Personality Psychoanalysis. What is personality…? ► An individual’s pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Or…(Attitudes, behaviors, emotions)

PersonalityPersonality

PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis

What is personality…?What is personality…?

►An individual’s pattern of thinking, An individual’s pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Or…(Attitudes, feeling, and acting. Or…(Attitudes, behaviors, emotions)behaviors, emotions)

Freud’s PsychoanalysisFreud’s Psychoanalysis►Overview questions…”According to Overview questions…”According to

Freud…”Freud…”

► When is one’s personality established?When is one’s personality established?► What is the ultimate influence in shaping What is the ultimate influence in shaping

personality?personality?► What is the essential conflict that resides within What is the essential conflict that resides within

each individual?each individual?► Stage theory: Continuous or discontinuous? Stage theory: Continuous or discontinuous?

Free will or deterministic?Free will or deterministic?► What is psychoanalysis?What is psychoanalysis?

Freud’s States of ConsciousFreud’s States of Conscious

Conscious

Preconscious

Unconscious

A Closer LookA Closer Look

Exploring the UnconsciousExploring the Unconscious►FreudFreud

HypnosisHypnosisDream AnalysisDream AnalysisFree AssociationFree Association

Strategies to discover the issues of the Strategies to discover the issues of the unconsciousunconscious

Freud's Personality StructureFreud's Personality Structure

►EgoEgo

►SuperegoSuperego

►IdId

IdId

Instincts / natural impulsesInstincts / natural impulsesTwo typesTwo types

Eros: life instincts, driven by libidoEros: life instincts, driven by libido Thanatos: Death instincts, driven by Thanatos: Death instincts, driven by

aggressionaggression

Pleasure principle-Pleasure principle- immediate immediate gratificationgratification

Unconscious mindUnconscious mind

EgoEgo

►Reality principleReality principle►Seeks emotional balanceSeeks emotional balance►Executive Mediator between Id and Executive Mediator between Id and

Superego Superego ►Part of conscious and unconscious mindPart of conscious and unconscious mind►Constructs defense mechanisms to Constructs defense mechanisms to

protect the conscious mind (from the protect the conscious mind (from the threatening issues of the unconscious)threatening issues of the unconscious)

SuperegoSuperego

►Age 5: sense of right and wrong Age 5: sense of right and wrong (conscience)(conscience)

► Internalized ideals, morals, judgmentInternalized ideals, morals, judgment►Part of conscious and unconscious Part of conscious and unconscious

mindmind

Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development

• Freud believed that your personality developed in your childhood.

• Believed that children pass through a series of psychosexual stages.

• Conflicts during these stages effect your personality development

• The id focuses it’s libido (sexual energy) on different erogenous zones in different stages

Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual DevelopmentDevelopment

Phallic StagePhallic Stage

►Oedipus ComplexOedipus Complex: Boys sexually : Boys sexually desire their mothers, father as rival desire their mothers, father as rival

►Electra CrisisElectra Crisis: Girls sexually desire : Girls sexually desire their fathers, mother as rivaltheir fathers, mother as rival

►Penis envy / castration anxietyPenis envy / castration anxiety►IdentificationIdentification: (defense mechanism) : (defense mechanism)

Boys emulate and attach themselves to Boys emulate and attach themselves to their father (who threaten them- their father (who threaten them- castration anxiety as rivals for their castration anxiety as rivals for their mother) mother)

FixationFixation

►Libido gets stuck in any one of Libido gets stuck in any one of psychosexual stages due to unresolved psychosexual stages due to unresolved conflicts conflicts

►Often over-gratification or under-Often over-gratification or under-gratificationgratificationExamples:Examples:

Oral fixationsOral fixationsAnal fixations (retentive and expulsive)Anal fixations (retentive and expulsive)Genital fixationGenital fixation

Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms

►Ego’s effort to protect the conscious Ego’s effort to protect the conscious mind from the threatening thoughts of mind from the threatening thoughts of the unconsciousthe unconscious

► IOW: Reduce anxiety by distorting IOW: Reduce anxiety by distorting realityreality

►No conscious awareness…No conscious awareness…

Freud’s Defense MechanismsFreud’s Defense Mechanisms►Repression: Repression:

Major defense mechanismMajor defense mechanismPush out of conscious awarenessPush out of conscious awareness““Why we don’t remember incestuous Why we don’t remember incestuous

feelings of phallic stage.”feelings of phallic stage.”

Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms►RegressionRegression

Returning to an earlier, safer stage Returning to an earlier, safer stage when facing anxietywhen facing anxiety


►Reaction FormationReaction FormationEgo switches unacceptable impulses into Ego switches unacceptable impulses into

their oppositestheir oppositesBeing mean to someone you have a crush Being mean to someone you have a crush

on…on…The bully who’s not tough after all…The bully who’s not tough after all…


►ProjectionProjectionDisguise your own threatening impulses Disguise your own threatening impulses

by attributing them to othersby attributing them to othersThinking that your wife wants to cheat on you Thinking that your wife wants to cheat on you

when really its you that wants to cheat on her.when really its you that wants to cheat on her.After your girlfriend dumps you for someone After your girlfriend dumps you for someone

else, you insist she still cares for you.else, you insist she still cares for you.


►Rationalization:Rationalization:self-adjusting explanations in place of self-adjusting explanations in place of

real, more threatening reasons for your real, more threatening reasons for your actions or events. (Making excuses)actions or events. (Making excuses)““I didn’t want to go to the prom with her.”I didn’t want to go to the prom with her.”““I couldn’t go anyway, I have to babysit my kid I couldn’t go anyway, I have to babysit my kid

brother.”brother.”


►DisplacementDisplacementShifting an unacceptable impulse into a Shifting an unacceptable impulse into a

safer outletsafer outletParents taking it out on you after a hard day at Parents taking it out on you after a hard day at

work with their bosswork with their bossConfronting a teacher vs. rolling her yardConfronting a teacher vs. rolling her yard


►SublimationSublimationChanneling unacceptable impulses into Channeling unacceptable impulses into

more acceptable or socially approved more acceptable or socially approved activitiesactivitiesAn aggressive kid joins the football teamAn aggressive kid joins the football team

True or False?True or False?1.1. According to Freudian theory, humans are According to Freudian theory, humans are

driven by life instincts and by death instincts.driven by life instincts and by death instincts.

2.2. Dreams and Freudian slips are two ways to Dreams and Freudian slips are two ways to study unconscious wishes or impulses.study unconscious wishes or impulses.

3.3. Individuals pass through a series of Individuals pass through a series of psychosexual stages during which id impulses psychosexual stages during which id impulses of a sexual nature find a socially acceptable of a sexual nature find a socially acceptable outlet.outlet.

4.4. Unresolved conflicts between id impulses and Unresolved conflicts between id impulses and social restrictions during childhood continue to social restrictions during childhood continue to influence one’s personality in adulthood.influence one’s personality in adulthood.

““Christmas Vacation”Christmas Vacation”► Analyze the scene from a Freudian perspective.Analyze the scene from a Freudian perspective.

►Modern analysisModern analysis Natural byproduct of how our minds process Natural byproduct of how our minds process

information and direct actioninformation and direct action Capture errorCapture error: pass too near a well formed habit and : pass too near a well formed habit and

it will capture your behavior. Examples?it will capture your behavior. Examples? Most actions carried out automatically by subconscious Most actions carried out automatically by subconscious

(conscious selection, unconscious action) Why…?(conscious selection, unconscious action) Why…? When attention lags, habitual response takes overWhen attention lags, habitual response takes over **Cognitive connections and linguistic pathways **Cognitive connections and linguistic pathways

(existence of sexuality in situation activates memory)(existence of sexuality in situation activates memory)

Criticisms of FreudCriticisms of Freud

►Little empirical evidence supports itLittle empirical evidence supports it►No predictive value (only explains past No predictive value (only explains past

behavior and source of problem)behavior and source of problem)►Gender discriminatory (Freud’s Gender discriminatory (Freud’s

assumption that men were superior to assumption that men were superior to women)women) Example: penis envyExample: penis envy

Freud’s LegacyFreud’s Legacy

►Profound impact on psychologyProfound impact on psychology Children are sexual creaturesChildren are sexual creatures Behavior shaped by unconscious thoughtsBehavior shaped by unconscious thoughts Early experiences are significant in shaping personalityEarly experiences are significant in shaping personality Cultural impact (references in popular culture)Cultural impact (references in popular culture)

► Id /egoId /ego►UnconsciousUnconscious►Anal retentiveAnal retentive►Freudian slips…Freudian slips…

►Freud today: 80% of pure Freudian therapists live Freud today: 80% of pure Freudian therapists live within 20 miles of each other in N.Y. citywithin 20 miles of each other in N.Y. city

Psychodynamic TheoriesPsychodynamic TheoriesAlfred AdlerAlfred Adler Karen HorneyKaren Horney Carl Carl

JungJung

Neo-FreudiansNeo-Freudians

Alfred AdlerAlfred AdlerSocialSocial, (not sexual), (not sexual) issues as issues as

primary influence of childhood primary influence of childhood developmentdevelopment

“ “Ego Psychologist”- focused on Ego Psychologist”- focused on conscious role of the ego as primary conscious role of the ego as primary force of behavior (Not the unconscious)force of behavior (Not the unconscious)

Inferiority complexInferiority complex: motivation by fear : motivation by fear of failureof failure

Superiority complexSuperiority complex= desire to achieve= desire to achieve Birth order theoryBirth order theory in shaping personality in shaping personality

Carl JungCarl Jung

►Stressed the unconsciousStressed the unconscious►Two partsTwo parts

Personal unconsciousPersonal unconscious (Freudian view) = (Freudian view) = complexcomplex

Collective unconsciousCollective unconscious: passed down : passed down through species- similarities between all through species- similarities between all cultures cultures ►ArchetypesArchetypes = universal concepts = universal concepts

fear of the darkfear of the dark Shadow as darker side of personalityShadow as darker side of personality Universal importance of circle in culturesUniversal importance of circle in cultures

Karen HorneyKaren Horney

►Social forces in shaping childhood Social forces in shaping childhood personalitypersonality

►Took issue with Freud’s male dominant Took issue with Freud’s male dominant view of “weak superegos and penis view of “weak superegos and penis envy”envy”

►11stst woman to provide major academic woman to provide major academic challenge to Freud’s analysis of female challenge to Freud’s analysis of female personality developmentpersonality development

Rorschach Inkblot TestRorschach Inkblot Testhttp://theinkblot.com/step_1.htmhttp://theinkblot.com/step_1.htm

►What do you see in this What do you see in this visual…?visual…?

Projective TestsProjective Tests

►window to the unconsciouswindow to the unconscious►Ambiguous stimulus / interpretations of Ambiguous stimulus / interpretations of

it…it…

Thematic ApperceptionThematic Apperception Test Test: ambiguous : ambiguous pictures / create stories… (free pictures / create stories… (free association…)association…)

Rorschach inkblotRorschach inkblot test: test: 10 inkblot images 10 inkblot images used to reflect inner feelings (unconscious)used to reflect inner feelings (unconscious)

Humanistic PsychologyHumanistic Psychology►Humanistic psychology: Core IdeasHumanistic psychology: Core Ideas

Man is innately goodMan is innately good and has innate and has innate need to fulfill potentialneed to fulfill potential

Focus onFocus on life of fulfillmentlife of fulfillment Anyone has potential for Anyone has potential for

actualization at any timeactualization at any time Focus on free willFocus on free will = (genes, = (genes,

environment are not destiny…)environment are not destiny…) Focus on self-concept / self esteemFocus on self-concept / self esteem

Self-ConceptSelf-Concept►Global feelings about oneselfGlobal feelings about oneself►Develops through social interactionDevelops through social interaction (parents (parents

etc.)etc.)► Positive self-concept = high self esteemPositive self-concept = high self esteem► Central to humanistic psychologyCentral to humanistic psychology

Maslow and RogersMaslow and Rogers

►People are motivated to reach full People are motivated to reach full potentialpotential

Abraham MaslowAbraham Maslow Carl Carl RogersRogers

Maslow’s Hierarchy: A review…Maslow’s Hierarchy: A review…►Self-actualizationSelf-actualization

Completely knowing, accepting oneselfCompletely knowing, accepting oneself Open, spontaneous, loving, caring, Open, spontaneous, loving, caring,

problem centered…problem centered… Congruence between who we really are, Congruence between who we really are,

who we think we are, and who we want to who we think we are, and who we want to be…be… Thomas Jefferson

Abraham Lincoln Albert EinsteinJane Addams

Willliam James Albert Schweitzer

Aldous Huxley Eleanor Roosevelt

Maslow’s List: 2% are Self-Maslow’s List: 2% are Self-Actualized Why so few…?Actualized Why so few…?

►Top of hierarchy, weakest of needs, Top of hierarchy, weakest of needs, most easily impededmost easily impeded

► Jonah ComplexJonah Complex: fear and doubt (most : fear and doubt (most lack courage to sacrifice lower needs for lack courage to sacrifice lower needs for personal growth)personal growth)

►Environmental influence (ex.- Environmental influence (ex.- “manliness”)“manliness”)

►Childhood experiences (“freedom within Childhood experiences (“freedom within limits” fosters growth)limits” fosters growth)

Carl RogersCarl Rogers►Positive Self-Theory depends on:Positive Self-Theory depends on:

Environment: genuineness, acceptance, Environment: genuineness, acceptance, empathyempathy

►Unconditional Positive RegardUnconditional Positive Regard (total (total acceptance from parents critical for acceptance from parents critical for self-theory, self-actualization)self-theory, self-actualization)

►Must feel accepted for self-Must feel accepted for self-actualizationactualization

The Trait PerspectiveThe Trait Perspective

Belief that personality is defined by specific Belief that personality is defined by specific characteristics, or traits… (Genetic characteristics, or traits… (Genetic emphasis)emphasis)

Trait: Trait: a characteristic of personality a characteristic of personality (combination of traits = personality)(combination of traits = personality)

Viewed as stable and motivates Viewed as stable and motivates behavior in keeping with the trait behavior in keeping with the trait (lazy, friendly, etc.)(lazy, friendly, etc.)

Nature!Nature! “You are who you are!” “You are who you are!” Gordon Allport (1919) pioneer: Gordon Allport (1919) pioneer:

defined personality in terms of specific defined personality in terms of specific traits / identifiable behavior patternstraits / identifiable behavior patterns

Types of Trait TheoriesTypes of Trait Theories►NomotheticNomothetic

Basic set of universal traits can be used to Basic set of universal traits can be used to describe anyone’s personalitydescribe anyone’s personality

► Idiographic: Idiographic: Rejects nomothetic approach- each person Rejects nomothetic approach- each person

must be seen for unique traitsmust be seen for unique traits

►Gordon AllportGordon Allport: 3 Types of Personal : 3 Types of Personal TraitsTraits Cardinal dispositions Cardinal dispositions (profound- dominates (profound- dominates

personality)personality) Central, SecondaryCentral, Secondary

Personality InventoryPersonality Inventory A A self-report questionnaireself-report questionnaire (true-false or (true-false or

agree-disagree items) agree-disagree items) designed to gauge a wide range of feelings designed to gauge a wide range of feelings

and behaviorsand behaviors used to assess personality by identifyingused to assess personality by identifying

specific traitsspecific traits Objectively graded / assessedObjectively graded / assessed Used by most all personality theoristsUsed by most all personality theorists

Factor analysisFactor analysis: statistical procedure used : statistical procedure used to identify clusters of questions (Example: strong to identify clusters of questions (Example: strong correlations between social, friendly, talkative = correlations between social, friendly, talkative = Extraversion as basic personality traitExtraversion as basic personality trait

Myers-Briggs Personality Myers-Briggs Personality InventoryInventory

►Myers-BriggsMyers-Briggs Most popular inventory in corporate sectorMost popular inventory in corporate sector 89 of 100 largest corporations : 2.5 89 of 100 largest corporations : 2.5

million/year million/year Colleges: Career placement officeColleges: Career placement office

Eyesenck Personality Eyesenck Personality QuestionnaireQuestionnaire

►Hans Eyesenck: two primary personality Hans Eyesenck: two primary personality factors as axes for describing personality factors as axes for describing personality variationvariation UNSTABLE

STABLE

cholericmelancholic

phlegmatic sanguineINTROVERTED EXTRAVERTED

MoodyAnxious

RigidSober

PessimisticReserved

Unsociable

Quiet

SociableOutgoing

TalkativeResponsiveEasygoing

LivelyCarefree

Leadership

PassiveCareful

Thoughtful

Peaceful

ControlledReliable

Even-temperedCalm

TouchyRestlessAggressive

ExcitableChangeable

ImpulsiveOptimistic

Active

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Minnesota Multiphasic Personality InventoryInventory

►MMPIMMPI: : Used to assess abnormal Used to assess abnormal personality / emotional disorderspersonality / emotional disorders

Hysteria(uses symptoms to solve problems)

Masculinity/femininity(interests like those of other sex)

T-score

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

100 30 40 50 60 70 80

Hypochondriasis(concern with body symptoms)

Depression(pessimism, hopelessness)

Psychopathic deviancy(disregard for social standards)

Paranoia(delusions, suspiciousness)

Psychasthenia(anxious, guilt feelings)

Schizophrenia(withdrawn, bizarre thoughts)

Hypomania(overactive, excited, impulsive)

Social introversion(shy, inhibited)

Clinicallysignificant

range

After treatment(no scores

in the clinicallysignificant range)

Beforetreatment(anxious,

depressed,and

displayingdeviant

behaviors)

Empirically Derived TestsEmpirically Derived Tests

►Testing a pool of questions and then Testing a pool of questions and then selecting those that discriminate selecting those that discriminate between groupsbetween groups MMPIMMPI

The Big FiveThe Big Five (Personality (Personality traits)traits)

Points to consider…Points to consider…

►Traits / personality do reveal a pattern Traits / personality do reveal a pattern of behavior (& thoughts and feelings)of behavior (& thoughts and feelings)

►……but fail to predict behavior in all but fail to predict behavior in all situations (environment often situations (environment often temporarily affects our traits)temporarily affects our traits)

►Research shows that traits are easy to Research shows that traits are easy to recognize…recognize…

Credibility of Personality Credibility of Personality TestsTests

►What two major factors are used to What two major factors are used to determine a test’s credibility?determine a test’s credibility? Validity, ReliabilityValidity, Reliability

Beware of the…….Beware of the…….►Barnum EffectBarnum Effect: A person’s tendency to : A person’s tendency to

see himself in vague, broad see himself in vague, broad personality types. (P.T. Barnum: “A personality types. (P.T. Barnum: “A sucker born every minute.”sucker born every minute.”

Traits Stabilize with AgeTraits Stabilize with Age

The Myers-BriggsThe Myers-Briggs► Use the website below to take an abridged Use the website below to take an abridged

version of the Myers-Briggs Personality version of the Myers-Briggs Personality InventoryInventory

http://www.humanmetrics.com/cgi-winhttp://www.humanmetrics.com/cgi-win/JTypes2.asp/JTypes2.asp

► Use the following website to analyze your Use the following website to analyze your results:results:

► http://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-pehttp://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/rsonality-type/mbti-basics/

► Questions:Questions:1.1. Identify your Myers-Briggs personality type. Identify your Myers-Briggs personality type. 2.2. Explain specifically what your type is. (Explain each Explain specifically what your type is. (Explain each

of four traits.)of four traits.)3.3. To what extent do you agree or disagree with your To what extent do you agree or disagree with your

results?results?4.4. Identify one potential strength and weakness of this Identify one potential strength and weakness of this

test. test.

Social-Cognitive TheoriesSocial-Cognitive Theories

►Belief that personality development is Belief that personality development is largely determined by interaction largely determined by interaction betweenbetween one’s one’s environment and environment and patterns of thoughtpatterns of thought

Albert BanduraAlbert Bandura►Albert BanduraAlbert Bandura: personality shaped by : personality shaped by

interaction of interaction of traits, environment and traits, environment and behaviorbehavior

►Reciprocal DeterminismReciprocal Determinism: Constant : Constant cause and effect between three cause and effect between three factorsfactors

►Self-efficacySelf-efficacy: high=optimism / low= : high=optimism / low= helplessness helplessness

Julian Rotter: Julian Rotter: Locus of ControlLocus of Control

► Internal Locus of ControlInternal Locus of ControlYou control your destiny (Individual takes You control your destiny (Individual takes

chargecharge

►External Locus of ControlExternal Locus of Control luck, environment determine destinyluck, environment determine destiny

►Type of locus impacts how we think and Type of locus impacts how we think and act, thus affecting our personalityact, thus affecting our personality

► Internal correlated with positive Internal correlated with positive outcomesoutcomes

George KelleyGeorge Kelley

►Personal Construct TheoryPersonal Construct Theory Personality is shaped by Personality is shaped by cognitioncognitionIndividuals create own Individuals create own personal personal

constructsconstructs to understand, interpret their to understand, interpret their world.world.

Constructs begin as pairs of opposites, Constructs begin as pairs of opposites, used to interpret world used to interpret world ( fair, unfair / smart, dumb)( fair, unfair / smart, dumb)

Thus perception of the world largely Thus perception of the world largely shaped our attitude, behavior (and shaped our attitude, behavior (and personality)personality)

Past behavior, shaped by cognition, can be Past behavior, shaped by cognition, can be used to predict future behaviorused to predict future behavior

In conclusion…In conclusion…

►We have looked at what Freudian, We have looked at what Freudian, humanistic, trait and social-cognitive humanistic, trait and social-cognitive theorists have to say about theorists have to say about personality….personality….

►What would a radical behaviorist What would a radical behaviorist say???say???

Documents

Personality Psychoanalysis. What is personality…? ► An individual’s pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Or…(Attitudes, behaviors, emotions)