A First Look at Early Development:

Rapid Specification in Snails and Nematodes

Lange

BIOL 370 – Developmental Biology

Topic #9

• Metazoans - a group (Metazoa) that comprises all animals that are multicellular and eukaryotic with bodies composed of cells differentiated into tissues and organs.

• There are 35 metazoan phyla taxonomically.

• The four MAJOR branches of metazoans that comprise the 35 phyla are:

• Sponges• Diploblasts• Protostomes• Deuterostomes

Following fertilization:

•The cell begins significant protein synthesis

•DNA synthesis

•The cell cycle begins

The next steps in development involve the process of cleavage - the division of cells in the early embryo. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula.

G1

Growth

SGrowth and DNA

synthesis G2

Growth and finalpreparations for

divisionM

G2 checkpoint

G1 checkpoint(restriction point)

A typical rendition of the cell cycle.

Cell cycles of somatic cells and early blastomeres

The amphibian blastomere uses cyclin B to regulate its two stage cell cycle.

Think about how this will promote division without growth.

The typical somatic cell also uses cyclin B, but other cyclins as well. Go represents a variation in the growth (aka “gap”) phase specific to differentiating cells.

• In embryology, cleavage is the division of cells in the early embryo.

• The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote.

• The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula.

• Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula.

Steps associated with induction of cleavage:

•MPF – mitosis promoting factor – induces the stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase).

•MPF cyclicity is guided by cyclin B.

•The initial activation of MPF leads to alternating M and S phases with no gap phases.

•As the cytoplasm components for M & S are used up, the nucleus will then begin to synthesize these components. This is when the MBT (mid-blastula transition) phase begins. This is when the growth “gap” phases arise.

Steps related to cleavage:

•Karyokinesis – mitotic division of the nucleus, driven by the mitotic spindle

•Cytokinesis – the division of the cell itself, involving the contractile ring of actin microfilaments

Role of microtubules and microfilaments in cell division

To understand cleavage, we need additional vocabulary:

•Vegetal pole – the yolk rich region•Animal pole – the yolk devoid region•Isolecithal – roughly equal distribution of yolk (such as in sea urchins)•Holoblastic cleavage – complete cleavage•Meroblastic cleavage – partial cleavage where only some of the cytoplasm is cleaved (insects, fish, reptiles, birds)•Centrolecithal – centrally placed yolk (insects)•Telolecithal – only one area is free of yolk (birds and fish)•Discoidal cleavage – cleavage in the telolecithal eggs that occurs only in the small disk of cytoplasm•Holoblastic cleavage subtypes:

• Radial• Spiral• Bilateral• Rotational

Summary of the main patterns of cleavage

We will focus on each type of cleavage in greater detail in the next few slides.

Summary of the main patterns of cleavage (Part 1)

Summary of the main patterns of cleavage (Part 2)

Types of cell movements during gastrulation

End.