An Example of Systematic Analysis of Ginseng Drugs · An Example of Systematic Analysis of Ginseng Drugs. Classification of Asian Panax by four taxonomists The taxonomic controversy

Standardization of Natural Medicine through

Integrated Approaches

Shu Zhu, Katsuko Komatsu

Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama

An Example of Systematic Analysis of Ginseng Drugs

Classification of Asian Panax by four taxonomists

The taxonomic controversy of original plants made it more

difficult to identify their derived crude drugs.

Hara (1970)

(J. Jap. Bot)

Hoo & Tseng(1973)

(Acta Phytotax. Sinica)

Zhou, Wu et al.(1975)

(Acta Phytotax. Sinica)

Hoo & Tseng(1975)

(Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae)

Panax ginseng

P. pseudo-ginseng

subsp. pseudoginseng

subsp. himalaicus

var. angustifolius

var. bipinnatifidus

subsp. japonicus

var. angustatus

Panax ginseng

P. pseudo-ginseng

var. pseudo-ginseng

var. elegantior

var. angustifolius

var. bipinnatifidus

var. japonicus

var. wangianus

var. notoginseng

Panax ginseng

P. pseudo-ginseng

P. japonicus

var. japonicus

var. major

var. angustifolius

var. bipinnatifidus

P. notoginseng

P. zingiberensis

P. stipuleanatus

Panax ginseng

P. pseudo-ginseng

var. pseudo-ginseng

var. elegantior

var. angustifolius

var. bipinnatifidus

var. japonicus

var. notoginseng

P. zingiberensis

our systematical evaluation of Ginseng drugs aims to

achieve molecular and chemical data that could span the

obscurity of morphology, providing unambiguous index

and leads to integrative understanding of Ginseng drugs.

Phylogenetic analysis based on trnK gene and 18S

ribosomal RNA gene sequences

Development of a DNA microarray for authentication of

ginseng drugs and Panax species

Quality evaluation of Ginseng drugs

Investigation of anti-dementia activity of ginseng drugs,

further to find out the active ingredients

Purpose

Four approaches are included:

3’trnK

LSC : Large Single Copy Region

SSC : Small Single Copy Region

IR : Inverted Repeat Region

SSC

LSC

IRB IR

A

5’trnK mat K

trnK

3’trnK

LSC : Large Single Copy Region

SSC : Small Single Copy Region

IR : Inverted Repeat Region

SSC

LSC

IRB IR

A

5’trnK mat K

trnK

Chloroplast trnK gene:

Transfer RNA gene for Lysine (trnK) and

matK gene is open reading frame within its intron

Nuclear 18S rRNA gene:

Coding for small subunit of

ribosomal RNA

Phylogenetic relationship in genus Panax:

inferred from chloroplast trnK gene and nuclear 18S

ribosomal RNA gene sequences

Part I

Panax ginseng (8)

P. japonicus (Japan) (5)

P. quinquefolius (3)

P. notoginseng (8)

P. zingiberensis (7)

P. vietnamensis (4)

PVF * (8)

P. japonicus (China) (3)

PJC* (Hubei, China) (3)

PJ var. major * (Yunnan) (6)

PJ var. angustifolius * (2)

PJ var. bipinnatifolius * (7)

PPH1* (India) (1)

PPH2* (Chame, Nepal) (1)

PPH3* (Langtang, Nepal) (1)

PPH4* (Gokyo, Nepal) (1)

P. pseudoginseng (1)

P. stipuleanatus (5)

Northern Clade

Primitive Clade

Southern Clade

*PJ: P. japonicus ; PVF: P. vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus

PPH: P. pseudoginseng subsp. himalaicus

Leaves Underground parts

Extraction of total DNA

PCR amplification oftrnK gene and 18S rRNA gene

DNA sequences determination and comparison

Powder

Phylogenetic Analysis(The maximum parsimony method

and Neighbor-joining method)

Total

73 samples

Materials and methods

Intron

Comparison of matK gene sequences among 13 Panax taxa

matK gene (1512 bp)

Panax ginseng (PG)

P. japonicus (Japan, PJJ)

P. quinquefolius (PQ)

P. notoginseng (PN)

P. vietnamensis (PV)

Panax sp. (PVF)

P. zingiberensis (PZ)

P. japonicus (Hubei, PJC)

PJA*

PJM* (Hubei, China)

PJM* (Yunnan, China)

PJB*

PPH1* (India)

PPH2* (Cham, Nepal)

PPH3* (Langtang, Nepal)

PPH4* (Gokyo, Nepal)

P. pseudoginseng (PP)

P. stipuleanatus (PS)

* PJA: P. japonicus var. angustifolius; PJM: P. japonicus var. major; PJB: P. japonicus var. bipinnatifidus;PPH: P. pseudoginseng subsp. himalaicus .

** More substitution sites of P. pseudoginseng and P. stipuleanatus could not be presented here for spatial limitation.

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5’-trnK 3’-trnK

ATCCTTTTTTTATA

***********T**

**************

**********-***

***********T**

**************

**************

**************

**************

**************

**************

**************

**************

**************

**************

**************

**-----------*

**-----------*

Comparison of trnK intron sequences among 13 Panax taxa

matK gene

TTTTGAAACG

**********

**********

**********

**********

**********

**********

**********

**********

**********

**********

**********

**********

**********

**********

**********

*--------*

*--------*

220 229

AAAAT

*****

*****

*****

*****

*****

*****

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*****

*****

*****

*****

*****

*****

*****

*****

*---*

*---*

237 241

GAA

***

***

*-*

***

***

***

***

***

***

***

***

***

***

***

***

***

*G*

319 321 Length (bp)

2573

2566

2573

2564

2566

2566

2566

2573

2573

2573

2566

2566

2566

2566

2573

2573

2537

2537

2361 2374

GGATGTAGGATGTAGT

********-------*

****************

********-------*

********-------*

********-------*

********-------*

****A***********

****A***********

****A***********

********-------*

********-------*

********-------*

********-------*

****************

****************

*--------------*

*--------------*

2393 2408

Intron

* PJA: P. japonicus var. angustifolius; PJM: P. japonicus var. major; PJB: P. japonicus var. bipinnatifidus; PPH: P. pseudoginseng subsp. himalaicus . ** More substitution sites could not present here for spatial limited

5’-trnK 3’-trnK

Panax ginseng (PG)



P. notoginseng (PN)


Panax sp. (PVF)


P. japonicus (Hubei, PJC)

PJA*

PJM* (Hubei, China)

PJM* (Yunnan, China)

PJB*

PPH1* (India)

PPH2* (Cham, Nepal)





18S rRNA gene

1809 bp or 1808 bp

CT**************A*

712

TGATT CA*C*** G**C*G* G**C*G* G**C*G* G**C*G* G**C*** G**C*** G**C*** G**C*** G**C*** G**C*** G**C*** G**C*** G**C*** G**C*A* G**C*C* G**C*C* G*

496 502

C*T*****T*********

191

C*T***************

1718

T************* **--

233

A******G**********

683

C*******T*********

C***************T*

725 729

C***************T*

714

*PPH: P. pseudo-ginseng

subsp. himalaicus

Comparison of 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences among 13 Panax taxa

Panax ginseng (PG)


P. notoginseng (PN)



Panax sp. (PVF)


P. japonicus (Hubei, PJC)P. japonicus var. angusfolius (PJA)

P. japonicus var. major (Hubei, PJM)

P. japonicus var. major (Yunnan, PJM)

P. japonicus var. bipinnatifudus (PJB)

PPH1* (India)

PPH2* (Cham, Nepal)





P. quinquefolius

Acanthopanax senticosus

P. notoginseng

Panax ginseng

P. japonicus (Japan)

P. stipuleanatus

P. vietnamensis

P. zingiberensis

Panax sp. (PVF)

P. pseudo-ginseng

P. japonicus var. major (Yunnan)

PPH2* (Chame, Nepal)


PPH1* (India)

P. japonicus (China)

P. japonicus var. major (Hubei)

P. japonicus var. angustifolius


P. japonicus var. bipinnatifidus

NorthernClade

PrimitiveClade

SouthernClade

22

157

493

156

6

2

100

275

10

18

98

1

4

3285

361

2

2

2141

1

1

10

16

3

10010

0

5

1148

4

65

64

100

5782

74

44

84

60

34

34

54

97

31

88

100

Phylogenetic tree based on combined trnK gene & 18S rRNA gene sequences

maximum parsimonious method Neighbor-joining method.The taxa enclosed in broken-line frame are taxonomically debated taxa. * PPH: P. pseudoginseng subsp. himalaicus.

○ Zhu S., Fushimi H., Cai S. Q. and Komatsu K. Planta Medica. 69: 647-653, 2003.

Chromosome

number

2n=24.

(Jinping, Yunnan, China; Alt. 1800m)

A new variety of genus Panax from southern Yunnan, China

Panax vietnamensis Ha & Grushv.

var. fuscidiscus K.Komatsu, S.Zhu & S.Q.Cai

Holotypus

the disk is flat, fuscous or vaccinousstyles are completely separated in 2-styled flowers

○Zhu S., Fushimi H., Cai S. Q., Chen H. B., Komatsu K. The Japanese Journal of Botany. 78: 86-94, 2003.

A

Hybridizing to DNA Microarray

Identification based on

fluorescence pattern

B

Ginseng (Panax ginseng) Kikyou (Platycodon glandiflorum)

DNA Extract

PCR Products,

labeled with fluorescence

Genuine Adulterant

Development of DNA microarray

for authentication of Ginseng drugs

Part II

Method

Extract total DNA from sample

Amplify certain DNA region by

PCR

fluorescent labeling

18S rRNA gene

(Primer: 18S5’F-18SR800)

Cy5 or Cy3

Hybridize to DNA Microarray

(65ºC, 16 hr)

Scanning, image data analysis

Design and Produce DNA microarray on the

basis of species-specific DNA sequence

Determine nucleotide sequence of

certain DNA regions from 13 Panax taxa

18S rRNA gene

40 targets, 46 spots/subarray

Total: 460 spots/plate

MicroArray Analysis System

ScanArray Lite (GSI Lumonics)

18S rRNA gene (1809 bp or 1808 bp)

CT**************A*

712

TGATT CA*C*** G**C*G* G**C*G* G**C*G* G**C*G* G**C*** G**C*** G**C*** G**C*** G**C*** G**C*** G**C*** G**C*** G**C*** G**C*A* G**C*C* G**C*C* G*

496 502

C*T*****T*********

191

C*T***************

1718

T************* **--

233

A******G**********

683

C*******T*********

C***************T*

725 729

C***************T*

714

Panax ginseng

P. japonicus (Japan)

P. notoginseng

P. quinquefolius

P. vietnamensis

P. vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus

P. zingiberensis

P. japonicus (China)

P. japonicus var.angustifolius

P. japonicus var.major (Hubei)

P. japonicus var.major (Yunnan)

P. japonicus var. bipinnatifidus

PPH1* (India)



PPH2* (Chame, Nepal)

P. pseudoginseng

P. stipuleanatus

*PPH: P. pseudo-ginseng

subsp. himalaicus(Probe for hybridazation)

Development of DNA Microarray for Identification of Ginseng Drugs

- 18S rRNA gene -

C

T

T G

C

C

C

T

T

G

A

C C

C

G

G

G

A

G

C

T

A

G

C

C

T

191 233 282 497 499 501 683 712 714 729

C

T

Ac Ac

NCPC

NCPC

NC PC

NC PC

C

1

2

3

4

8

9

10

11

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12 17

18

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22

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32

5 7

4039

4039

40 39

40 39

6 33

34

35

36

38

37

PC: Positive Control,

NC: Negative Control,

Ac: Eleutherococcus senticosus* Spots with the same color are targets designed for detecting the

same nucleotide position, but with different length of sequences.

35 specific probe were designed

No. Probe Name Sequence (5' - 3')

18 P-18S-501-1 TACCGGGCTgAtTcAGTCTGGTAATT19 P-18S-501-2 ACCGGGCTcAtTgAGTCTGGTAATT20 P-18S-501-3 ACCGGGCTcAgTgAGTCTGGTAAT21 P-18S-501-4 ACCGGGCTcAaTgAGTCTGGTAATT22 P-18S-501-5 ACCGGGCTcAcTgAGTCTGGTAATT

23 P-18S-683-1 GGTGTGCACCGaTCGTCTCGTCC24 P-18S-683-2 GGTGTGCACCGgTCGTCTCGTCC

25 P-18S-712-1 CGGCGATGCGcTcCTGTCCTTAA26 P-18S-712-2 CGGCGATGCGtTcCTGTCCTTAA27 P-18S-712-3 CCGGCGATGCGaTtCTGTCCTTAA

28 P-18S-714-1 CGGCGATGCGcTcCTGTCCTTAACT29 P-18S-714-2 CGGCGATGCGaTtCTGTCCTTAACT

30 P-18S-725-1 TCCTGTCCTTAAcTGGCCGGGTCGT31 P-18S-725-2 TCCTGTCCTTAAtTGGCCGGGTCGT

32 P-18S-729-1 TCCTTAACTGGcCGGGTCGTGCCT33 P-18S-729-2 TCCTTAACTGGtCGGGTCGTGCCT

34 Positive Cont. atcatcg cagcaacggg cagaagcccg

35 Negative Cont.AGTCAGCCAGTCAGGCACTTCGATA

No. Probe Name Sequence (5' - 3')

1 P-18S-191-1 GCATCCCTTCCAgAAGTCGGGGTTT2 P-18S-191-2 GCATCCCTTCCAaAAGTCGGGGTTT

3 P-18S-233-1 GCAACGGGCAGaaGCCCGCGTCGA4 P-18S-233-2 GCAACGGGCAGa GCCCGCGTCGA5 P-18S-233-3 GCAACGaGCA taGCCCGCGTCGA

6 P-18S-282-1 TCGCCGGCACGAgGGCCGTGCGAT7 P-18S-282-2 TCGCCGGCACGAaGGCCGTGCGAT

8 P-18S-497-1 ACAATACCGGGCTgAtTcAGTCTGGT9 P-18S-497-2 CAATACCGGGCTcAtTgAGTCTGGT

10 P-18S-497-3 CAATACCGGGCTcAgTgAGTCTGG11 P-18S-497-4 CAATACCGGGCTcAaTgAGTCTGGT12 P-18S-497-5 CAATACCGGGCTcAcTgAGTCTGG

13 P-18S-499-1 AATACCGGGCTgAtTcAGTCTGGTAA14 P-18S-499-2 ATACCGGGCTcAtTgAGTCTGGTAA15 P-18S-499-3 ATACCGGGCTcAgTgAGTCTGGTA16 P-18S-499-4 ATACCGGGCTcAaTgAGTCTGGTAA17 P-18S-499-5 ATACCGGGCTcAcTgAGTCTGGTAA

PC PC Nc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Nc PC PC

PC PC Nc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Nc PC PC

PC PC Nc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Nc PC PC

* Number in box is the identity of oligonucleotide probe, corresponding to number shown in table 1. Positive and

negative controls are spotted at both left and right ends.

** Number below box indicates the corresponding substitution position in 18S rRNA gene.

Layout of the DNA microarray

Lab

el

191 233 282 497 499 501 683 712 714 725 729

Enlarged view of probes arrangement

Slid

e g

lass

35 probes, 117 spots/array Total: 234 spots/plate

11 areas

Expected fluorescent patterns of Panax species on PNX-array

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 0 1 1

2 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1

2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1

1 2 1 5 5 5 1 3 2 0 2

1 2 1 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1

薬用人参(P. ginseng)

西洋人参(P. quinquefolius)

竹節人参(P. japonicus)

(Japan)

三七人参(P. notoginseng)

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 371 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 371 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 371 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 371 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 371 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 371 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

191 233 282 497 499 501 683 712 714 725 729

仮人参(P. pseudo-

ginseng)

屏辺三七(P. stipuleanatus)

竹節参(P. japonicus)

(China)

竹根七(P. japonicus

var. angustifolius)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 0 1 1

2 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1

0.E+00

5.E+03

1.E+04

2.E+04

2.E+04

3.E+04

3.E+04

4.E+04

4.E+04

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

薬用人参(P. ginseng)

西洋人参(P. quinquefolius)

Hybridization at 68 ºC

竹節人参(P. japonicus)

(Japan)

0.E+00

5.E+03

1.E+04

2.E+04

2.E+04

3.E+04

3.E+04

4.E+04

4.E+04

5.E+04

5.E+04

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

19

1

23

3

28

2

49

7

49

9

50

1

68

3

71

2

71

4

72

5

72

90.E+00

5.E+03

1.E+04

2.E+04

2.E+04

3.E+04

3.E+04

4.E+04

4.E+04

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

0.E+00

5.E+03

1.E+04

2.E+04

2.E+04

3.E+04

3.E+04

4.E+04

4.E+04

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Fig. 3 Fluorescence pattern of PNX-array by using Fluorescently labeled targets from Ginseng,

American Ginseng, Notoginseng, Japanese Ginseng.

三七人参(P. notoginseng)

Result

○ Zhu S., Fushimi H., Komatsu K. J. Agric. Food. Chem., 56: 3953-3959, 2008.

Quality Evaluation of Ginseng Drugs by

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Part III

Protopanaxadiol

R2O

R1O

OH 20

R2

glc-6-glc

glc-6-araf

glc

H

1 G-Rb1

2 G-Rc

3 G-Rd

4 C-III

R1

glc-2-glc

glc-2-glc

glc-2-glc

glc-2-glc6-xyl

R3O

HO

OR2

OH 20

Protopanaxatriol

5 G-Re

6 G-Rg1

7 N-R2

R1

glc-2-rha

glc

glc-2-xyl

R2

glc

glc

H

HO

glc2-xyl

OHO

OH

Ocotillol

8 Majonoside R2

COOR2

R1O Oleanolic acid

9 G-Ro

10 C-IV

11 C-IVa

R1

gluA-2-glc

gluA-4-araf

gluA

R2

glc

glc

glc

G: Ginsenoside

C: Chikusetsusaponin

N: Notoginsenoside

HPLC condition

time A B C

0 73 27 0

20 72 28 0

34 66 34 0

44 57 43 0

48 20 80 0

57.5 15 85 0

58 0 85 15

65 0 85 15

70 80 20 0

72 73 27 0

85 73 27 0

Colume: YMC-Pack, ODS-AQ4.6×250mm

Detection wavelength: 196 nm

Column temperature: 40 ℃

Mobile phase:

A: 10 mM K-phosphate buffer (pH 5.80);

B: CH3CN C: H2O

Comparison of chromatograms of 11

saponins under different wavelengths

1 2

3

46

5

910

117

8

196 nm

198 nm

203 nm

6

5

Flow rate: 1.0 ml/min

1: G-Rb1

2: G-Rc

3: G-Rd

4: C-III

5: G-Re

6: G-Rg1

7: N-R2

8: M-R2

9: G-Ro

10: C-IV

11: C-IVa

G: ginsenoside; C: chikusetsusaponin; N: notoginsenoside; M: majonoside

Materials

1) Panax ginseng (PG)

2) P. quinquefolius (PQ)

3) P. japonicus (Japan) (PJJ)

4) P. notoginseng (PN)

5) P. zingiberensis (PZ)

6) P. vietnamensis (PV)

7) P. vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus (PVF)

8) P. stipuleanatus (PS)

9) P. japonicus (China) (PJC)

10) P. japonicus var. angustifolius (PJA)

11) P. japonicus var. major (PJM)

12) P. japonicus var. bipinnatifidus (PJB)

Ginseng Drugs(Analyzed Samples / identified by genetic data)

Ginseng (7), Red Ginseng (3)

American Ginseng (5/ 2)

Chikusetsu-ninjin (4/ 1), Satsuma-Ninjin (1/ 1)

Notoginseng (8)

Ginger Ginseng (2 / 1)

Vietnamese Ginseng (1/ 1)

Ye-Sanchi (3/ 1)

Pinbian-Sanchi (2/ 1), Tam That Hoang (2/ 1)

Bai-Sanchi (2/ 2)

Zhugenqi (2/ 2)

Kouziqi (1/ 1), Daye-Sanchi (1), Zhuzisheng (2/ 2)

Yuye-Sanchi (1/ 1)

Original plants

Total 47 samples

HPLC chromatograms of Ginseng Drugs

1

2

3

5

6

9

7

1

2

3

5

6

9

White ginseng

(P. ginseng, PG)

Red ginseng

(P. ginseng , PG)

7

1: G-Rb1

2: G-Rc

3: G-Rd

4: C-III

5: G-Re

6: G-Rg1

7: N-R2

8: M-R2

9: G-Ro

10: C-IV

11: C-IVa


Malonyl-

ginsenosides

1

2

3

5

69

3

7

1

6

5

E: 西洋人参(P. quinquefolius, PQ)

F: 三七(P. notoginseng, PN)

HPLC chromatograms of Ginseng Drugs

5

37

1

6

28

Vietnamense ginseng

(P. vietnamensis, PV)

YeSanchi

(P. vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus,

PVF)

1

3

5

78 2

8


1: G-Rb1

2: G-Rc

3: G-Rd

4: C-III

5: G-Re

6: G-Rg1

7: N-R2

8: M-R2

9: G-Ro

10: C-IV

11: C-IVa

105

9

7

11

1 3

6

BaiSanchi

(P. japonicus, China, PJC)

4

10

5

9

711

Chikusetsu-Ninjin

(P. japonicus, Japan, PJJ)

0.0

5.0

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11

Quality Evaluation of Ginseng Drugs based on chemical constituents

1. G-Rb1

2. G-Rc

3. G-Rd

4. C-III

5. G-Re

6. G-Rg17. N-R2

8. M-R2

9. G-Ro

10. C-IV

11. C-IVa5.0

Protopanaxadiol

Protopanaxatriol

Ocotillol

Oleanolic acid

0.0

10.0

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11

12

3

4

7

8

9

10

10.0

6

5

11

B: American ginseng

(P. quinquefolius, PQ)

White ginseng (P. ginseng, PG)

12

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11 10.0

D: Chikusetsu-Ninjin

(P. japonicus, Japan, PJJ)

G: ginsenoside C: chikusetsusaponinN: notoginsenoside M: majonoside

○ Zhu S., Zou K., Fushimi H., Cai S. Q. and Komatsu K. Planta Medica. 70: 666-677, 2004.

○ Zhu S., Zou K., Cai S. Q., Meselhy R.M. and Komatsu K. Chemi. Phar. Bull., 52: 995-998, 2004.

Quality Evaluation of Ginseng Drugs based on chemical constituents

0.0

10.0

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11

12

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11 10.0

JiangSanchi

(P. zingiberensis)

0.0

10.0

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11

12

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11 10.0

Kouzichi

(P. japonicus

var. major, Hubei)

0.0

10.0

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11

12

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11 10.

0

BaiSanchi

(P. japonicus, China)

0.0

10.0

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11

12

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11 10.0

Zhugenchi

(P. japonicus

var. angustifolius)

0.000

10.000

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11

12

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11 10.0

Vietnamense-ginseng

(P. vietnamensis)

0.000

10.000

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11

12

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11 10.0

YeSanchi

(P. vietnamensis

var. fuscidiscus)

1: G-Rb1 2: G-Rc 3: G-Rd 4: C-III 5: G-Re 6: G-Rg1 7: N-R2 8: M-R2 9: G-Ro 10: C-IV 11: C-IVa


0.0

10.0

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11

12

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11 10.0

Notoginseng

(P. notoginseng)

0.0

10.0

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11

12

3

4

7

8

9

10

10.0

6

5

11

American ginseng

(P. quinquefolius)

0.0

10.0

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11

12

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11 10.0

Chikusetuninjin

(P. japonicus, Japan)

0.0

5.0

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11

12

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11 5.0

Ginseng

(P. ginseng)

Group I Group II

University of Toyama

Assoc. Prof. Fushimi H.

Assoc. Prof. Tohda C.

Emer. Prof. Hattori M.

Medicinal Plants Research

center of Toyama Pref.

Mr. Murakami M.

Acknowledgement

Peking University

Prof. Cai S.Q.

Prof. Chen H.B.

Three Gorge University

Prof. Zou K.

Documents

An Example of Systematic Analysis of Ginseng Drugs · An Example of Systematic Analysis of Ginseng Drugs. Classification of Asian Panax by four taxonomists The taxonomic controversy