Chapter 1Chapter 1

Human Body Orientation

Human Body Orientation

AnatomyAnatomy

• Study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to one another

• Gross Anatomy – studying large body structures – easy to see

• Microscopic anatomy – studying small parts of the body – microscopic

Ex. Cells and tissues

• Study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to one another

• Gross Anatomy – studying large body structures – easy to see

• Microscopic anatomy – studying small parts of the body – microscopic

Ex. Cells and tissues

PhysiologyPhysiology

• The study of how the body and its parts work or function

• Neurophysiology – explain how the nervous system works

• Cardiac physiology – studies the function of the heart

• The study of how the body and its parts work or function

• Neurophysiology – explain how the nervous system works

• Cardiac physiology – studies the function of the heart

• Anatomy and physiology are always related. The parts form a well organized unit.

• Structure determines function.

• Anatomy and physiology are always related. The parts form a well organized unit.

• Structure determines function.

Levels of Structural Oranization

Levels of Structural Oranization

• Atoms molecules cells Tissue organ organ system organism

• Molecules – water• Cell – smallest unit of living things• Tissue – groups of cells with similar

functions• Organ – structure composed of 2+

tissues

• Atoms molecules cells Tissue organ organ system organism

• Molecules – water• Cell – smallest unit of living things• Tissue – groups of cells with similar

functions• Organ – structure composed of 2+

tissues

Figure 1.1

Chapter 3Chapter 3

Body TissuesBody

Tissues

Four Types:Four Types:

• Epithelium – covering• Connective – support• Nervous – control• Muscle - movement

• Epithelium – covering• Connective – support• Nervous – control• Muscle - movement

Epithelial tissueEpithelial tissue

• Lines and covers all free body surfaces

• Lines and covers all free body surfaces

FunctionsFunctions

• Protection• Absorption• Filtration• secretion

• Protection• Absorption• Filtration• secretion

Special Characteristics of Epithelium

Special Characteristics of Epithelium

• Fit closely together to form sheets• One surface or edge is free and the

other attaches to a basement membrane

• No blood supply• Regenerate easily

• Fit closely together to form sheets• One surface or edge is free and the

other attaches to a basement membrane

• No blood supply• Regenerate easily

Classification of EpitheliumClassification of Epithelium

Two Names1. Number of cell layers

a. Simple – oneb. Stratified – 1+

Two Names1. Number of cell layers

a. Simple – oneb. Stratified – 1+

2. Shapea. Squamous – flattened like fish scalesb. Cuboidal – cube shapec. Columnar – shaped like columns

2. Shapea. Squamous – flattened like fish scalesb. Cuboidal – cube shapec. Columnar – shaped like columns

Simple SquamousSimple Squamous

Connective TissueConnective Tissue

• Connects body parts• Found everywhere

Functions – protection, support, binding together

• Connects body parts• Found everywhere

Functions – protection, support, binding together

Special Characteristics of Connective Tissue

Special Characteristics of Connective Tissue

• Variations in blood supply• Extra-cellular matrix

Matrix – secreted by the cells - non-living substances

Ex. – blood, fat, bone

• Variations in blood supply• Extra-cellular matrix

Matrix – secreted by the cells - non-living substances

Ex. – blood, fat, bone

Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue

• Highly specialized to contract or shorten to produce movement

Types: skeletal, cardiac and smooth

• Highly specialized to contract or shorten to produce movement

Types: skeletal, cardiac and smooth

Nervous TissueNervous Tissue

• Neurons• Highly specialized to receive and

transmit impulses

• Neurons• Highly specialized to receive and

transmit impulses

The Eleven Organ

Systems

The Eleven Organ

Systems

1. Integumentary System – Skin – Covers the body

1. Integumentary System – Skin – Covers the body

Functions – a. Waterproofsb. Cushions and protectsc. Perspiration – excretes salts and uread. Regulates body temperaturee. Temperature, pressure, pain receptors

Functions – a. Waterproofsb. Cushions and protectsc. Perspiration – excretes salts and uread. Regulates body temperaturee. Temperature, pressure, pain receptors

Organs – hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands (oil)

Organs – hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands (oil)

2. Skeletal System2. Skeletal System

Functions – a. Support – store mineralsb. Framework for muscles – aids movementc. Protective – ex. Skulld. Hematopoiesis – formation of blood cells

Functions – a. Support – store mineralsb. Framework for muscles – aids movementc. Protective – ex. Skulld. Hematopoiesis – formation of blood cells

Organs – bones, ligaments, joints and cartilage

Organs – bones, ligaments, joints and cartilage

3. Muscular System3. Muscular System

Functions– Muscles contract

and cause movement

– Primary source of body heat

Organs – Skeletal muscles

Functions– Muscles contract

and cause movement

– Primary source of body heat

Organs – Skeletal muscles

4. Nervous System4. Nervous System

• Fast acting control system

Functions – allows the body to respond to irritants and stimuli

Organs – brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs

• Fast acting control system

Functions – allows the body to respond to irritants and stimuli

Organs – brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs

5. Endocrine System5. Endocrine System

Functionsa. Controls body activities –

slowb. Produces chemical

molecules – Hormonesc. Hormones released in

blood and travel to distant organs

d. Hormones control growth, reproduction and food

Functionsa. Controls body activities –

slowb. Produces chemical

molecules – Hormonesc. Hormones released in

blood and travel to distant organs

d. Hormones control growth, reproduction and food

6. Cardiovascular System6. Cardiovascular System

Functionsa. Blood vessels,

transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste

Organs – heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood

Blood vessels are in red

Functionsa. Blood vessels,

transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste

Organs – heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood

Blood vessels are in red

7. Lymphatic System (Immune System)

7. Lymphatic System (Immune System)

• Complements the cardiovascular system

Functions – returns fluid leaked from the blood to the blood vessels

Organs – lymph fluids, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

• Complements the cardiovascular system

Functions – returns fluid leaked from the blood to the blood vessels

Organs – lymph fluids, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

Lymph nodes Lymph nodes

• Cleanses blood• Houses cells involved in immunity

• Cleanses blood• Houses cells involved in immunity

8. Respiratory System8. Respiratory System

Functions a. Keeps body supplied with

oxygen b. Removes carbon dioxide

Organs: nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Lungs- tiny air sacs where gas exchange with the blood occurs

Functions a. Keeps body supplied with

oxygen b. Removes carbon dioxide

Organs: nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Lungs- tiny air sacs where gas exchange with the blood occurs

9. Digestive System9. Digestive System

• Tube from mouth to anus

Functions:a. Breaks down foodb. Products to the blood for dispersal

• Tube from mouth to anus

Functions:a. Breaks down foodb. Products to the blood for dispersal

OrgansOrgans

• Mouth, esophagus, stomach, Intestines (small and large), rectum

• Liver – produces bile to break down fats

• Pancreas – digestive enzymes for small intestines

• Mouth, esophagus, stomach, Intestines (small and large), rectum

• Liver – produces bile to break down fats

• Pancreas – digestive enzymes for small intestines

10. Urinary System10. Urinary System

Functions – a. Removes nitrogen wastes from the blood, exits body through urineb. Maintains the balance of water, salt, acid-base

Organs – kidneys, ureters, bladder

urethra

Functions – a. Removes nitrogen wastes from the blood, exits body through urineb. Maintains the balance of water, salt, acid-base

Organs – kidneys, ureters, bladder

urethra

11. Reproductive System11. Reproductive System

Male – sperm – testes

Organs – scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct system

Male – sperm – testes

Organs – scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct system

Female – eggs – ovary

Organs – uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

Female – eggs – ovary

Organs – uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

Maintaining Life

Maintaining Life

The highly organized human body does:

The highly organized human body does:

1. Maintains boundaries2. Responds to environmental

changes – Irritability3. Takes in and digests nutrients4. Carry out metabolism5. Dispose of wastes6. Reproduce7. Grow

1. Maintains boundaries2. Responds to environmental

changes – Irritability3. Takes in and digests nutrients4. Carry out metabolism5. Dispose of wastes6. Reproduce7. Grow

• The highly organized human body is able to carry out the 7 characteristics.

• The highly organized human body is able to carry out the 7 characteristics.

The Seven Characteristics of Life

The Seven Characteristics of Life

1. Maintaining Boundaries – cell membrane

Body System - Integumentary

1. Maintaining Boundaries – cell membrane

Body System - Integumentary

2. Movement

Body System – muscular system

2. Movement

Body System – muscular system

3. Responsiveness or Irritability(sense changes and respond)

Body System – Nervous System

3. Responsiveness or Irritability(sense changes and respond)

Body System – Nervous System

4. A. Digestion

Body system - Digestive

4. A. Digestion

Body system - Digestive

B. Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body

Body Systems – Digestive, Respiratory, Cardiovascular and Endocrine

B. Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body

Body Systems – Digestive, Respiratory, Cardiovascular and Endocrine

5. Excretion

Body System – Digestive and Urinary

5. Excretion

Body System – Digestive and Urinary

6. Reproduction

Body System – Reproductive

7. Growth

6. Reproduction

Body System – Reproductive

7. Growth

Survival Needs of the Human Body

Survival Needs of the Human Body

• Goal of the body systems – Maintain Life1. Nutrients (food)2. Oxygen3. Water4. Appropriate Temperature5. Atmospheric Pressure

• Goal of the body systems – Maintain Life1. Nutrients (food)2. Oxygen3. Water4. Appropriate Temperature5. Atmospheric Pressure

HomeostasisHomeostasis

• The ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions

• Homeo – same• Statis – standing still

• Happens when the body has its needs meet and is functioning smoothly

• The ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions

• Homeo – same• Statis – standing still

• Happens when the body has its needs meet and is functioning smoothly

The Language of

Anatomy

The Language of

Anatomy

• A set of terms that allows body structures to be located and identified clearly with a few words

• A set of terms that allows body structures to be located and identified clearly with a few words

Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position

• Standard reference point

• Standard reference point

Regional TermsRegional Terms

• The many visible landmarks on the surface of the body

• The many visible landmarks on the surface of the body

Figure 1.6a

Figure 1.6b

Figure 1.6c

Figure 1.7

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

• Used to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another

• Used to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another

•The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.

• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.

•The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.

• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.

• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.

• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.

• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.

• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.

• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.

• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.

• The ________ is ___________ between the ________ and _____________.

• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.

• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.

• The ________ is ___________ between the ________ and _____________.

• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.

• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.

• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.

• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.

• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.

• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.

• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.

• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.

Body PlanesBody Planes

The EndThe End