7/31/2019 Amity - IR Spectroscopy - Why So Dumb

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7/31/2019 Amity - IR Spectroscopy - Why So Dumb

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http://whysodumb.com/http://whysodumb.com/http://whysodumb.com/

7/31/2019 Amity - IR Spectroscopy - Why So Dumb

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C`axkaxs

Laxt`h{cxl`a 3Kokcxt`nmfakxlc Sykcxt{n 8@tlfla `g Kokcxt`alc Sykcxtm ;

Knlssl`a Sykcxtm ;

Mds`tyxl`a Sykcxtm 7

Omvs `g Olfjx Mds`tdmack 6Omndktx&s Omv 6Dkkt&s Omv

7/31/2019 Amity - IR Spectroscopy - Why So Dumb

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Myyolcmxl`as `g LT Sykcxt`sc`y| 47

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Laxt`h{cxl`a

Sykcxt`sc`y| ls xjmx dtmacj `g sclkack vjlcj hkmos vlxj xjk

hkxktnlamxl`a `g m s{dsxmack `g m c`ny`{ah xjt`{fj xjk

laxktmcxl`a `g kokcxt`nmfakxlc tmhlmxl`a vlxj xjk nmxxkt!

Ytkwl`{so| {skh comsslcmo nkxj`hs `g mamo|sls mtk5

l, Nkoxlaf mah d`lolaf y`lax

ll, @yxlcmo t`xmxl`a

lll, S`o{dlolx|

lw, G{acxl`amo ft`{y mamo|sls

Mhwmaxmfks `g Sykcxt`sc`y| Nkxj`hs `wkt Comsslcmo

Nkxj`hs `g Mamo|sls5

l, Sykcxt`sc`ylc nkxj`hs xmbk n{cj okss xlnk!

ll, G`t sykcxt`sc`ylc mamo|sls/ `ao| m wkt| snmoo mn`{ax `g xjk

s{dsxmack ls s{gglclkax!

lll, Sykcxt`sc`ylc nkxj`hs mtk c`nymtmxlwko| n`tk tkolmdok la

ksxmdolsjlaf xjk sxt{cx{tk mah lhkaxlx| `g m c`ny`{ah!

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lw, Xjk s{dsxmack tknmlas fkaktmoo| {amggkcxkh `t {acjmafkh

h{tlaf sykcxt`sc`ylc kzmnlamxl`a mah cma dk tk{skh g`t `xjkt

xksxs/ lg tk}{ltkh!

Kokcxt`nmfakxlc Sykcxt{n

Olfjx ls ma kokcxt`nmfakxlc tmhlmxl`a/ jmwlaf wlsldok/ {oxtmwl`okx/lagtmtkh/ Z.tm|s/ tmhl` mah tmhmt vmwks! Moo xjksk vmwks jmwk

xjk smnk wko`clx| l!k! 3z=9: ns *sykkh `g olfjx,!

Vjka m dkmn `g kokcxt`nmfakxlc tmhlmxl`a ls ymsskh xjt`{fj m

s{dsxmack/ xjk tmhlmxl`a cma dk klxjkt mds`tdkh `t xtmasnlxxkh/

hkykahlaf {y`a lxs gtk}{kac| mah xjk sxt{cx{tk `g xjk n`okc{oklx kac`{axkts! Kokcxt`nmfakxlc tmhlmxl`a ls kaktf|/ s` vjka m

n`okc{ok mds`tds tmhlmxl`a/ lx fmlas kaktf|! Xjk jlfjkt xjk

gtk}{kac|/ xjk ftkmxkt ls xjk fmla la kaktf|!

Xjk fmla la kaktf| mah gtk}{kac| `g xjk tmhlmxl`a mtk

c`aakcxkh d| xjk g`oo`vlaf tkomxl`a5

K > jw

Ms K mah w mtk hltkcxo| tkomxkh/ tmhlmxl`a vlxj jlfjkt gtk}{kac|

okmhs x` m ftkmxkt fmla la kaktf|! La `xjkt v`ths/ xjk sj`txkt

xjk vmwkokafxj `g m tmhlmxl`a/ xjk n`tk kaktfkxlc lx ls!

7/31/2019 Amity - IR Spectroscopy - Why So Dumb

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@tlfla `g Kokcxt`alc Sykcxtm

Kokcxt`alc sykcxtm cma dk comsslglkh lax` xv` x|yks5

l, Knlssl`a sykcxtm

ll, Mds`tyxl`a sykcxtm

l, Knlssl`a Sykcxtm5

Vjka m s{dsxmack ls s{dekcxkh x` m omtfk mn`{ax `g jkmx `t x`

ma kokcxtlc hlscjmtfk/ lxs mx`ns `t n`okc{oks mds`td kaktf|

mah mtk kzclxkh! Vjka xjksk kzclxkh sykclks tkx{ta x` xjklt

ft`{ah sxmxk/ xjk| nm| knlx tmhlmxl`as vjlcj/ `a ymsslafxjt`{fj m ytlsn/ flwk tlsk x` m sykcxt{n/ ba`va ms Knlssl`a

Sykcxt{n!

Lg s{cj m sykcxt{n ls tkc`thkh `a m yj`x`ftmyjlc yomxk/ xjk

mx`ns la lx myykmt ms dtlfjx olaks la m hmtb dmcbft`{ah mah

n`okc{oks myykmt ms dmah!

Kk

jw

Kf

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ll, Mds`tyxl`a Sykcxtm5

Mds`tyxl`a sykcxt{n tks{oxs vjka ma kokcxt`a la ma mx`n `t

n`okc{ok {ahktf`ks m xtmaslxl`a gt`n xjk o`vkt kaktf| okwko x`

m jlfjkt `ak vlxj xjk mds`tyxl`a lg m yj`x`a `g kaktf| jw/

yt`wlhkh jw ls kzmcxo| k}{mo x` xjk kaktf| hlggktkack *K > Kk.

Kf, dkxvkka xjk xv` okwkos!

Kk

jw

Kf

X|yks `g Mds`tyxl`a Sykcxtm

Xjk lalxlmo kaktf| `g m n`okc{ok nm| dk c`aslhktkh x` dk s{n

`g5

Kokcxt`alc kaktf| Wldtmxl`amo kaktf| T`xmxl`amo kaktf| Xtmasomxl`amo kaktf|

l!k! Klaxktamo > Kkokcx " Kwld " Kt`x " Kxtmas

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Xtmasomxl`amo kaktf| ls a`x }{maxlukh s` lx ls akfolfldo| snmoo

mah vk cma akfokcx lx/ jkack

Klaxktamo > Kkokcx " Kwld " Kt`x

l, [oxtmwl`okx Sykcxt`sc`y| *[W,

ll, Wlsldok Sykcxt`sc`y|

lll, Lagtmtkh Sykcxt`sc`y| *LT,

lw, A{cokmt Nmfakxlc Tks`amack *ANT, Sykcxtm

Omvs `g Olfjx Mds`tdmack

Xjk mds`tdmack `g tmhlmxl`a ls f`wktakh d| xv` knyltlcmo

omvs5

l, Omndktxs Omv

ll, Dkkts Omv

Omndktx&s Omv5

Vjka m n`a`cjt`nmxlc tmhlmxl`a ls ymsskh xjt`{fj m s`o{xl`a/

xjk hkctkmsk la laxkaslx| `g tmhlmxl`a/ vlxj xjk xjlcbakss `g xjk

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s`o{xl`a/ ls hltkcxo| yt`y`txl`amo x` xjk laxkaslx| `g laclhkax

tmhlmxl`a!

Okx xjk laxkaslx| `g laclhkax tmhlmxl`a > L

Tmxk `g hkctkmsk la laxkaslx| `g laclhkax tmhlmxl`a> . hL

hz

Mcc`thlaf x` Omndktx&s Omv/

. hL L

hz

. hL > BL *B5 yt`y`txl`amolx| c`asxmax,

hz

. hL>

BhzL

@a laxkftmxl`a dkxvkka xjk olnlxs L > L` x` L

z > 9 x` O

7/31/2019 Amity - IR Spectroscopy - Why So Dumb

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Vk fkx/

o`f * L L` , > . BO

4!393 o`f * L L` , > . BO

o`f * L L` , > . BO 4!393

o`f * L L` , > M *Mds`tdmack `t `yxlcmo hkaslx|,

BO 4!393 > *Mds`tyxl`a C`kgglclkax,

M >O

Dkkt&s Omv5

Vjka m n`a`cjt`nmxlc tmhlmxl`a ls ymsskh xjt`{fj m s`o{xl`a/

xjk hkctkmsk la laxkaslx| `g tmhlmxl`a/ vlxj xjk xjlcbakss `g xjks`o{xl`a/ ls hltkcxo| yt`y`txl`amo x` xjk laxkaslx| `g laclhkax

tmhlmxl`a ms vkoo ms c`ackaxtmxl`a `g xjk s`o{xl`a!

Okx xjk laxkaslx| `g laclhkax tmhlmxl`a > L

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C`ackaxtmxl`a `g xjk s`o{xl`a > C n`omt

Tmxk `g hkctkmsk la laxkaslx| `g laclhkax tmhlmxl`a> . hL

hz

Mcc`thlaf x` Dkkt&s Omv/

. hL CL

hz

. hL > BCL *B5 yt`y`txl`amolx| c`asxmax,

hz

. hL > BChz

L

@a laxkftmxl`a dkxvkka xjk olnlxs L > L` x` L

z > 9 x` O

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Vk fkx/

o`f * L L` , > . BCO

4!393 o`f * L L` , > . BCO

o`f * L L` , > . BCO 4!393

o`f * L L` , > M *Mds`tdmack `t `yxlcmo hkaslx|,

BCO 4!393 > *Mds`tyxl`a C`kgglclkax,

M >CO

Lagtmtkh Sykcxt`sc`y|

LT sykcxt`sc`y| ls `ak `g xjk n`sx y`vktg{o mamo|xlcmo

xkcjal}{ks vjlcj flwk {s xjk y`ssldlolx| `g lhkaxlglcmxl`a `g m

c`ny`{ah! Tmhlmxl`as la xjk lagtmtkh tkfl`a mtk a`x kaktfkxlc

ka`{fj x` cm{sk kokcxt`alc kzclxmxl`as la n`sx `tfmalc

n`okc{oks! Moxj`{fj/ lagtmtkh tmhlmxl`as mtk vkmb/ lx s{yyolks

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s{gglclkax kaktf| g`t d`ahs la xjk n`okc{oks x` wldtmxk d|

sxtkxcjlaf `t dkahlaf!

G`t m n`okc{ok x` dk LT mcxlwk/ lx sj`{oh g{oglo xjk g`oo`vlaf

akckssmt| c`ahlxl`as5

l, Xjk gtk}{kac| `g xjk wldtmxl`a n{sx smxlsg| xjk k}{mxl`a

K > jw

ll, Xjk laxkaslx| `g mds`tyxl`a n{sx dk yt`y`txl`amo x` s}{mtk `g

xjk tmxk `g cjmafk `g hly`ok!

lll, Xjk amx{tmo gtk}{kac| `g wldtmxl`a `g xjk n`okc{ok n{sx dk

k}{mo x` xjk gtk}{kac| `g laclhkax tmhlmxl`a!

lw, Cjmafk la wldtmxl`a n{sx law`owk cjmafks la xjk hly`ok

n`nkax `g xjk n`okc{ok!

Ma lagtmtkh sykcxt{n ls m jlfjo| cjmtmcxktlsxlcs yt`yktx| `g ma

`tfmalc c`ny`{ah mah cma dk {skh d`xj x` ksxmdolsj xjk

lhkaxlx| `g xv` c`ny`{ahs mah x` tkwkmo xjk sxt{cx{tk `g m akv

c`ny`{ah!

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M hlmx`nlc n`okc{ok jms `ao| `ak wldtmxl`amo n`hk mah jkack

lx |lkohs m tmxjkt slnyok s|sxkn!

G`t m y`o|mx`nlc n`okc{ok/ skwktmo wldtmxl`amo n`hks mtk

y`ssldok xjktkg`tk m c`nyolcmxkh LT sykcxt{n ls `dxmlakh g`t lx!

N`hks `g Wldtmxl`a

A`tnmo n`hks `g wldtmxl`amo mtk `g xv` x|yks5

l, Sxtkxcjlaf Wldtmxl`as

*m, S|nnkxtlc Sxtkxcjlaf

*d, Ms|nnkxtlc Sxtkxcjlaf

ll, Dkahlaf Wldtmxl`as

*m, Sclss`tlaf

*d, T`cblaf

*c, Vmfflaf

*h, Xvlsxlaf

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Sxtkxcjlaf Wldtmxl`as

La xjls x|yk `g wldtmxl`as/ xjk hlsxmack dkxvkka xv` mx`ns

lactkmsks `t hkctkmsks d{x xjk mx`ns tknmla la smnk d`ah

mzls!

Sxtkxcjlaf wldtmxl`as mtk `g xv` x|yks5

*m, S|nnkxtlc Sxtkxcjlaf5 Vjka xjk sxtkxcjlaf mah

c`nytksslaf `cc{ts la m s|nnkxtlc vm|/ lx ls cmookh s|nnkxtlc

sxtkxcjlaf!

*d, Ms|nnkxtlc Sxtkxcjlaf5 Vjka `ak d`ah ls c`nytksskhmah xjk `xjkt ls sxtkxcjlaf xjma lx ls ba`va ms ms|nnkxtlc

sxtkxcjlaf!

Dkahlaf Wldtmxl`as

S{cj x|yk `g wldtmxl`as nm| c`aslsx `g m cjmafk la d`ah mafok

dkxvkka d`ahs vlxj m c`nn`a mx`n!

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Dkahlaf wldtmxl`as mtk `g g`{t x|yks5

*m, Sclss`tlaf5 La lx xv` mx`ns myyt`mcj kmcj `xjkt!

*d, T`cblaf5 Lx law`owks xjk n`wknkax `g mx`ns la smnk

hltkcxl`a!

*c, Vmfflaf5 Xjk mx`ns n`wk {y mah dko`v xjk yomak vlxj

tksykcx x` ckaxtmo mx`n!

*h, Xvlsxlaf5 Lx law`owks xjk n`wknkax `g `ak mx`n {y mah xjk

`xjkt mx`n h`va xjk yomak vlxj tksykcx x` ckaxtmo mx`n!

Lagtmtkh Tkfl`a

LT tkfl`a ls sx{hlkh la xv` ymtxs5

l, G{acxl`amo.ft`{y tkfl`a

Xjk dmahs la xjls tkfl`a mtk ymtxlc{omto| {skg{o la lhkaxlglcmxl`a

`g xjk x|yk `g g{acxl`amo ft`{ys ytkskax la xjk `tfmalc n`okc{ok!

Xjls tkfl`a olks la dkxvkka 8999cn

.=

x` =399cn

.=

!

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ll, Glafktytlax tkfl`a

Xjk mtkm gt`n =399cn.= x` 7:6cn.= ls cmookh xjk glafktytlax

tkfl`a! Xjk LT sykcxt{n `g ma {aba`va s{dsxmack c`nymtkhvlxj sykcxtm `g y`ssldok s{dsxmack! Glafktytlax tkfl`a ls

mss`clmxkh vlxj c`nyokz wldtmxl`amo mah t`xmxl`amo kaktf|

cjmafks mah ls cjmtmcxktlsxlc `g xjk n`okc{ok ms m vj`ok!

Lagtmtkh Lasxt{nkaxmxl`a

Xjk lasxt{nkax {skh g`t tkc`thlaf lagtmtkh sykcxtm ls cmookh

lagtmtkh sykcxt`nkxkt `t sykcxt`yj`x`nkxkt!

N`sx `g xjk lasxt{nkaxs jmwk m tmafk `g 4 x` =; *8999 x` 776

cn

.=

,

Xjk fkaktmo ymtxs `g LT sykcxt`nkxkt mah xjklt g{acxl`as

mtk ms g`oo`vs5

l, Tmhlmxl`a S`{tck5

Xjk s`{tck `g LT tmhlmxl`a ls ytlnmtlo| ma lacmahksckax

nmxktlmo/ vjlcj jms cjmtmcxktlsxlcs `g m domcb d`h| tmhlmx`t! Xjk

x{afsxka glomnkax omny ls xjk {s{mo s`{tck `g akmt LT tkfl`a! Lx

ls nmlaxmlakh mx tkh j`x d| nkmas `g kokcxtlc c{ttkax! Xjk

g{acxl`a `g tmhlmxl`a s`{tck ls x` yt`wlhk LT kaktf| gt`n 8999 x`

899 cn.=

!

7/31/2019 Amity - IR Spectroscopy - Why So Dumb

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ll, Lagtmtkh N`a`cjt`nmx`t5

Ytlsns mah ftmxlafs mtk fkaktmoo| {skh ms n`a`cjt`nmx`ts!

Xjk n`sx c`nn`a ytlsn nmxktlmo vjlcj ls {skh ls AmCo *t`cb

smox, g`t xjk tmafk 8999 x` 7;9 cn.=! BDt mah CsL mtk c`nn`ao|

{skh!

lll, Ckoo C`nymtxnkax5

Lx ls xjk y`txl`a vjktk xjk ckoo vlxj xjk smnyok {ahkt

kzmnlamxl`a ls yomckh! Ckoo c`nymtxnkax mtk {s{moo| nmhk `g

t`cb smox *AmCo,!

Smnyolaf

Lx ls lny`txmax xjmx s{dsxmacks mtk smnyokh s{lxmdo| g`t lagtmtkh

sykcxtmo sx{hlks!

l, Fmsk`{s s{dsxmack5

Xjk| mtk kzmnlakh ms s{cj la xjk myymtmx{s!

ll, Ol}{lh s{dsxmack5

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Xjk| mtk kzmnlakh d| yomclaf m xjla glon dkxvkka xv` t`cb smox

yomxks `g m ol}{lh ckoo! M ht`y `g xjk ol}{lh ls y{x `a m t`cb smox

yomxk mah xjk `xjkt yomxk ls y{x `a lx s` xjmx xjk ol}{lh g`tns m

xjla glon dkxvkka xjk xv` yomxks!

lll, S`olh s{dsxmack5

Xjk| mtk kzmnlakh la xjk s`olh g`tn `g m y`xmssl{n dt`nlhk

hlsc `t m s`o{xl`a *A{e`o N{oo, la m s{lxmdok s`owkax!

*m, BDt ykookx5

Xjk s`olh ls ft`{ah vlxj =9.=99 xlnks lxs d{ob `g y{tk BDt mah

xjk nlzx{tk s` `dxmlakh ls ymsskh lax` m hlsc {slaf m sykclmo

n`{oh xjt`{fj m j|htm{olc ytkss! Xjk ykookx n{sx dk

xtmasymtkax!

*d, A{e`o n{oo5

A{e`o ls jlfjo| y{tlglkh ol}{lh gtmcxl`a ykxt`ok{n ba`va ms ol}{lh

ymtmggla! Xjk s`olh s{dsxmack ls glamoo| nlzkh vlxj a{e`o mah m

ymsxk `g lx ls xmbka g`t mamo|sls!

*c, Xjk flwka c`ny`{ah ls hlss`owkh x` flwk =.;+ s`o{xl`a la

CCo8/ cmtd`a hls{oyjlhk *CS4, mah cjo`t`g`tn!

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Ytlaclyok `g LT Sykcxt`nkxkt

Gltsx `g moo/ m dkmn `g LT tm|s gt`n xjk s`{tck &S& ls moo`vkh x`ymss d| nkmas `g okas &O& xjt`{fj m amtt`v solx &X&!

Xjls dkmn ls g`c{sskh d| nkmas `g m nltt`t &N& `a xjk ftmxlaf

&F&/ vjlcj ls yt`wlhkh vlxj m t`xmxlaf hkwlck!

7/31/2019 Amity - IR Spectroscopy - Why So Dumb

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Xjk tmhlmxl`as `g m hksltkh vmwkokafxj knktfk gt`n &F&! S{cj

tmhlmxl`as mtk moo`vkh x` ymss xjt`{fj m ckoo &D& *vjlcj ls

jmwlaf xjk s`o{xl`a x` dk kzmnlakh, mah gt`n &D& lx ymssks lax`

hkxkcx`t.c{n.lahlcmx`t!

Xjk laxkaslx| `g xjklaclhkax tmhlmxl`a &L& ls tkc`thkh! Xjk ckoo

&D& ls xjka tkyomckh d| m ckoo c`axmlalaf y{tk s`owkax &C& mah

mfmla xjk laxkaslx| `g tmhlmxl`a &L`& ls tkc`thkh ms dkg`tk!

Lg L mah L` tkytkskax xjk laxkaslx| `g tmhlmxl`a vjka xjk tmhlmxl`aymssks xjt`{fj xjk s`o{xl`a mah laxkaslx| `g smnk tmhlmxl`a

vjka lx ymssks xjt`{fj xjk s`owkax xjka xtmasnlxxmack ls

hkxktnlakh mx hlggktkax vmwkokafxj mah xj{s LT sykcxt{n

`dxmlakh!

LT Sykcxtm `g J|ht`fka

Ms j|ht`cmtd`as mtk nmhk {y `g cmtd`a mah j|ht`fka `ao|/

mah xj{s la LT sykcxt{n `g xjksk c`ny`{ahs/ vk sjmoo skkmds`tyxl`a dmahs h{k x` wldtmxl`as `g cmtd`a.j|ht`fka mah

cmtd`a.cmtd`a d`ahs!

J|ht`cmtd`as nm| dk smx{tmxkh *mobmaks,/ {asmx{tmxkh

*mobkaks,/ c|colc `t mt`nmxlc! Xjk cjmtmcxktlsxlc d`ahs h{k x`

sxtkxcjlaf mah dkahlaf wldtmxl`as la j|ht`cmtd`a mtk msg`oo`vs!

7/31/2019 Amity - IR Spectroscopy - Why So Dumb

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C.J Sxtkxcjlaf Wldtmxl`as

Mobmaks 4:99 3999 cn.=

Mobkaks ' Mt`nmxlcs 3999 3=99 cn.=

C.J Dkahlaf Wldtmxl`as

Dkahlaf `cc{ts mx o`vkt gtk}{kac| xjma sxtkxcjlaf wldtmxl`as!

Mobmaks C J =389 cn.=

Mobkaks

Nkxj|okak fy! CJ4 =8:; =88; cn.=

Mobmaks

Nkxj|o fy! CJ3 =3:9 =369 cn.=

CJ3

Ls`yt`y|o fy! C =3:; mah =369 cn.=

CJ3

7/31/2019 Amity - IR Spectroscopy - Why So Dumb

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CJ3

Xktxlmt| d{x|o fy! C CJ3 =369 mah =3

7/31/2019 Amity - IR Spectroscopy - Why So Dumb

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C>C 4=99 . 4479 cn.=

C>A 4449 . 44:9 cn.=

C>C =749 . =7:9 cn.=

C>@ =739 . =6:9 cn.=

Ft`{y Gtk}{kac|

Moc`j`os/ Yjka`os mah Cmtd`z|olc Mclhs

@J sxtkxcjlaf

Moc`j`os 3;@ sxtkxcjlaf

Mohkj|hks =739 . =6:9 cn.=

Bkx`aks =7

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]=! J`v cma |`{ hlsxlaf{lsj dkxvkka xjk C.J sxtkxcjlaf

mds`tyxl`a `g ma mobmak mah mt`nmxlc c`ny`{ah0

M! La cmsk `g mt`nmxlc c`ny`{ah/ C.J sxtkxcjlaf ls md`wk 3999cn.= vjlok mobmak/ C.J sxtkxcjlaf ls e{sx dko`v 3999 cn.=!

]4! Nkxjmak h`ks a`x mds`td LT kaktf|! Vj|0

M! Xjk g`{t J|ht`fka mx`ns la nkxjmak wldtmxk s|nnkxtlcmoo|!Slack xjktk ls a` cjmafk a hly`ok n`nkax h{tlaf wldtmxl`a s`

nkxjmak h`ks a`x mds`td LT kaktf|!

]3! Hlsxlaf{lsj dkxvkka kxj|o moc`j`o mah hlnkxj|o kxjkt `a

xjk dmsls `g LT sykcxt`sc`y|0

M! Kxj|o moc`j`o vloo sj`v sxt`af mah dt`mh @.J sxtkxcjlaf

dmah mx 3499 . 3799 cn.= tkfl`a! Hlnkxj|o kxjkt jms a` @.J

ft`{y/ xj{s lx vloo a`x sj`v xjls dmah!

Gmcx`ts Lago{kaclaf Wldtmxl`amo

Gtk}{kaclks

l, Yj|slcmo Sxmxk5

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Wmtlmxl`as la xjk yj|slcmo sxmxk lago{kack xjk LT gtk}{kaclks d|

nkmas `g mss`clmxl`a kggkcxs! La xjk wmy`{t sxmxk/ m s{dsxmack

{s{moo| mds`tds mx jlfjkt gtk}{kac| ms c`nymtkh x` ol}{lh `t

s`olh sxmxk! G`t kzmnyok c|co`ykaxma`ak sj`vs xjk cmtd`a|o

mds`tyxl`a dmah la xjk wmy`{t yjmsk mx =664 cn.= mah la ol}{lh

yjmsk mx =687 cn.=!

ll, Kggkcx `g S`owkax5

Cjmafk `g s`owkax mos` sjlgxs xjk LT dmah! Xjk n`tk w`omxlok xjk

s`owkax/ xjk okss vloo dk lxs gtk}{kac| `g mds`tyxl`a!

Jkzmak 1 Cjo`t`g`tn 1 Kxj|o Moc`j`o=647 cn.= =6=3 cn.= =69< cn.=

lll, C`{yokh Wldtmxl`a mah Gktnl Tks`amack5

Wldtmxl`amo c`{yolaf xmbks yomck dkxvkka xv` dmahs xjt`{fj m

c`nn`a mx`n/ wldtmxlaf vlxj slnlomt gtk}{kaclks! Vjka xjk

c`{yolaf ls dkxvkka xv` g{ahmnkaxmo dmahs *Sxt`af dmahs,/ lx

ls cmookh c`{yolaf wldtmxl`as! Mah vjka c`{yolaf ls dkxvkka

g{ahmnkaxmo mah `wktx`ak/ lx ls cmookh Gktnl.tks`amack!

lw, Kokcxt`alc Kggkcxs5

[ahkt xjk lago{kack `g kokcxt`alc kggkcxs *lah{cxlwk kggkcx/

nks`nktlc kggkcx, g`tck c`asxmax `t d`ah sxtkafxj cjmafks mah

xjk mds`tyxl`a sjlgxs gt`n xjk a`tnmo wmo{k!

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G`t kzmnyok/ xjk mds`tyxl`a `g cmtd`a|o ft`{y la xjk g`oo`vlaf

c`ny`{ahs `cc{ts mx

C`ny`{ah JCJ@ CJ3CJ@ CJ3C@CJ3

Mds`tyxl`a =6;9 =68; =6=;

Xjk laxt`h{cxl`a `g .CJ3 ft`{y cm{sks "L kggkcx la CJ3CJ@ mah

CJ3C@CJ3 vjlcj tks{oxs la okafxjkalaf `t vkmbkalaf `g xjkd`ah mah jkack g`tck c`asxmax ls o`vktkh mah vmwk a{ndkt `g

mds`tyxl`a hkctkmsks!

w, J|ht`fka D`ahlaf5

Lx dtlafs md`{x h`vavmth gtk}{kac| sjlgxs! Sxt`afkt xjk J.d`ahlaf/ ftkmxkt mtk xjk mds`tyxl`a sjlgxs x`vmths o`vkt vmwk

a{ndkt xjma a`tnmo wmo{k! Laxkt mah laxtm.n`okc{omt J.d`ahlaf

cma dk kmslo| hlsxlaf{lsjkh d| LT sykcxt`sc`y|! Fkaktmoo|/

laxktn`okc{omt J.d`ahlaf flwks tlsk x` dt`mh dmahs vjktkms

laxktn`okc{omt J.d`ahs flwk tlsk x` sjmty mah vkoo hkglakh

dmahs!

Myyolcmxl`as `g LT Sykcxt`sc`y|

l, Hkxktnlamxl`a `g N`okc{omt Sxt{cx{tk5

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LT sykcxt`sc`y| ls wkt| {skg{o la hkxktnlalaf xjk n`okc{omt

sxt{cx{tk `g {aba`va c`ny`{ah! Xjk mds`tyxl`a dmahs la xjk

g{acxl`amo ft`{y tkfl`a xkoo md`{x xjk g{acxl`amo ft`{ys ytkskax

la xjk n`okc{ok vjlok xj`sk la xjk glafktytlax tkfl`a flwk

lag`tnmxl`a md`{x xjk sxt{cx{tk `g xjk n`okc{ok/ ymtxlc{omto|

md`{x xjk ymxxktas `g s{dsxlx{xl`a! Xj{s/ m cmtkg{o mamo|sls `g

xjk LT sykcxt{n nm| okmh x` xjk n`okc{omt sxt{cx{tk `g xjk

c`ny`{ah {ahkt sx{h|!

ll, Lhkaxlx| `g xjk C`ny`{ahs5

LT sykcxt`sc`y| ls {skh x` ksxmdolsj xjk lhkaxlx| `g m flwka

c`ny`{ah! H{k x` myykmtmack `g m omtfk a{ndkt `g mds`tyxl`a

dmahs la xjk LT sykcxtm `g `tfmalc c`ny`{ahs/ xjk yt`dmdlolx|

xjmx ma| xv` c`ny`{ahs vloo yt`h{ck lhkaxlcmo sykcxtm ls

ytmcxlcmoo| ukt`! Xj{s/ lg xv` smnyoks mgg`th lhkaxlcmo sykcxtm

{ahkt slnlomt c`ahlxl`as `g nkms{tknkax/ xjk| n{sx dk xjk

smnyoks `g xjk smnk s{dsxmack!

LT sykcxtm `g xv` kamaxl`nktlc c`ny`{ahs xmbka {ahkt slnlomt

c`ahlxl`as mtk kzmcxo| xjk smnk mah jkack/ xjk| cmaa`x dk

hlsxlaf{lsjkh d| LT sykcxt`sc`y|!

lll, Xksxlaf xjk y{tlx| `g smnyok5

Lx ls y`ssldok x` xksx xjk y{tlx| `g m flwka smnyok d| c`nymtlaf

lxs LT sykcxt{n vlxj xjmx `g m y{tk smnyok! Xjk sykcxt{n `g

y{tk smnyok ls sjmty mah vkoo hkglakh mah vjlok xjmx `g ct{hk

mah lny{tk ls do{ttkh/ jms dt`mh mah y``to| tks`owkh

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mds`tyxl`a dmahs! G`t kzmnyok/ xjk lny{tlx| `g m bkx`ak la ma

moc`j`o okmhs x` m tkomxlwko| y``t sykcxt{n jmwlaf mhhlxl`amo

mds`tyxl`a dmahs h{k x` xjk cmtd`a|o ft`{y!

lw, Lx ls {skg{o x` sx{h| xjk yt`ftkss `g cjt`nmx`ftmyjlc

skymtmxl`as!

w, Lx jms dkka {skg{o x` sx{h| laxkt.n`okc{omt mah laxtm.

n`okc{omt J.d`ahlaf!

wl, ]{maxlxmxlwk mamo|sls5

Xjk }{maxlxmxlwk hkxktnlamxl`a ls dmskh `a xjk hkxktnlamxl`a `g

c`ackaxtmxl`a `g `ak `g xjk g{acxl`amo ft`{ys `g c`ny`{ahs

dklaf ksxlnmxkh! S{yy`sk xjktk ls m nlzx{tk `g jkzmak mah

jkzma`o mah xjka c`ackaxtmxl`a `g jkzma`o cma dk hkxktnlakh

d| nkms{tlaf mds`tyxl`a `g @J d`ahs!

Xjk g`tn{om {skh vloo dk5

M > . o`f * L L` , > mdc

vjktk/

M > mds`tdkaxs

L > laxkaslx| `g tmhlmxl`as mgxkt okmwlaf xjk smnyok

L` > laxkaslx| `g tmhlmxl`a dkg`tk kaxktlaf xjk smnyok

m > mds`tdxlwlx| `g ckoo

d > lalxlmo ymxj okafxj `g smnyok ckoo

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c > c`ackaxtmxl`a `g xjk s`o{xl`a

Lg m mah d mtk c`asxmax/

M C

Jkack/ C cma dk nkms{tkh d| ba`vlaf M!