An Introduction to the Structure and Function of the Human Body

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CHAPTER1

An Introduction to the Structure and Function of the Human Body

Introduction

The concept of homeostasis is one of this texts overarching themes. Each chapter relates to or discussessome aspect of homeostasis either directly or indirectly. !hen a person is notin a state or condition ofhomeostasis he is not "ell. #nce such a person $ecomes a"are or cogni%ant of his illness &as one does "henhe experiences intestinal discomfort' he may decide to consult a physician. It is a physicians role to help

people get "ell through the restoration of homeostasis.

(hapter one introduces some of the terminology associated "ith the $ody. It is important that students $ea"are that the use of proper terminology is essential in the fields of anatomy and physiology. )nderstandingcorrect terminology "ill prevent confusion. (onsider for example a person "ho complains of a stomachache.It is not uncommon for such a person to ru$ himself in the um$ilical region. Ho"ever the stomach is notactually located in that region &a fact $y "hich many students "ill $e surprised' and students "ho use termscorrectly "ill understand that this person is most li*ely experiencing notstomach discomfort $ut intestinaldiscomfort.

Chapter Objectives

+. ,efine the terms anatomyandphysiology.-. Identify the maor levels of organi%ation in humans and other living organisms./. Explain the importance of homeostasis.0. ,escri$e ho" positive and negative feed$ac* are involved in homeostatic regulation.1. )se anatomical terms to descri$e $ody regions $ody sections and relative positions.2. Identify the maor $ody cavities and their su$divisions.3. ,istinguish $et"een visceralandparietalportions ofserous membranes.

Teaching Strategies

Objective 4

Because the concept of homeostasis is $rought up numerous times throughout this text students need todevelop a full understanding of the negative and positive feed$ac* mechanisms through "hich a homeostaticstate is maintained if not achieved. Belo" are some examples of these mechanisms.


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+. Examples of negative feed$ac* mechanisms5

a' ,uring the summertime your $ody maintains normal $ody temperature $y dissipating heat to theenvironment. This heat can leave the $ody $y the dilation of $lood vessels. As the $lood vesselsdilate the tissues s"ell. Such s"elling is especially noticed in the extremities such as fingers andfeet and people "ho "ear a ring "ill find that it fits more tightly in the summertime. ,uring the"intertime your $ody "ants to conserve heat. To do this your $lood vessels constrict. As they

constrict the tissues shrin* and people "ill find that their ring fits more loosely in the "intertime.

$' The pupils of the eyes dilate "hen they are exposed to dim light and constrict upon exposure to$right light.

-. Examples of positive feed$ac* mechanisms5

a' !hen you cut yourself there are numerous chemical reactions that occur in the $lood to create a clot.These reactions continue &in a positive "ay' until clotting is sufficient enough to stop $leeding.

$' 6ormal $ody temperature is around 78.29F. From time to time $acteria enter the $ody. !hen thisoccurs our $ody temperature can rise to +999F or higher. :any $acteria cannot survive temperaturesin excess of 78.29F. At +999F some $acteria "ill die. The temperature may continue to rise. At+9-9F more $acteria "ill die. The temperature "ill stay high until all the $acteria die. !hen the o$is done the temperature "ill go $ac* to 78.29F. As a child your mother may have used variousmethods such as cold compresses to try to $rea* a fever $efore it reached +999F. ;erhapsun$e*no"nst to her she may actually have $een hindering the $ody from trying to maintainhomeostasis.

Objective 5

:any students are going to dead? language. This means that $ecause itis not generally used in day4to4day conversation its not su$ect to change. In other "ords its terms are notli*ely to evolve into slang "hich "ould ma*e them unrecogni%a$le and difficult to understand to all $ut thesmall group of people that developed it.

+. Some examples that illustrate the need for proper terminology are5

a' >I have to go and sit on the porcelain pony for a"hile.? Are you actually going to sit on a pony madeof porcelain or are you going to sit on the toilet@

$' >Thats a $ad supper you made.? Are you impressed "ith the supper or is the supper not to yourli*ing@

c' >This is one cool place you have here.? ,oes this mean its a $it chilly in here or does it mean youli*e the place@

d' Some slang terms for a police officer are5 cop fu%% $ear and heat. If someone is >pac*ing heat? arethey carrying a police officer or are they carrying a pistol@

e' Someone might refer to a smart4alec *id as >


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-. ;oint out that the use of =atin is descriptive.

a' In anatomy it is $etter to use the term >uterine tu$e? than it is to use the term >Fallopian tu$e?. Theuterine tu$e is a tu$e that is connected to the uterus. The Fallopian tu$e is the same thing $ut the"ord >Fallopian? is from Horacio Fallopio an early anatomist "ho identified the tu$e. >Fallopian? isnot a descriptive term.

$' !hen youre traveling and you pass through a to"n that is ne" to you loo* at the name on some ofthe storefronts. ou might see a sign that says >Bo$s ;lace?. Is it a $ar a hard"are store a grocerystore or a hair salon@ The name of the store is not descriptive.

/. Stress that every trade has its o"n >lingo?.

a' A car mechanic can spea* to another car mechanic $ecause >car? terminology is common to $oth.

$' #ne computer expert can converse "ith another computer expert $ecause they each understand theterminology.

c' A doctor can discuss medical diagnosis "ith a nurse $ecause the nurse is familiar "ith the properterminology.

0. Since your students pro$a$ly "ill have come from a variety of states and perhaps from different countriesta*e a little time to as* for slang terms "ith "hich theyre familiar. It "ont ta*e long $efore studentsreali%e that some of the "ords really are confusing.

Ansers to End!o"!Chapter Revie #uestions

$atching

+. 2. ( ++. :-. A 3. = +-. I/. C 8. 6 +/. D 0. B 7. F +0. E

1. H +9. ,

$u%tip%e Choice

+1. A +8. , -+. A+2. , +7. B --. ,+3. B -9. (

True!&a%se

-/. T -1. F -3. T-0. T -2. F


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Short Essa'

-8. molecular cellular tissue level organ level organ system organism &the individual'

-7. In negative feed$ac* a variation outside of normal ranges triggers an automatic response that correctsthe

situation. In positive feed$ac* the initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the stimulus.

/9. The $ody is erect and the hands are at the sides "ith the palms facing for"ard.

/+. The mos


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Topic Out%ine

The outline $elo" is intended to help you optimi%e your class preparation time. By featuring the texts$oldfaced and italici%ed terms this outline "ill provide a context for these terms that can $e easily scanned"hether it $e for purposes of developing and organi%ing your lectures or simply for pinpointing a terms"herea$outs in the text. By associating the texts figures "ith the outlines topics you have the potential toenrich your lectures immeasura$ly. The teaching strategies from "hich your students "ill $enefit the most can

also $e enriched through the use of transparencies the implementation of "hich this outline simplifies $yassociating each transparency "ith the topic to "hich it relates.

TOPICO(T)I*E RE)ATE+RESO(RCES

#BE(TIE Chapter 1An Introduction to the Structure and &unction o"the Hu,an -od'

TEGTFIC)E TA6S;AE6(

+ I. The Sciences of Anatomy and ;hysiology

anato,'. ph'sio%og'

II. =evels of #rgani%ation in the Body +4+ fig. +4+

molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ

system, organism

/ III. Homeostasis stimulus, response, negative feedback

0 I. 6egative Feed$ac* +4- fig. +4-

thermoregulation, thermoregulatory center,

dilation

0 . ;ositive Feed$ac*

positive feedback loop

1 2 3 I. =earning Anatomy

1 A. Anatomical ;osition and ,irectional Terms +4/ fig. +4/ ta$le +4/

anato,ica% position

anterior and ventral, posterior and

dorsal

1 B. egions of the Human Body +40 1 figs. +40 1 ta$le+40

abdo,inope%vic /uadrants.

abdo,inope%vic regions

brachial, cranium, abdominopelvic

region

1 (. Body Sections +42 fig. +42 ta$le +4/

sectiona% p%anes. transverse p%ane.

superior and in"erior sections.hori0onta% section. "ronta% or corona%p%ane. anterior and posterior sections.sagitta% p%ane

section, transverse or cross section,

midsaggital section, longitudinalsections

2 II. Body (avities and Body =inings +48 fig. +48

dorsa% bod' cavit'. ventra% bod' cavit'.

craniu,. vertebrae. diaphrag,. thoraciccavit'. abdo,inope%vic cavit'. abdo,ina%cavit'. pe%vic cavit'. pericardia% cavit'.p%eura% cavit'


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body cavities, cranial cavity, spinal cavity,

serous membranes &parietaland visceralportions'pericardium, pleura, mediastinum

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An Introduction to the Structure and Function of the Human Body