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Parallel Events (Greece vs. Rome)
Ancient Greek Events490-479 BC: Persian Wars460 BC: Age of Pericles in Athens431 BC: Peloponnesian Wars331 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Persian Empire: Hellenistic Age133 BC: end of Greek dominance in Med. world
Ancient Rome Events509 BC: Rome sets up a Republic450 BC: 12 Tables of Law270 BC: Rome controls most of Italian peninsula264-146 BC: Punic Wars vs. Carthage133 BC: Roman power extends from Spain to Egypt
Rome as a Kingdom – First 200 Years
Geography and People of ItalyRome began as a small city-state located in the center of the Italian peninsula near 7 hills.Apennine mountains run the length of ItalyLess rugged than Greek mountainsItaly much easier to unify --- no isolated city-statesMost Romans settled in the westFertile plains in the north below the Alps
Early Roman People
Latins: ancestors of the RomansHerders and farmers: settled along the Tiber River along the 7 hillsEtruscans: ruled central and northern ItalyCame from Asia Minor(Eastern Mediterranean)Called themselves Tyrrhenians in honor of their kingRomans borrowed Etruscan alphabet, arch and worshipped similar gods/goddessesGreeks: settled in southern Italy/Sicily
Etruscan Origins
1828 AD: a plowman and his oxen crashed through a buried stone roof of a tombKnowledge of the Etruscan way of life comes from their deathKept the ashes of their dead in urnsLoved games: chariot races, wrestling, boxing, discus, dice, handball, & knucklebones
Rome as a Republic – 500 Years
Romans drove out Etruscan rulers around 509 BC
Set up a Republic (govt. of the people)
Senate: most powerful governing body made up of 300 patricians (landholding upper class): served for life
Roman Senate
2 consuls elected from the patrician class
Job was to consult with the Senate, supervise business of the govt. and command the armies
Consuls served 1 year term
In times of war: Senate chose a dictator to rule for 6 months
Plebeians Demand Equality
Plebeians (commoners): farmers, merchants, artisans, tradersMade efforts to gain power450 BC: 12 Tables of Law set up in the Forum --- made it possible for plebeians to appeal decision of a judgeLater gained right to elect tribunes (10) to protect their interestsTribunes could veto (block) laws that weren’t in the interest of the common people
Roman Society
Family: basic unit of society
Male head of household (usually father) had absolute power
Enforced discipline
Demanded respect
Women: played larger role than Greek women
Could run businesses, attend baths, theater and public entertainment – supported arts and public festivals
Most worked at home, however!
Education
Girls and boys learned to read and write
Wealthy Romans hired private tutors (from Greece) to supervise education of children
Rhetoric was important subject for boys who wanted to pursue political success
Religion
Gods/goddesses resembled Greek and Etruscan deities
Statues and temples built throughout Rome
Festivals honored the deities
http://www.gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/roman/
http://www.messagenet.com/myths/names.html
Roman Expansion
During the Roman Republic period, Rome expanded.
First Punic War:- Began in 264 BCE- Fought against Carthage – powerful city in North Africa – challenged Roman trade superiority in the Mediterranean- After 23 years of war, Rome is victorious.
Roman Expansion (continued)
Second Punic War:- Began in 218 BCE- Fought for similar reasons (plus revenge)- Carthage was led by greatest general of the age, Hannibal, whose army was large including foot & horse soldiers, and ELEPHANTS!- Hannibal attacked the Roman countryside and the Romans countered by attacking Carthage – led by brilliant Roman General Scipio- Scipio defeated Hannibal and Rome again was victorious.
Rome as an Empire – 500 Years
It became difficult to manage all the conquered territories and the Republic-style government weakened.
Consul’s became power hungry and changed the power system to dictatorships:- Gaius Marius- Lucius Cornelius Sulla
Julius Caesar- Nephew of Sulla- Was a General who rose in
popularity- Joined the “Triumvirate”
which was rule by three- Elected Consul in 59 BCE- Declared himself “Dictator
for life” in 46 BCE- Was brutally murdered in a
conspiracy led by his best friend, Brutus, on March 15
- “Beware the Ides of March”
Caesar Augustus
Several dictator-like rulers followed:- Octavian or Caesar Augustus – “the revered one”- Pax Romana – Roman Peace – peaceful era under Augustus
Rise of ChristianitySeveral leaders followed Augustus – Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Vespasian.
Roman expansion during this time included Israel and the Jewish people.
Came into contact with a young carpenter named Jesus Christ
His followers were called Christians
Many Romans converted to his monotheistic belief system
After initially persecuting Christians (Nero), Theodosius officially made Christianity the religion of Rome in 312 CE