An individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving

Personality

Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality, which emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior, sexual and aggressive instinctual drives, and the enduring effects of early childhood experiences on later personality development

Psychoanalysis

A psychoanalytic technique in which the patient spontaneously repots all thoughts,feelings, and mental images as they come to mind

Free association

In Freud’s theory, a term used to describe thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that are operating below the level of conscious awareness

Unconscious

In Freud’s theory, the completely unconscious, irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction or instinctual urges and drives; ruled by the pleasure principle

Id

In Freud’s theory, the motive to obtain pleasure and avoid tension or discomfort; the most fundamental human motive and the guiding principle of the id

Pleasure Principle

In Freud’s theory, the part of personality that mediates the demands of the id without going against the restraints of the superego

• Follows the reality principle

Ego

In Freud’s theory, one’s conscience; focuses on what the person “should” do.

Superego

Unconscious mental processes employed by the ego to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

defense mechanisms

• Puts anxiety-producing thoughts, feelings, and memories into the unconscious mind

Repression

Shifts an unacceptable impulse toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

Displacement

Defense mechanism that involves redirecting sexual urges toward productive, socially acceptable, nonsexual activities

Sublimation

Allows an anxious person to retreat to a more comfortable, infantile stage of life

• Regression

• Replacing an unacceptable wish with its opposite

• Reaction Formation

• Reducing anxiety by attributing unacceptable impulses or problems about yourself to someone else

• Projection

• Displaces real, anxiety-provoking explanations with more comforting justifications for one’s actions

• Rationalization

In Freud’s theory, age related developmental periods in which the child’s sexual urges are expressed through different areas of the body and those activities associated with those areas

Psychosexual stages

In Freud’s theory, a child’s unconscious desire for the opposite-sex parent, usually by hostile feelings toward the same-sex parent

Oedipus complex

• Stage where pleasure comes from chewing, biting, and sucking.

• Oral

• Gratification comes from bowel and bladders functions.

• Anal

Psychosexual Stage that…

• Focus of pleasure shifts to the genitals

• Sexual attraction for opposite sex parent

• Child identifies with and tries to mimic the same sex parent to learn gender identity.

• Phallic Stage

Psychosexual Stage where…

• Sexuality is repressed due to intense anxiety caused by Oedipus complex

• Children participate in hobbies, school, and same-sex friendships that strengthen their sexual identity

• Latency Stage

In this Psychosexual Stage…

• Incestuous sexual feelings re-emerge but being prohibited by the superego are redirected toward others who resemble the person’s opposite sex parent.

• Maturation of sexual interests

• Genital Stage

In Jung’s theory, the hypothesized part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from previous generations and that contains universally shared ancestral experiences and ideas.

collective unconscious

• In Jung’s theory, the inherited mental images of universal human instincts, themes, and preoccupations that are the main components of the collective unconscious

• Examples: powerful father, nurturing mother, witch, wise old man, innocent child, death & rebirth, etc…

Archetype

The theoretical viewpoint on personality that generally emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self-concept, and healthy personality development

Humanistic Psychology

In Roger’s theory these are the set of perceptions and beliefs that you hold about yourself

Self-concept

in Roger’s theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved only if you will behave in a way that is acceptable to others

Conditional positive regard

In Roger’s theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved even if you don’t conform to the standards and expectations of others

Unconditional Positive Regard

Bandura’s theory of personality, which emphasizes the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self- efficacy beliefs, and reciprocal determinations

Social Learning theory

A relatively stable, enduring predisposition to consistently behave in a certain way

trait

A theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences

Trait Theory

Personality characteristics or attributes that can easily be inferred from observation behavior

surface traits

The most fundamental dimension of personality; the broad, basic traits that are hypothesized to be universal and relatively few in number

Source traits

A trait theory of personality that identifies five basic source traits as fundamental building blocks of personality

• Extra-version, • Neuroticism • Agreeableness• Conscientiousness• Openness to experience

Five-Factor Model of Personality

• A type of personality test that involves a person’s interpreting an ambiguous image; used to assess unconscious motives, conflicts, psychological defenses, and personality trait

• Inkblot tests are examples of these.

Projective test

Austrian physician who broke up with Sigmund Freud and developed his own psychoanalytical theory of personality, which emphasized social factors and the motivation toward self-improvement and self-realization; key ideas include inferiority complex and superiority complex

Alfred Adler

Contemporary American psychologist who is best known for his research on observational learning and his social learning theory of personality

Albert Bandura

British-born American psychologist who developed a trait theory that identifies 16 essential source traits or personality factors; also developed the widely used self-report personality test, the sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire

Raymond Cattell

• German-born British psychologist who developed a trait theory of personality as neuroticism, extraversion, and psychoticism

• Said there were 3 different source traits

Hans Eysenek

Austrian neurologist who founded psychoanalysis, which is both a comprehensive theory of personality and a form of psychotherapy; emphasized the role of unconscious determinants of behavior and early childhood experiences in the developmental of personality and psychological problems; key ideas include id, ego, and superego; the psychosexual stages of development; and the ego defense mechanism

Sigmund Freud

German-born American psychoanalysist who emphasized the rule of social relationships and culture in personality; sharply disagreed with Freud’s theory characterization of female psychological development, especially his notion that women suffer penis envy; key ideas include basic anxiety

Karen Horney

Swiss psychiatrist who broke with Sigmund Freud to develop his own psychoanalytical theory of personality, which stressed striving toward psychological harmony; key ideas include the collective unconscious and archetype

Carl G. Jung

American psychologist who was on of the founders of humanistic psychology and emphasized the study of healthy personality development; developed a theory of motivation based on the idea that people will strive for self-actualization, the highest motive, only after more basic needs have been met

Abraham Maslow

Developed theory of personality and form of psychotherapy that emphasized the inherent

worth of people, the innate tendency to strive for one’s potential, and the importance of the self-concept on personality development

Carl Rogers

• Studied the English dictionary and found more than 4,000 words describing specific personality traits.

• Assumed traits are inherited and fixed in the nervous system.

• Gordon Allport

• Theorist who said your body type determines your personality

• William Sheldon

• Two Learning Theorists who said:

• External factors shape our behaviors and personality.

• Our personality is molded by reinforcements given to us.

• John B. Watson

• B.F. Skinner

• Cultures where people define themselves according to their personal identity & give priority to personal goals.

• Individualism

• Cultures where people define themselves according to the group they belong to. Their goals are the goals of the group.

• Collectivism

• Process of adapting to a new or different culture.

• Acculturation