclos$res.To be s$re, this egregio$s ab$se and eploitation o- h$mans has spa%ned n$mero$s and o-ten disparate eplanations andentreaties, incl$ding ones -rom s$ch eminent -ig$res as 0ar, Bentham, and 0ill. 0ost eplanations o- slaery, ho%eer,-ail to -$lly acco$nt -or the staggering disregard -or h$man li-e in the initial stages o- American slaery.3en gien the incentie to delier as many %hole slaes as possible, there %ere still certain conditions created by h$mans-or other h$mans that made tort$re, pain, disease, s$--ering, and in many cases the loss o- li-e ineitable and, %orse,acceptable. These conditions and acts, / s$ggest, can be -$lly $nderstood only by considering the deal$ationo- the appropriated A-rican slae to sheer animality. The a-orementioned Aristotelian red$ction o- theslae to h$man property, and the s$bse4$ent e4$ating o- h$mans and domesticated animals, -ig$resigni-icantly in this notion. /- the slae %ere nat$rally s$bordinate, li&e the animal -ated to sere its master,then %hateer improed his or her $se!al$e %o$ld be seen as prod$ctie and nec! essary, regardless o- the treatment any indiid$al slae receied. A-ter all, as is the case %ith the domestic animal, the best res$lts arenot al%ays achieed by &indness. As absol$te s$bordinates, the A-rican slaes co$ld be treated in any %aynecessary to proide the best practical res$lts, %ith economic interests (i.e., bringing in lie rather than deadslaes) being the only mitigating concern.To ship cattle, pigs, chic&ens, or any other domestic animals in com-ortable, spa!cio$s conditions, or to &eep them in indiid$al, %ell!entilated pens %o$ld be patently abs$rd, as there is in this ie%absol$tely no moral obligation to do so, All o- these %ere, o- co$rse, the principal positions in %hich slaes and it would beeconomically impractical—what Aristotle, in his day, would probably have termed "unnatural."

And $e have eviden)e !f "his a" "he f!&ndin# m!men" !f "he =iddle Passa#e

!,er"s (Department o- Philosophy at :$--ol& Co$nty Comm$nity College) 6(0ar&, The 0ar& o- the Beast animality and h$man oppression, pg. 1!")

2hat is set into motion by Aristotle6s theory o- slaery is the idea that the in-erior slae may, in manyrespects, di--er little -rom the domestic animal Aristotle considers it a -act o- nat$re that, to -$l-ill his or her potential, the slae m$st be cared -or and dominated by his or her master, m$ch li&e the ho$sehold pet or the barnyardchic&ens. This idea, tho$gh clearly tendentio$s, persisted in the 2estern conception o- the slae6s stat$s. /tsered not only as a means o-


34/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

himsel- ."

(This card is %hateer)Animali"( $as "he "a)"i) and ena,ler !f slaver( even if n!" "he r!!" )a&se

!,er"s (Department o- Philosophy at :$--ol& Co$nty Comm$nity College) 6(0ar&, The 0ar& o- the Beast animality and h$man oppression, pg. J>!1)

/n the -irst instance, the treatment, tho$gh motiated largely by economic and social concerns, %as ery m$ch a strategy o-mastery and control. :laes %ere red$ced to animality so as to render them as domitable ;controllable;as possible. Concerted e--orts %ere made by the slaers to drastically limit the basic re4$isites o- h$man eistence, to treat theslaes in all -acets o- their captiity as tho$gh they %ere no more than animals, non!h$mans. Fn the 0iddle Passage, they%ere literally pac&ed into small, $ncom-ortable, largely $nliable spaces this limited the basic h$man necessity o- -reemoement, een o- breathing air %ith s$--icient oygen. Chained together, -logged, and ill -ed, they %ere treated as h$mancargo, as liestoc& on the %ay to sla$ghter. By the time o- arrial;i- they did in -act arrie at all;they had already beenrendered into 'docile bodies.' The ne$traliing -orce o- capt$re, captiity, domination, tort$re, and controlhad le-t the transported slaes compliant, so m$ch so that they %ere peddled in lots in mar&ets li&e som$ch liestoc& %eighed, n$mbered, branded, eamined, physically eposed, tagged. Fnce sold, they met%ith similar treatment on plan! tations, in -actories, and on -arms. 5o$sing %as generally no better than barns or holding

pens, and in some instances %orse. #ield%or& and general %or&ing conditions corresponded almost eactly %ith those o-%or&ing domestic ani! mals, albeit %ith less respite than the animals in many cases. All considered,the treatment o-American slaes %as -$lly representatie o- the conse4$ences o- the strategies o- animaliation. Fncerendered in-erior and s$b


35/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

disc$ss contemporary criti4$es o- the ontological distinction bet%een 'man' and 'animal' and the sel-!destr$ctie iolence that res$lts -rom s$ch adistinction. #inally, / %ill arg$e that h$manist anthropocentrism, predicated on this ontological distinction, necessarily arries at these moments o- sel-!destr$ction beca$se o- its irrational -ormal str$ct$re;a str$ct$re that closely resembles %hat 5egel termed 'radical eil.'

/n Dialectic of *nlightenment, Adorno and 5or&heimer eplain ho% the 3nlightenment has become a so$rce o- catastrophe ,s$berting its epress p$rpose o- 'liberating h$man beings -rom -ear and installing them as1masters.' By tracing thegenealogical origins o- instr$mental reason to a primordial h$man past distorted by myth and iolence,

they reeal the c$rrents o- irrationality that hae s$btended the deelopment o- reason -rom its ery beginning. The technologies o-instr$mental reason and the 3nlightenment s$b


36/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

himsel-.Fnce 3nlightenment progressed to the point %here h$man beings co$ld be reconceied as the sole possessors o- logos, the


37/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

in a lang$age %e can $nderstand.?ed Peter %as a lin& -or me. 5e is literally a gorilla, metaphorically a diasporic person. 5es the missing lin& bet%een o&oand animal and me a h$man. /- / can empathie %ith a literary gorilla %ho tells the same story as o&o might tell, than /can also empathie %ith o&o, and by etension all animals./n my so$l / &no% it %o$ld be


38/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

-ailing to do so,' actiists and tlieorists adopt 'the sort o- ecl$sionary theoriing' that they ostensibly re


39/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

racist, ins$lt! ing, and c$lt$rally insensitie. A-ter all, haen6t the dominant c$lt$res al%ays considered $s less than h$manand compared $s to animals as a %ay o- h$miliating and deh$maniing $s9:adly, P3TA6s critics hae missed the point. P3TA6s intent is not to imply that Blac&, =e%ish, or 8atie American people are ie%ed by P3TA or should be +iewed by anyone as s$bh$man. The desired res$lt o- these images is toeo&e compassion, to help people empa! thie %ith the eperiences o- animals as ictims o-oppression,


40/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

:cholars can tal& abo$t ho% the idea o- race gre% o$t o- the idea o- breed as $nderstood by theinheritors o- patriarchal and pastoral c$lt$res %hose ideas abo$t da$ghters and dairy co%s eoled intandem. Actiists can and sho$ld thin& deeply abo$t ho% that helps $s to $nderstand the se$aliationo- race and the 'race!ing' o- gender as %ell as the ca$sal and contin$ing role that speciesism plays in both racism and seism. B$t the po%er o- s$ch theoriing pales in comparison to the impact o- thereaction ;at once isceral and ethical; o- a Blac& %oman %ho, li&e the yo$ng Tashee 0eado%s,enco$nters animage o- animal eploitaion and thin&s, 'That6s %hat they did to $s. /t6s not o&ay, no matter %ho theydo it to.'

A2 ilders!n ' Ces Paradi#ma"i)

e a#ree "ha" "he dis"in)"i!n ,e"$een s&,e)" and !,e)" is "he aradi#ma"i) )&l"&ral rela"i!nshi in "he

es"ern $!rld A:D "ha" i" is ,e)a&se !f "his dis"in)"i!n "ha" .la)k e!le are !ressed ,&" "he Aff is

$r!n# "ha" i" is s!lel( !r !rdinaril( .la)kness "ha" is reresen"a"ive !f "ha" divide .la)kness is inser"ed)!n"in#en"l( in"! "he s&,e)"!,e)" !n"!l!#i)al sli" ' el!din# "he h&mann!n%h&man divide is

ne)essaril( ri!r "he Aff

Adams (-eminist and animal rights adocate 0asters o- Diinity -rom Qale 7) 84(Carol J., Neither man nor beast : feminism and the defense of animals, pg. 7!+)

/ hae arg$ed that the paradigmatic c$lt$ral relationship in the 2est is one o- s$b


41/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

3$ro!American h$man maleness $sed the 'less!than!h$man' de-ini! tions to demarcate racial as %ell as se$al di--erences,to instit$tionalie racism as %ell as seism. ?egarding the term 'nigger,' Toni 0orrison obseres that it 'occ$pies aterritory bet%een man and animal and th$s J %ithholds speci-icity een %hile mar&ing it.'Delores 2illiams asserts that the antiblac& arg$ments o- the 1R>>s, in %hich blac&s %ere classi-ied %ith mon&eys,(tho$gh as '6the noblest 1>o- the beast creation6' ) helped 'to mo$ld an American conscio$sness abo$t the 8egrothat een today regards blac& people as beasts , -emale and male. There-ore, blac& %omen and blac& men)

can be ab$sed and treated li&e animals rather than li&e h$mans.' /n the preailing d$alistic ontology, e4$ation o-any h$man gro$p %ith the other animals seres to -acilitate the h$mans6 eploitation. As 5alpin points o$t, '3en %hengro$ps labeled 6in-erior are not eplicitly e4$ated %ith %omen, they are o-ten compared to animals, $s$ally in %aysdesigned to ma&e them appear more animal than h$man ($sing %hite males as the prototype o-1 h$manity).'By ie%ing A-rican!Americans as blac& beasts, 3$ro!American men created t%o pornographic scenarios, oneabo$t rapacio$s blac& men l$sting -or %hite %omen, and one abo$t lasciio$s blac& %omen aail ableto anyone, man or beast. Both concepts interacted %ith the notion o- %hite %omen as p$re, irginal and seless 'Blac& %omanhood %as polaried against %hite %omanhood in the str$ct$re o- the metaphoric system o- -emale se$ality, partic$larly thro$gh the association o- blac& 1 %omen %ith oert se$ality and taboo se$al practices.' Blac& men %ereseen as beasts, se$ally threatening %hite %omanhood, a %hite %omanhood de-ined to aggrandie the sense o- %hitemanhood. Blac& %omen %ere seen as seed, as not able to be iolated beca$se they %o$ld en


42/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

%hich %e oppress the other animals. 2e do not cons$me people. 2e do cons$me the other animals.0eat eating is the most oppressie and etensie instit$tionalied iolence against animals. /n addition,meat eating o--ers the gro$nds -or s$b


43/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

similarly recognie the harm o- patriarchy on nonh$man animals;een eco-eminist theorists (@aard, 'Liing' ). Eery -e%social


44/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

o- the enslaed A-ricans in their midst. 2hite -reedom and blac& slaery %ere interdependent. 0orrison eplains, 'Theconcept o- -reedom did not emerge in a ac$$m. 8othing highlighted -reedom;i- it did not in -act create it;li&eslaery.'R As Alice 2al&er6s epigraph to this boo& obseres abo$t Bl$e, the horse 'And it %o$ld hae to be a %hite horsethe ery image o- -reedom.' 0orrison ma&es this pain! -$lly and $naoidably clear.

The debasement o- the other animals is so complete that, $nli&e racially!mar&ed h$mans, they o--er no

s$ch concept$al co$nter%eight to notions o- -reedom. 8otions o- -reedom applied to animals9 The idea seems prepostero$s beca$se many thin& animals hae no conscio$sness to render s$ch a concept meaning-$l or applicable tothem. (This o- co$rse also eplains %hy arg$ments -or 'animal rights' and 'animal liberation' are so o-ten ridic$led.)The potency o- the interdependent nat$re o- -reedom and slaery deries -rom the -act that enslaed h$!mans re-lect bac& an enhanced h$man stat$s to those %ho are -ree, an enhancement the species barrierclearly preents ob


45/100

315422537 Harvard 2013

1

the &no%ledge claims that accompany the acceptance o- the al$e d$alisms and al$e hierarchy o- patriarchal beastlytheology.#rom 4$estions s$ch as these %e begin to see that the c$rrent ontological condition o- animals as iolable hasless do %ith their beingness, than %ith o$r conscio$sness. Animals need not be destined to become h$mans6 -ood(ontology). That %e see them as -ood or clothes is a constr$ct o- perception, c$lt$ral interention, a -orced identity (episte!mology). The representation 'animal' is %hat %e are gien to &no%.

The epistemology o- the 'h$man' %ho sees 'animals' as $sable cre! ates the %orld o- the h$manKanimal d$alism. The %ay%e h$mans loo& at animals literally creates them as $sable. This means that in li-e 'h$man' and 'animal,' li&e '%oman'and 'man' are '%idely eperi! enced as -eat$res o- being, not constr$cts o- perception, c$lt$ral inter! entions or -orcedidentities.' Both species and gender are 'lied as ontology, not as epistemology.' As Catharine 0acinnnonobseres, %hat is occ$ring is a 'trans-ormation o- perspecti+e into being.6 3mphasis original M DI* 6And i- its$cceeds ontologically, h$man dominance does not loo& epistemological 'Control oer being prod$cescontrol oer conscio$sness.' This is %hy so many debates -oc$s speci-ically on animals6 beingness beca$se the shi-t -rom perspectie to being (-rom epistemology to ontology) is, i- s$ccess-$l, hidden -rom ie%. The role o$r conscio$sness playsin all o- this remains concealed.Catharine 0acinnon points o$t -$rther that '%hen seemingly ontological conditions are challenged -rom thecollectie standpoint o- a dissident reality, they become isible as epistemological .' Animal de-enders o--er s$ch a dissident reality, saying, 'Animals aren6t mea

Documents

Animals Kritik Generic