GinkgoGinkgo

EchinaceaEchinacea

GinsengGinseng

ginsenosidesginsenosides

GinsengGinsengLongevity - The Chinese have long attributed this to ginsengLongevity - The Chinese have long attributed this to ginseng

** Memory improvementMemory improvement** Stress reductionStress reduction** Normalization of blood pressure.Normalization of blood pressure.** Immune system enhancementImmune system enhancement** Normalization of blood sugar.Normalization of blood sugar.** Libido enhancement.Libido enhancement.** Lowering of cholesterolLowering of cholesterol** Prevention of blood clotsPrevention of blood clots** EnergyEnergy* * StaminaStamina

Horticultural ClassificationHorticultural Classification• Miscellaneous horticultural cropsMiscellaneous horticultural crops

– CondimentsCondiments = spices and products that enhance = spices and products that enhance flavor of foods flavor of foods

– ""spicesspices" traditionally referred to the tropical " traditionally referred to the tropical

aromatics onlyaromatics only

– ""herbsherbs" (pronounced “urbs”, not “herbs”) refer " (pronounced “urbs”, not “herbs”) refer

specifically to the leaves and seeds of certain specifically to the leaves and seeds of certain

temperate-zone plants. temperate-zone plants.

– The term, "spice" has come also to mean the whole The term, "spice" has come also to mean the whole

family of dried plant seasonings, including spices, family of dried plant seasonings, including spices,

herbs, blends and dehydrated vegetables.herbs, blends and dehydrated vegetables.

Horticultural ClassificationHorticultural Classification• Miscellaneous horticultural cropsMiscellaneous horticultural crops

– Condiments & spices websitesCondiments & spices websites

• http://www.botanical.com/http://www.botanical.com/

• http://www.astaspice.org/http://www.astaspice.org/

• http://www.americanspice.com/http://www.americanspice.com/

• http://www.bulkfoods.com/spices.asphttp://www.bulkfoods.com/spices.asp

• http://www.herbphoto.com/index.htmlhttp://www.herbphoto.com/index.html

Horticultural ClassificationHorticultural Classification• Miscellaneous horticultural cropsMiscellaneous horticultural crops

– CondimentsCondiments• AllspiceAllspice = dried berries of = dried berries of Pimenta officianalisPimenta officianalis, an , an

evergreen tree from Central and South Americaevergreen tree from Central and South America

• CinnamonCinnamon = bark of = bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicumCinnamomum zeylanicum or or C. C. loureriilourerii from tropical Asia from tropical Asia

• CloveClove = dried buds of = dried buds of Eugenia aromaticaEugenia aromatica, an evergreen , an evergreen tree in E. India and Moluccas or Spice Islands of tree in E. India and Moluccas or Spice Islands of IndonesiaIndonesia

• GingerGinger - rhizome of - rhizome of Zingiber officinalisZingiber officinalis

• MustardMustard = seed from = seed from Brassica nigraBrassica nigra from Eurasia from Eurasia

AllspiceAllspice

CinnamonCinnamon

CloveClove• Used in China for more than 2000 years. Cloves Used in China for more than 2000 years. Cloves are believed to be an aphrodisiac. Clove oil is a are believed to be an aphrodisiac. Clove oil is a time-honored remedy for toothache and is highly time-honored remedy for toothache and is highly antisepticantiseptic• Native to Moluccas or Spice Islands of Native to Moluccas or Spice Islands of IndonesiaIndonesia

Moluccas or Moluccas or Spice Islands Spice Islands of Indonesiaof Indonesia

Moluccas or Spice Moluccas or Spice Islands of IndonesiaIslands of Indonesia

GingerGinger• Said to be a native of AsiaSaid to be a native of Asia• Cultivated in West Indies, Jamaica, AfricaCultivated in West Indies, Jamaica, Africa

West Indies, West Indies,

JamaicaJamaica

GingerGinger•FreshFresh•DriedDried•PickledPickled•MincedMinced

GingerGinger

MustardMustard

MustardMustard

MustardMustard• Mustard is the oldest condiment known!Mustard is the oldest condiment known!

• In cultivation as early as 5000-4000 BC, mustard In cultivation as early as 5000-4000 BC, mustard seeds have been found in Egypt's great pyramidsseeds have been found in Egypt's great pyramids

• First record that mustard was being manufacturedFirst record that mustard was being manufactured in the Dijon region of France was in 1336 in the Dijon region of France was in 1336

• Not until 1904, when Francis French developed aNot until 1904, when Francis French developed a recipe based exclusively on white mustard seedsrecipe based exclusively on white mustard seeds

• Today, French's mustard is bright yellow fromToday, French's mustard is bright yellow from turmeric and tart from vinegar & accounts for 40%turmeric and tart from vinegar & accounts for 40% of all mustard consumed in this countryof all mustard consumed in this country

MustardMustard

http://www.mustardweb.com/http://www.mustardweb.com/

Horticultural ClassificationHorticultural Classification• Miscellaneous horticultural cropsMiscellaneous horticultural crops

– CondimentsCondiments• NutmegNutmeg = dried seed of = dried seed of Myristica fragransMyristica fragrans, an , an

evergreen tree in E. Indiaevergreen tree in E. India

• PepperPepper = dried seeds from = dried seeds from Piper nigrumPiper nigrum, a , a woody vine in E. Indiawoody vine in E. India

• VanillaVanilla = alcohol extract of the dried seed pod = alcohol extract of the dried seed pod of an orchid vine (of an orchid vine (Vanilla planifoliaVanilla planifolia))

NutmegNutmeg• A tropical, dioecious evergreen tree native to A tropical, dioecious evergreen tree native to the Moluccas or Spice Islands of Indonesiathe Moluccas or Spice Islands of Indonesia

• Around 1600 it became important as an Around 1600 it became important as an expensive commercial spice of the Western world expensive commercial spice of the Western world (Dutch introduced)(Dutch introduced)

NutmegNutmeg

NutmegNutmeg

NutmegNutmeg

PepperPepper• The best pepper of commerce comes from theThe best pepper of commerce comes from the Malabar Coast of IndiaMalabar Coast of India

• Pepper is mentioned by Roman writers in thePepper is mentioned by Roman writers in the fifth centuryfifth century

• It is said that Attila demanded among other items It is said that Attila demanded among other items 3,000 lb. of pepper in ransom for the city of Rome3,000 lb. of pepper in ransom for the city of Rome

MalabarMalabarCoastCoast

PepperPepper

PepperPepper

VanillaVanilla• Totonaco IndiansTotonaco Indians of Mexicoof Mexico first used vanilla first used vanilla

• They were defeated by the They were defeated by the AztecsAztecs & had to turn over & had to turn over their vanilla plants (called Tlilxochitl vine)their vanilla plants (called Tlilxochitl vine)

• Then the Aztecs were defeated by the Spaniard, Then the Aztecs were defeated by the Spaniard, Hernando Cortez in 1519Hernando Cortez in 1519, who took vanilla to Spain, who took vanilla to Spain

• There it was combined with There it was combined with cacaocacao as a drink of nobility as a drink of nobility or the very richor the very rich

• In In 16021602, Hugh Morgan, apothecary to Queen Elizabeth , Hugh Morgan, apothecary to Queen Elizabeth I, suggested that vanilla could be used as a flavoring all I, suggested that vanilla could be used as a flavoring all by itself. by itself. Dutch East IndiaDutch East India company also founded this company also founded this year.year.

• Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson is credited with vanilla’s arrival in the is credited with vanilla’s arrival in the United States. He brought it with him when he returned United States. He brought it with him when he returned from his ambassadorship to France in from his ambassadorship to France in 17891789..

Uses of vanillaUses of vanilla• Vanilla is added to Vanilla is added to chocolate, ice cream & chocolate, ice cream &

yogurtyogurt

• Vanilla is known to settle your stomach (it is Vanilla is known to settle your stomach (it is found in Coca Cola as a “natural favoring”)found in Coca Cola as a “natural favoring”)

• It is used in It is used in aroma therapyaroma therapy and has a calming and has a calming effect (Sloane-Kettering Hospital and other effect (Sloane-Kettering Hospital and other medical facilities use the vanilla aroma to calm medical facilities use the vanilla aroma to calm patients undergoing MRI and CAT scans)patients undergoing MRI and CAT scans)

• It is used in It is used in perfumeperfume and is considered an and is considered an aphrodisiacaphrodisiac

Where vanilla is now grownWhere vanilla is now grown• Madagascar, an island off the coast of AfricaMadagascar, an island off the coast of Africa• Indonesia Indonesia • MexicoMexico• TahitiTahiti

•Many vanilla Many vanilla plantations in plantations in Madagascar Madagascar were destroyed were destroyed by a typhoon by a typhoon in 2001 & the tsunamiin 2001 & the tsunamiin 2005in 2005www.vanilla.comwww.vanilla.com

90%90%

VanillaVanilla

1,400 tons 1,400 tons of dried vanillaof dried vanilla

produced annuallyproduced annually

97% of vanilla97% of vanilla used as a flavor used as a flavor and fragrance and fragrance

is syntheticis synthetic

VanillaVanilla

VanillaVanilla• There are 250+ organic components creating its unique flavor and There are 250+ organic components creating its unique flavor and

aromaaroma

• VanillinVanillin is the synthetic version of vanilla developed in Germany in is the synthetic version of vanilla developed in Germany in the 1880’sthe 1880’s

• Although labeled as “natural” most vanilla sold in Mexico at Although labeled as “natural” most vanilla sold in Mexico at “tourist centers” is synthetic. There is no regulatory control on “tourist centers” is synthetic. There is no regulatory control on these productsthese products

• The US FDA requires a minimum of 13.35 ounces of vanilla beans The US FDA requires a minimum of 13.35 ounces of vanilla beans to a gallon of a minimum of 35% alcohol to 65% water mixtureto a gallon of a minimum of 35% alcohol to 65% water mixture

• Take home message… if it is cheap… it is probably fake…Take home message… if it is cheap… it is probably fake…

Horticultural ClassificationHorticultural Classification• Miscellaneous horticultural cropsMiscellaneous horticultural crops

• Basil (Basil (Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicum))

• Dill (Dill (Anethum graveolensAnethum graveolens))

• Mint (Mint (MenthaMentha spp.) spp.)

• Oregano (Oregano (Origanum vulgareOriganum vulgare))

• Parsley (Parsley (Petroselinum crispumPetroselinum crispum) )

• Rosemary (Rosemary (Rosemarinus officianalisRosemarinus officianalis))

• Sage (Sage (SalviaSalvia spp.) spp.)

• Thyme (Thyme (Thymus vulgarisThymus vulgaris))

BasilBasilGenova or Genovese BasilGenova or Genovese BasilAfrican Blue BasilAfrican Blue BasilCinnamon BasilCinnamon BasilCuban Basil Cuban Basil Holy or Sacred Basil Holy or Sacred Basil Holy Red and Green BasilHoly Red and Green BasilLemon BasilLemon BasilLime BasilLime BasilMiniature BasilMiniature BasilNew Guinea BasilNew Guinea BasilNapoletano Basil Napoletano Basil Osmin Purple BasilOsmin Purple BasilPurple Ruffles BasilPurple Ruffles BasilRed Rubin BasilRed Rubin BasilThai BasilThai Basil

DillDill

MintMintMentha spicataMentha spicata (spearmint) or (spearmint) or Mentha piperitaMentha piperita (peppermint) (peppermint)

OreganoOregano

ParsleyParsley

RosemaryRosemary

RosemaryRosemary

SageSage

ThymeThyme