An Age of Explorations and Isolation, 1400–1800 QUIT Chapter Overview Time Line Visual Summary SECTION Europeans Explore the East 1 SECTION China Rejects

An Age of Explorations and Isolation, 1400–1800

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Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

Time LineTime Line

Visual SummaryVisual Summary

SECTION Europeans Explore the East 1

SECTION China Rejects European Outreach 2

SECTION Japan Limits Western Contacts 3

19CHAPTER

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Chapter Overview

Seeking spices and converts, European nations lead successful voyages of exploration to the East. China and Japan both limit foreign contact after a brief period of acceptance.

19CHAPTER An Age of Explorations

and Isolation, 1400–1800

1405 Zheng He takes first voyage.

1419 Prince Henry founds navigation school.

1494 Spain and Portugal sign Treaty of Tordesillas.

1603 Tokugawa shoguns rule Japan.

19CHAPTER

Time Line

1400 1800

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An Age of Explorations and Isolation, 1400–1800

1793 Britain seeks trade opening with China.

1619 Dutch establish trade headquarters in Java.

The desire for profit and the hope of spreading Christianity motivate European exploration, and new technology makes it possible. The Portuguese dominate exploration until other Europeans, especially the Dutch, establish their own trading empires.

OverviewOverview AssessmentAssessment

Key Idea

Europeans Explore the East

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

Driven by the desire for wealth and Christian converts, Europeans began an age of exploration.

European exploration was an important step toward the global interaction that characterizes the world today.

Overview


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AssessmentAssessment

• Bartolomeu Dias

• Prince Henry

• Vasco da Gama

• Treaty of Tordesillas

• Dutch East India Company

TERMS & NAMES

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Trace the establishment of Portugal’s trading empire in the Indian Ocean by supplying the significant event for each date shown below.


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Section 1 Assessment

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1419 1498

1487 1511

Prince Henry founds navigation school.

Dias sails around the tip of Africa.

Vasco da Gama reaches the Indian port of Calicut.

The Portuguese gain control of the Strait of Malacca.

2. What did the Treaty of Tordesillas reveal about Europeans’ attitudes toward non-European lands and peoples? THINK ABOUT

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1 Assessment

• the dispute between the Portuguese and Spanish • how the treaty settled the dispute

ANSWERANSWER

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The treaty revealed that Europeans had a low view of non-Europeans and considered their land to be free for the taking.

Possible Response:

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3. In what ways did Europeans owe some of their sailing technology to other peoples of the world? THINK ABOUT

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1 Assessment

• the astrolabe • the compass

ANSWERANSWER

The astrolabe had been perfected by the Muslims, while the magnetic compass was invented by the Chinese.

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End of Section 1

Possible Response:

After a series of successful voyages of exploration, China withdraws into isolation. Both the Ming and the Qing dynasties limit foreign trade and follow a policy of self-sufficiency.


Key Idea

China Rejects European Outreach

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Advances under the Ming and Qing dynasties left China self-contained and uninterested in European contact.

China’s independence from the West continues today, even as it forges new economic ties with the outside world.

Overview


• Ming Dynasty

• Hongwu

• Yonglo

• Zheng He

• Manchus

• Qing Dynasty

• Kangxi


TERMS & NAMES

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List several relevant facts about each emperor below.


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Emperor Relevant Facts

Hongwu

Yonglo

Kangxi

Qian-long

• Defeated Mongols • Ruled 1368–1398• First Ming emperor• Encouraged agriculture, Confucian standards, administrative reforms• Became brutal• 1398, assumed throne • Moved capital to Beijing• Built Forbidden City • Sponsored first Zheng He voyage• Increased number of tributaries

• Ruled 1661–1722 • First Manchu emperor • Defeated Mongols• Lowered taxes • Patronized arts

• Ruled 1736–1795 at China’s greatest size and prosperity

• Hard-working• Dealt with border unrest and European missionaries and traders


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2. When Qian-long expected Lord George Macartney to kowtow, what do you think Macartney should have done? Why? THINK ABOUT


• cultural differences • effect on trading • the kowtow ritual

ANSWERANSWER

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• political correctness

• kowtow to gain trade

• bow to compromise

• stand to show equality

• refuse to see him to show disfavor

Possible Responses:

End of Section 2

After a period of severe disorder, the Tokugawa Shogunate unifies Japan. In the two centuries of peace and prosperity that follow, the Japanese close their country to foreign ideas by banning Christianity and severely restricting foreign trade.


Key Idea

Japan Limits Western Contacts

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The Tokugawa regime unified Japan and began a 200-year period of isolation, autocracy, and economic growth.

Even now, Japan continues to limit and control dealings with foreigners, especially in the area of trade.

Overview


• daimyo

• Oda Nobunaga

• Toyotomi Hideyoshi

• Tokugawa Shogunate

• kabuki

• haiku


3


TERMS & NAMES

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1. Japan was unified by a succession of daimyos. Summarize the accomplishments of each. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.


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Daimyo Accomplishments

Nobunaga

Hideyoshi

Ieyasu

• 1568, took Kyoto• Defeated enemy daimyos• 1575, used firearms in battle

• By 1590, claimed most of Japan

• Invaded Korea in 1592

• 1600, defeated rival daimyos • 1603, took shogun title• Moved capital to Edo • Restricted daimyo power• Rule of law

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ANSWERANSWER

Yes—European influence was confined to Nagasaki; large population uneducated; shoguns censored information.

No—Nagasaki provided a port for European ideas as well as trade.

Possible Responses:

2. Do you think Japan’s closed country policy effectively kept Western ideas and customs out of Japan? THINK ABOUT

• the attitude toward European presence • reaction to past restrictions on Christianity and trade • the role of Nagasaki

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3. Compare and contrast the role of women in China to the role of women in Japan. What are the similarities and the differences between the two?

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3 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

China—female infanticide; footbinding; some jobs outside home

Japan—no female infanticide or footbinding; more job opportunities

Both—subservient to husband; most work in fields; manage household and children

Possible Responses:

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An Age of Explorations and Isolation, 1400–1800 QUIT Chapter Overview Time Line Visual Summary SECTION Europeans Explore the East 1 SECTION China Rejects