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8/6/2019 Anatomy 2 Basic Chemistry
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Chapter 2
8/6/2019 Anatomy 2 Basic Chemistry
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` MATTER
Is anything that occupiesspace and has mass
Exists in 3 states: gaseous, liquid, and solid
` ENERGY
The capacity to do work or move matter
Kinetic (active) Potential (stored)
Forms: chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant
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` Elements and atoms 112-116 elements
Four elements that make up 96% living matter:
x carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
` Atomic structure 3 subatomic particles:
x proton (+), electron(-), neutron
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` A molecule is the smallest unit resulting from the
binding of 2 or more atoms
` If the atoms are different, a molecule of acompound is formed
` Compounds exhibit properties different from those
of the atoms they comprise
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INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
` Include water,salts, acids, and bases
` Water: most abundant compound in the body
Acts as universal solvent Basis of transport and lubricating fluids
Slowly absorbs and releases heat; helps to maintain
homeostatic body temperature
Acts as a cushion to protect certain body structures
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SALTS:
` Involved in nerve transmission, muscle
contraction, blood clotting, transport of oxygen by
hemoglobin, cell permeability, metabolism` Calcium salts (as bone salts) contribute to bone
hardness
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ACIDS:
` Are proton donors
` Release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
BASES:` Are proton acceptors
` Bicarbonate ions re important bases in the body
when bases and acids interact, neutralization
occurs
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pH examples
0
Increasing 1
Acidity 2 Lemon juice; gastric juice
3 Grapefruit juice
4 Tomato juice (pH 4.2)
5 Coffee
6 Saliva, milk (pH6.5)
NEUTRAL 7 Distilled water (pH 7), human blood
8 Seawater (pH 8.4)
Increasing 9
Alkalinity 10 Milk ofMagnesia (pH 10.5)
(basicity) 11 Household ammonia (pH 11.5-11.9)
12 Household bleach (pH 12)
13
Oven cleaner (pH
13.5)
14
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Normal blood pH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45
Slight deviations outside this range can be fatal!
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
` Carbon containing.
Examples:
carbohydrates Lipids
Proteins
nucleic acids
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CARBOHYDRATES (CHO): Are ingested assugars and starches
Are glucose
LIPI
DS:
Include triglycerides found in adipose tissue where they
provide insulation and reserve body fuel
Phospholipids and cholesterol are found in cell
membranes
Cholesterol: also a basis of certain hormones, bile salts,and vitamin D
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PROTEIN: Constructed from building blocks called amino acids
ENZYMES:
Increase the rate of chemical reactionNUCLEIC ACID:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) maintains genetic heritage
RNA (ribonucleic acid) ensures that the instructions of
the DNA are executed
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
` Universal energy compound used by all cells of
the body
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