Anatomy & Physiology

Chapter 1The Human Body:An OrientationOriginal

An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy Study of ____________________

Gross = large Microscopic = very small

Physiology Study of _________________________

Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology _______________________- (ex: digestive system

is tubes)

An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy Study of shape/structure

Gross = large Microscopic = very small

Physiology Study of how body/parts function

Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology Structure determines function (ex: digestive

system is tubes)

Levels of Structural Organization

From Atoms to Organisms (Fig. 1.1 pg 3) (C_______ _____: atoms/molecules) C_________ level: smallest unit of all living

things Tissue level: _______________ O______ level: two or more tissues O_________ level: _____________ working

together Organismal level: _____________________________________

Levels of Structural Organization

From Atoms to Organisms (Fig. 1.1 pg 3) (Chemical level: atoms/molecules) Cellular level: smallest unit of all living things Tissue level: similar cells Organ level: two or more tissues Organ system level: group of organs working

together Organismal level: Humans made of many

systems

Checkpoint Quiz

What is the difference between Anatomy and Physiology?

What are the levels of organization from smallest to largest?

Pre-quiz

Name as many organ systems as you can.

Levels of Structural Organization

Organ System Overview (11) Fig 1.2 pgs 5-6

Organ Systems

Integumentary system _________ __________ body __________ ____________ (makes) vitamin D _______________

Organ Systems

Integumentary system Skin Covers body Protects Synthesizes (makes) vitamin D Receptors

Organ Systems

Skeletal system _______, cartilage, ligaments, ______P________P_________ _______M________ ________M___________S__________S__________

Organ Systems

Skeletal system Bones, cartilage, ligaments, jointsProtectsProduce bloodMinerals storedMovementShapeSupports

Organ Systems

Muscular system __________ muscles

Not cardiac or smooth ___________

Contract only

Organ Systems

Muscular system Skeletal muscles

Not cardiac or smooth Movement

Contract only

Organ Systems

Nervous system _______, spinal _____, nerves, sensory

____________ Fast-acting control system

Senses changes _____________

Organ Systems

Nervous system Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory

receptors Fast-acting control system

Senses changes Responds

Organ Systems

Endocrine system __________, hormones _______-acting control system

____________ travel through ______

Organ Systems

Endocrine system Glands, hormones Slow-acting control system

Chemicals travel through blood

Organ Systems

Cardiovascular system _______, ________ _______, blood Transport ________, _______, nutrients,

________ blood cells (immunity)

Organ Systems

Cardiovascular system Heart, blood vessels, blood Transport oxygen, waste, nutrients,

white blood cells (immunity)

Organ Systems

Lymphatic system Lymphatic _________, lymph _______,

spleen, __________. Returns fluid to _______ ________ _____________

Organ Systems

Lymphatic system Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,

spleen, tonsils. Returns fluid to blood stream Immunity

Organ Systems

Respiratory system _____ passages, ____ynx, ___ynx,

trachea, bronchi, _____, alveoli Take in _________ O2

Remove __________ __________ CO2

Organ Systems

Respiratory system Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx,

trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli Take in oxygen O2

Remove Carbon Dioxide CO2

Organ Systems

Digestive system Oral cavity, _______, stomach, small and

large __________, rectum (liver, pancreas)

Break down ____ Deliver ________ Reclaim _____ Removes undigested food (_____)

Organ Systems

Digestive system Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small

and large intestine, rectum (liver, pancreas)

Break down food Deliver products Reclaim water Removes undigested food (feces)

Organ Systems

Urinary system (_________) Kidneys, ureters, _______, urethra Remove _____ (urea) Balance _____/salt and acid/base

Organ Systems

Urinary system (Excretory) Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra Remove waste (urea) Balance water/salt and acid/base

Organ Systems

Male reproductive system Female reproductive system

Produce _________

Organ Systems

Male reproductive system Female reproductive system

Produce offspring

Checkpoint quiz

What is the anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) of… Integumentary system? Endocrine system? Lymphatic system?

Pre-quiz

What does your body need to do to stay alive?

What things does your body need to stay alive?

Maintaining Life

Organ systems work together (Fig 1.3) Necessary Life Functions

Maintaining B________________ Cell membrane, skin

R________________ (irritability) Reflexes, breathing heavier

D____________ Breaking down food into simple molecules

M_____________ Whole body, internal substances

Maintaining Life

Organ systems work together (Fig 1.3) Necessary Life Functions

Maintaining Boundaries Cell membrane, skin

Responsiveness (irritability) Reflexes, breathing heavier

Digestion Breaking down food into simple molecules

Movement Whole body, internal substances

Maintaining Life

Necessary Life Functions cont…M__________

Chemical reactionsE__________

Remove wasteR___________

Cellular or organismalG________

Increase size (usually more cells) BiRD MMERG

Maintaining Life

Necessary Life Functions cont…Metabolism

Chemical reactionsExcretion

Remove wasteReproduction

Cellular or organismalGrowth

Increase size (usually more cells) BiRD MMERG

Maintaining Life

Survival Needs N________

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins O_____

Used to release energy in foods (cellular respiration)

W_____ 60%-80% of body weight

Appropriate T______________ 37oC = 98.6oF Too high- breaks down proteins (cook) Too low- reactions slow down

Atmospheric P_________ Breathing

Maintaining Life

Survival Needs Nutrients

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins Oxygen

Used to release energy in foods (cellular respiration)

Water 60%-80% of body weight

Appropriate Temperature 37oC = 98.6oF Too high- breaks down proteins (cook) Too low- reactions slow down

Atmospheric Pressure Breathing

Checkpoint quiz

List the life functions. List the survival needs.

Homeostasis

The ability to maintain ________ internal conditions (balance). (Fig. 1.4)

Control Mechanisms ________ Receptor (sensor) Control center ________

Homeostasis

The ability to maintain stable internal conditions (balance). (Fig. 1.4)

Control Mechanisms Variable Receptor (sensor) Control center Effector

Homeostasis

Negative feedback mechanism “__________” (hypothalamus)

Positive feedback mechanism Blood clotting _____

Homeostasis

Negative feedback mechanism “Thermostat” (hypothalamus)

Positive feedback mechanism Blood clotting Birth

Homeostasis

Homeostatic Imbalance _______ ______

Homeostasis

Homeostatic Imbalance Disease Injury

Checkpoint quiz

Explain homeostasis using an example.

Pre-quiz

If we had a dorsal fin, where would it be?

The Language of Anatomy

Anatomical Position ________ up, arms at _____, palms

_______

The Language of Anatomy

Anatomical Position Standing up, arms at sides, palms

forward

The Language of Anatomy

Directional Terms (Table 1.1) ________ (cranial/cephalad) = above ________ (caudal) = below

________ (ventral) = front _________ (dorsal) = behind

______ = middle _______ = outer side ____________ = between medial & lateral

The Language of Anatomy

Directional Terms (Table 1.1) Superior (cranial/cephalad) = above Inferior (caudal) = below

Anterior (ventral) = front Posterior (dorsal) = behind

Medial = middle Lateral = outer side Intermediate = between medial & lateral

The Language of Anatomy

Directional Terms (Table 1.1) ________ = close to point of attachment ______ = farther from point of

attachment

___________ = toward surface ____ = more internal

The Language of Anatomy

Directional Terms (Table 1.1) Proximal = close to point of attachment Distal = farther from point of

attachment

Superficial = toward surface Deep = more internal

Checkpoint quiz

The wrist is ______________ to the hand. The breastbone is ____________ to the

spine. The brain is ______________ to the spinal

cord. The lungs are ____________ to the stomach. The thumb is ___________ to the fingers.

Pre-quiz

Where is your abdominal region?

The Language of Anatomy

Regional Terms (Fig. 1.5 pg 14) Anterior Abdominal = anterior body trunk inferior to ____ Acromial = point of ________ Antecubital = anterior surface of _____ Axillary = ______ Brachial = ___ Buccal = _____ area Carpal = _____ Cervical = ____ region Coxal = ___ Crural = ___ Digital = fingers, ____ Femoral = _____

The Language of Anatomy

Regional Terms (Fig. 1.5 pg 14) Anterior Abdominal = anterior body trunk inferior to ribs Acromial = point of shoulder Antecubital = anterior surface of elbow Axillary = armpit Brachial = arm Buccal = cheek area Carpal = wrist Cervical = neck region Coxal = hip Crural = leg Digital = fingers, toes Femoral = thigh

The Language of Anatomy

Regional Terms: Anterior cont… Fibular = lateral part of ___ Inguinal = where thigh meets trunk, _____ Nasal = ____ Oral = _____ Orbital = ___ Patellar = anterior ____ Pelvic = overlying ______ anteriorly Pubic = genital ______ Sternal = _________ Tarsal = _____ Thoracic = _____ Umbilical = _____

The Language of Anatomy

Regional Terms: Anterior cont… Fibular = lateral part of leg Inguinal = where thigh meets trunk, groin Nasal = nose Oral = mouth Orbital = eye Patellar = anterior knee Pelvic = overlying pelvis anteriorly Pubic = genital region Sternal = breastbone Tarsal = ankle Thoracic = chest Umbilical = navel

The Language of Anatomy

Regional Terms: Posterior Cephalic = _____ Deltoid = curve of ________ Gluteal = _______ Lumbar = area of back between ribs and ____ Occipital = posterior surface of ____ Popliteal = posterior knee area (____ ___) Sacral = between ____ Scapular = shoulder _____ region Sural = posterior surface of lower leg, ____ Vertebral = area of _____

The Language of Anatomy

Regional Terms: Posterior Cephalic = head Deltoid = curve of shoulder Gluteal = buttock Lumbar = area of back between ribs and hips Occipital = posterior surface of head Popliteal = posterior knee area (knee pit) Sacral = between hips Scapular = shoulder blade region Sural = posterior surface of lower leg, calf Vertebral = area of spine

The Language of Anatomy

Body Planes and Sections (Fig 1.6 pg 15) Sagittal (Sagit/tal)

__________, right and left parts ___________/Median

_____ _____, down the middle _______/coronal

Lengthwise, front and back parts Transverse/cross section

__________

The Language of Anatomy

Body Planes and Sections (Fig 1.6 pg 15) Sagittal (Sagit/tal)

Lengthwise, right and left parts Midsagittal/Median

Equal parts, down the middle Frontal/coronal

Lengthwise, front and back parts Transverse/cross section

Horizontal

The Language of Anatomy

Body Cavities Dorsal

Cranial ______

_______ Thoracic __________ Abdominopelvic

Abdominal Pelvic

The Language of Anatomy

Body Cavities Dorsal

Cranial Spinal

Ventral Thoracic Diaphragm Abdominopelvic

Abdominal Pelvic