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Anatomy
study of structure and shape of bodybody parts and body parts in relation to
another Gross Anatomy
Large easily observable structures Ex. heart, bones, skin
Microscopic AnatomySmall structures
Ex. cells and tissues
Physiology
study of how the body works and functions
Neurophysiologyhow the nervous system works
Cardiac PhysiologyHow heart and blood vessels work
Anatomy & Physiology Structure determines function
(anatomy) (physiology)
Examples: Heart
muscular chamber = pumping blood Lungs
thin walls = gas exchange
Levels of Organization
Chemicals Atoms Molecules Cell Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organisms
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Integumentary System
SkinExternal covering of the bodyFunctions
Waterproofs, cushions and protectsTemperature control
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Skeletal System
Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and jointsFunctions
SupportsProtects
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Muscular System
Skeletal musclesFunctions
LocomotionSupport
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Nervous System
Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, and sensory receptorsFunctions
Control systems of the bodyRespond to stimuli
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Endocrine System
Produce hormonesFunctions
Slowly controls systems of the bodyLong term changes in organ systems
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Cardiovascular System
Heart and Blood VesselsFunctions
Transportation of cells and mineralsBlood to tissue
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Lymphatic System
Immune systemComplements cardiovascular
FunctionDefense against infections
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Respiratory System
Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Gas exchange in lungsFunction
Constant supply of O2
Removes CO2
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Digestive System
Tube from mouth to anusFunction
Process foodAbsorb nutrients, minerals, vitamins,
and H2O
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Urinary System
Excretory systemUrinary bladder, ureters, and
urethraFunction
Disposes of wasteMaintains water/salt and acid/base
Reproductive System
FemaleOvary, uterus, and vagina
MaleScrotum, testis, and penis
FunctionDisposes of wasteMaintains water/salt and acid/base
Life FunctionsBoundariesMovementResponsivenessDigestionMetabolismExcretionReproductionGrowth
BoundariesExternal vs. Internal
External - skinProtects from desiccation, bacteria,
heat, sunlight, and chemicals
Internal - cellsAllows necessary substances inKeeps damaging substances out
MovementExternal
Muscular and skeletal system
InternalBlood, food, and urine through
organs
ResponsivenessSenses changes in environment
and reacts
DigestionBreaks down food for absorptionDelivered to cells through
cardiovascular system
MetabolismAll chemical reactions that happen in
body cells
Examples: Complex into simple Make larger structures from smaller Produce ATP
Excretion
Removes wasteDigestive system
Indigestible foodUrinary system
Metabolic waste through urine
Reproduction
Production of offspringCells
Divide then used for body growth and repair
OrganismSperm and eggs
Growth
Increase in cell #Cell making > cell destroying
Survival Needs
NutrientsO2
H2OBody tempAtmospheric Pressure
Nutrients
Chemicals used for energy and cell building Carbohydrates - provides energy for body
cells Proteins - essential for building cell Fats - essential for building cell, cushion
body organs, reserve fuel Vitamins and Minerals - needed for
chemical reactions, O2 transport in blood
Oxygen (O2)Needed for chemical reactions that
release energy from food20% of air
Water (H2O)60-80% of body weightFluid base for secretions and
excretionsIngested from foods and liquidsLost by evaporation
Body Temperature
Maintained by activity of skeletal muscles
98˚F or 37˚CDecreases
Metabolic reactions decreaseIncreases
Proteins break down
Atmospheric Pressure
Force exerted on body by weight of airExchange of O2 and CO2 (breathing)
depends on atm. pressure
