An overview of the Jeffersonian, common school, and progressive

eras

Review_Chapters 2, 3, & 4 2

Fundamental Dimensions of Classical Liberalism

From Feudal Ideology To Classical Liberal Id.

State control of economy

Capitalism

State religion Separation of church and state

Divine right of king Republican (representative) government

Review_Chapters 2, 3, & 4 3

Classical Liberal Ideology: Fundamental Tenets

• Faith in Reason

• Natural Law

• Republican Virtue

• Progress

• Nationalism

• Freedom

Review_Chapters 2, 3, & 4 4

Political Economy in the Jeffersonian Era

• Agrarian society• Few urban centers• Homogeneous communities• Family as unit of production• Slavery• Revolutionary society• Limited republicanism• Power of the bourgeoisie• Separation of church and state

Review_Chapters 2, 3, & 4 5

Ideology in the Jeffersonian Era

• Classical liberalism• Patriarchy• Progress via revolution• Reason• Republican virtue• Natural aristocracy• Capitalism / freedom• Laissez-faire• Faculty psychology

Review_Chapters 2, 3, & 4 6

Schooling in the Jeffersonian Era

• Schools but no school "system"• Regional differences in schooling• Local financing and local control• Schooling primarily for white males• Religious and democratic purposes of schooling• Curriculum: rote learning of the three Rs• Failure to create state-funded school system

Review_Chapters 2, 3, & 4 7

Comparison between Thomas Jefferson & Benjamin RushComparison between Thomas Jefferson & Benjamin Rush

Issue Benjamin Rush Thomas Jefferson

Control of schools Centralized control State supported

Local control

District or wards (5-6 sq. miles)

Religion in schools Religious education The Wall of Separation

School organization & curriculum

Strict discipline (authoritarian organization), patriotism, shaping moral character, obedience to the state

Democratic organization, moral development, intellectual development

Review_Chapters 2, 3, & 4 8

Political Economy in the Early Common School Era

• Urbanizing society

• Beginning industrialization

• Irish immigration

• Westward migration

• Social reform movements

• Jacksonian democracy

• Growth of commerce

Review_Chapters 2, 3, & 4 9

Ideology in the Early common school era

• Classical liberalism

• Whig paternalism versus democratic localism

• Religious humanitarianism

• Faculty psychology

• Abolitionism

• Protestant work ethic

Review_Chapters 2, 3, & 4 10

Schooling in the Early Common School Era

• Common schools

• State financing and state control

• State normal schools

• Feminization of teaching

• Social-order purposes of schooling

• Punishment versus pedagogy of love

• Curriculum: five Rs, health, music

Review_Chapters 2, 3, & 4 11

Comparison between Horace Mann Comparison between Horace Mann and Thomas Jeffersonand Thomas Jefferson

Issue Horace Mann Thomas Jefferson

Control of schools State supported

State control

State Board of Education

State approved texts

State supported

Local control

District or wards (5-6 sq. miles)

Religion in schools State-mandated The Wall of Separation Local choice?

Teacher training State normal schools

Females

From among the best grammar school graduates

Males

Review_Chapters 2, 3, & 4 12

Comparison between Horace Mann and Orestes BrownsonComparison between Horace Mann and Orestes BrownsonIssue Horace Mann Orestes Brownson

Control of schools State Parents in local district

Religion in schools State-mandated Local choice

Texts From state-approved list

Local choice

Teacher training State normal schools Colleges and academies

Teacher certification State Local school boards

Purpose of certification Moral, political, and economic

Moral and political

Agency to determine principles for schools to impart

State Board of Education

Local school boards

Political affiliation Whig Democrat

Review_Chapters 2, 3, & 4 13

Political Economy in the Progressive Era

• Urbanization• Industrialization• “New” immigration• Worker responses to industrial management• Monopoly capitalism• Taylorization• Centralization in government• Bureaucratization

Review_Chapters 2, 3, & 4 14

Ideology in the Progressive Era

• Modern or “new” liberalism• Darwin’s influence on natural law• Progress via expert planning• From virtue to rational ethics• Increased nationalism• “New” psychology• Scientific racism and eugenics• “Positive” versus “negative” freedom

Review_Chapters 2, 3, & 4 15

Schooling in the Progressive Era

• Compulsory schooling• Centralized control of school boards• Progressive schooling for “social efficiency” versus

progressive education for developmental democracy• Curriculum: from classical to differentiated• Learning by doing• Vocational education• Extracurricular activities• Schooling for social stability and employable skills• Schooling for equal opportunity and for meritocracy• Standardized testing