American Society and American Society and CultureCulture

(1945-1980)(1945-1980)

Unit VIICUnit VIIC

AP U.S. HistoryAP U.S. History

Fundamental QuestionsFundamental Questions

How did American society change in relation How did American society change in relation to America’s superpower status?to America’s superpower status?

To what extent did civil rights expand from To what extent did civil rights expand from 1950 to 1980?1950 to 1980?

Postwar DemographicsPostwar Demographics Baby BoomBaby Boom

Prosperity and postwar recovery led to young marriages Prosperity and postwar recovery led to young marriages and higher birthratesand higher birthrates

50 million babies from 1945-196050 million babies from 1945-1960 Suburban GrowthSuburban Growth

Prosperity and growth of middle-class led to development Prosperity and growth of middle-class led to development of suburbsof suburbs

Levittown - mass-produced, affordable housingLevittown - mass-produced, affordable housing Inner urban sectors loss of population led to low-income Inner urban sectors loss of population led to low-income

families and physical breakdownfamilies and physical breakdown SunbeltSunbelt

Using prosperity and government assistance, more Using prosperity and government assistance, more Americans moved south and westAmericans moved south and west

More employment opportunities and few taxes shifted More employment opportunities and few taxes shifted Americans to warmer climatesAmericans to warmer climates

Baby Boom StatsBaby Boom Stats

Levittown and ConformityLevittown and Conformity

Sunbelt Migration ContinuesSunbelt Migration Continues

Second Red ScareSecond Red Scare Communist expansion and Cold War concerns led to Communist expansion and Cold War concerns led to

increasing fears among Americansincreasing fears among Americans Question of loyalty and espionage began in government Question of loyalty and espionage began in government

and spread to societyand spread to society blacklistingblacklisting

McCarthyismMcCarthyism Characteristics:Characteristics:

Republican, conservative Protestants, Catholics, blue-collar workersRepublican, conservative Protestants, Catholics, blue-collar workers Strong-arm tactics and use of media propelled his popularity and Strong-arm tactics and use of media propelled his popularity and

increased American public fearsincreased American public fears Army-McCarthy Hearing (1954) and Edward R. Murrow of CBSArmy-McCarthy Hearing (1954) and Edward R. Murrow of CBS

Tired of McCarthy’s witch hunts, few Americans pushed back at Tired of McCarthy’s witch hunts, few Americans pushed back at McCarthyismMcCarthyism

Through the media, Americans realized McCarthy violated fundamental Through the media, Americans realized McCarthy violated fundamental rights with false accusationsrights with false accusations

This political cartoon shows how the HUAC is running over citizens and justifying it by hunting down communists.Essentially, running over the Bill of Rights in favor of national security.

Senator McCarthy used the media to expand his influence and power through fear and ruthless tactics, which some Americans accepted or endorsed.

1950s Homogenous Culture1950s Homogenous Culture Corporate America - The Price for Prosperity and the “American Dream”Corporate America - The Price for Prosperity and the “American Dream”

White collar jobs the new majorityWhite collar jobs the new majority Businesses established dress codes and behaviorsBusinesses established dress codes and behaviors

Advertising and WantsAdvertising and Wants Growth of media led to proliferation of brand names and franchisesGrowth of media led to proliferation of brand names and franchises Credit cardsCredit cards Suburban shopping centersSuburban shopping centers

TelevisionTelevision Boomed in the 1950s as many families could afford due to prosperityBoomed in the 1950s as many families could afford due to prosperity Bland content and common culture displaysBland content and common culture displays

Reading and Paperback BooksReading and Paperback Books More Americans read than everMore Americans read than ever Paperbacks easy to make and easier to readPaperbacks easy to make and easier to read

Music and LP RecordsMusic and LP Records Along with radio, music companies produced records spreading and developing music genresAlong with radio, music companies produced records spreading and developing music genres Rock and roll and Elvis PresleyRock and roll and Elvis Presley

ReligionReligion Grew exponentially as faith surpassed doctrineGrew exponentially as faith surpassed doctrine Last socially accepted bastion of individualityLast socially accepted bastion of individuality

Rebellion Against ConformityRebellion Against Conformity Arguments against conformity, loss of individuality, corporate society, materialismArguments against conformity, loss of individuality, corporate society, materialism Catcher in the Rye Catcher in the Rye and and Catch-22Catch-22 Beatniks - promoted rebellious and socially unacceptable behaviorBeatniks - promoted rebellious and socially unacceptable behavior

The 1950s established a society of conformity akin to the 1920s consumerist society.Expansion of the middle-class in an era of prosperity added to the increased materialism and consumerism of the American society.

Beatnik artists broke from the conformity of the 1950s by engaging in satirical responses through various mediums of entertainment and leisure.

Unlike the Lost Generation of the 1920s, the Beatniks of the 1950s rebelled against the materialism of Corporate America by promoting rock and roll and loose fashions.

The music industry expanded with the innovation of LP records and players.It added to the consumerism and materialism.It also allowed for young people to witness rock and roll over and over again.

As the King of Rock and Roll and a soldier, Elvis remained popular on two fronts of American society in the 1950s.

1950s Women1950s Women

Suburban and middle-class Suburban and middle-class growth reinforced housewife growth reinforced housewife mentalitymentality

Baby and Child CareBaby and Child Care by Dr. by Dr. SpockSpock Reinforced the American Reinforced the American

housewife and motherhousewife and mother Increased employment Increased employment

opportunitiesopportunities Growing dissatisfaction Growing dissatisfaction

concerning unequal concerning unequal wageswages

Background of Civil Rights Background of Civil Rights MovementMovement

Postwar ReconstructionPostwar Reconstruction 13th Amendment - end slavery13th Amendment - end slavery 15th Amendment - black suffrage15th Amendment - black suffrage Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau Ku Klux Klan and White LeagueKu Klux Klan and White League Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson = separate, but = separate, but

equalequal Jim Crow Laws in the SouthJim Crow Laws in the South

Progressive Era GainsProgressive Era Gains 19th Amendment - women suffrage19th Amendment - women suffrage

Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBoisDuBois

NAACP and National Urban LeagueNAACP and National Urban League Great MigrationGreat Migration

Blacks move to North and citiesBlacks move to North and cities

1920s Setbacks and Hope1920s Setbacks and Hope Race riots after WWIRace riots after WWI KKK returnsKKK returns Marcus GarveyMarcus Garvey Harlem RenaissanceHarlem Renaissance Quota LawsQuota Laws

1930s Developments1930s Developments New Deal Coalition included New Deal Coalition included

blacks as Democratic blocblacks as Democratic bloc New Deal provided relief New Deal provided relief

programsprograms Limited civil rights legislationLimited civil rights legislation Mexican RepatriationMexican Repatriation

Beginning of Progress (1940s)Beginning of Progress (1940s)

Great Migration to North and West during Great Migration to North and West during DepressionDepression

World War II production provided women and World War II production provided women and minorities more employment opportunitiesminorities more employment opportunities

March on Washington (late 30s to 1947)March on Washington (late 30s to 1947) A. Philip Randolph and Bayard RustinA. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin

Jackie Robinson and Baseball (1947)Jackie Robinson and Baseball (1947) Executive Order 9981 (1948)Executive Order 9981 (1948)

Truman desegregates the federal government and Truman desegregates the federal government and militarymilitary

The Spark of the 1950sThe Spark of the 1950s Hernandez v. Texas Hernandez v. Texas (1954)(1954)

Equal protection for all racesEqual protection for all races Brown v. Board of Education Brown v. Board of Education (1954)(1954)

Ended segregation in schoolsEnded segregation in schools Southern states resistSouthern states resist Eisenhower sends federal troops to protect ensure desegregationEisenhower sends federal troops to protect ensure desegregation

Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus BoycottRosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott Rosa Parks refused to move to back of the bus (1955)Rosa Parks refused to move to back of the bus (1955) MLK led public transit boycott in retaliation to segregation lawsMLK led public transit boycott in retaliation to segregation laws Supreme Court ruled against Alabama’s segregation lawsSupreme Court ruled against Alabama’s segregation laws

Civil Rights ActsCivil Rights Acts 1957 - voting rights1957 - voting rights

First since ReconstructionFirst since Reconstruction Strom Thurmond’s filibusterStrom Thurmond’s filibuster Civil Rights CommissionCivil Rights Commission

1960 - stronger enforcement by Justice Department1960 - stronger enforcement by Justice Department Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)

MLK’s recruitment of churches to promote civil rights agendasMLK’s recruitment of churches to promote civil rights agendas

Jim Crow laws enforced segregation in the Deep South

Rosa Parks stood up to segregation by refusing to give up her seat on the bus.

Brown v. Board paved the way for an end to segregation.

Racial reaction to desegregation.ABOVE - Little Rock NineBOTTOM - Student protesters to desegregation

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Non-Violent Protests (1960s)Non-Violent Protests (1960s)

Sit-ins (1960)Sit-ins (1960) Lunch Counter at WoolworthsLunch Counter at Woolworths Led to Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)Led to Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Freedom Riders (1961)Freedom Riders (1961) Bus rides through the South to protest segregated facilitiesBus rides through the South to protest segregated facilities

Birmingham Campaign (1963)Birmingham Campaign (1963) MLK’s arrest increased American sympathy for movementsMLK’s arrest increased American sympathy for movements Led to Kennedy and Congress to pursue stronger civil rights legislationLed to Kennedy and Congress to pursue stronger civil rights legislation

March on Washington (1963)March on Washington (1963) ““I Have a Dream” SpeechI Have a Dream” Speech Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964

Prohibited discrimination in employment practicesProhibited discrimination in employment practices March from Selma to Montgomery (1965)March from Selma to Montgomery (1965)

Voting Rights Act of 1965Voting Rights Act of 1965 Eliminated Jim Crow lawsEliminated Jim Crow laws

Sit-Ins in Southern diners.

Freedom Riders firebombed. March on Washington

Selma March on close watch.

A Different Approach to Non-A Different Approach to Non-ViolenceViolence

Some black leaders and civil rights groups felt non-violence slowed progressSome black leaders and civil rights groups felt non-violence slowed progress Nation of Islam and Malcolm XNation of Islam and Malcolm X

Elijah Muhammad promoted black nationalism and separatismElijah Muhammad promoted black nationalism and separatism Malcolm X believed in violent retaliation to white violenceMalcolm X believed in violent retaliation to white violence

Black PowerBlack Power Stokely Carmichael changed SNCC’s message of non-violence to black Stokely Carmichael changed SNCC’s message of non-violence to black

power and self-rulepower and self-rule Black Panthers (Huey Newton and Bobby Seale)Black Panthers (Huey Newton and Bobby Seale)

Extremists of black powerExtremists of black power ““Kill or Get Whitey!” “Burn, baby, burn!”Kill or Get Whitey!” “Burn, baby, burn!”

Public ReactionPublic Reaction Race riots launched all over America in cities and the SouthRace riots launched all over America in cities and the South Some Americans believed riots produced by black extremists like Black Some Americans believed riots produced by black extremists like Black

Panthers and Nation of IslamPanthers and Nation of Islam

Malcolm X displays how direct action was required for equality immediately.

Black Panthers dressed the part in promoting black power.

Counterculture and Sexual RevolutionCounterculture and Sexual Revolution Youth and RebellionYouth and Rebellion

Counter to the strict dress codes and conformities of American corporate societyCounter to the strict dress codes and conformities of American corporate society Engaged in many protest movements against the Vietnam ConflictEngaged in many protest movements against the Vietnam Conflict

A conflict for upper-class industrialists, warmongers, and politicians using the youth and lower-A conflict for upper-class industrialists, warmongers, and politicians using the youth and lower-class as cannon fodderclass as cannon fodder

Hippie CultureHippie Culture Denounced the mainstream and conformity as “squares”Denounced the mainstream and conformity as “squares” Long hair, beards, jeans, beadsLong hair, beards, jeans, beads

Youth International Party (Yippies) and Abbie HoffmanYouth International Party (Yippies) and Abbie Hoffman Radical and comical hippies who used theatrical tactics and protestsRadical and comical hippies who used theatrical tactics and protests

Music of the EraMusic of the Era Included lyrics and beats satirizing Corporate America, Vietnam Conflict and promoting Included lyrics and beats satirizing Corporate America, Vietnam Conflict and promoting

counterculture lifestylecounterculture lifestyle The Beatles, Joan Baez, Bob Dylan, Rolling Stones, Jim MorrisonThe Beatles, Joan Baez, Bob Dylan, Rolling Stones, Jim Morrison Woodstock (1969)Woodstock (1969)

Music festival acknowledging popularity of countercultureMusic festival acknowledging popularity of counterculture Loose MoralityLoose Morality

Alfred Kinsey’s StudiesAlfred Kinsey’s Studies Monogamy to promiscuityMonogamy to promiscuity

Medical AdvancesMedical Advances Antibiotics, birth control pills, abortionsAntibiotics, birth control pills, abortions

Rampant drug useRampant drug use Marijuana, LSDMarijuana, LSD

Vietnam ProtestsVietnam ProtestsSelf-immolation was an extreme form of protest.Here, Buddhist monk, Thich Quang Duc, before the U.S. escalation. A few Americans engaged in this extreme act of protest during Vietnam.

The hippie counterculture movement of the 1960s responded to Cold War fears and use of armed conflict by promoting peace and love.

Women’s MovementWomen’s Movement Inspired by civil rights movement, counterculture, Inspired by civil rights movement, counterculture,

and sexual revolutionand sexual revolution The Feminine Mystique The Feminine Mystique by Berry Friedanby Berry Friedan

Inspiration for women to seek higher opportunities Inspiration for women to seek higher opportunities beyond housewivesbeyond housewives

National Organization of Women (NOW)National Organization of Women (NOW) Activist group for equality and opportunity for womenActivist group for equality and opportunity for women

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Congress passed equality in all aspects of society based Congress passed equality in all aspects of society based

on genderon gender States did not ratify as conservative culture rebounded in States did not ratify as conservative culture rebounded in

1970s1970s LegacyLegacy

Inspired evolution of women to higher opportunities and Inspired evolution of women to higher opportunities and pay in all fields of employmentpay in all fields of employment

Inspired by the black civil rights movement, women used the momentum to gain equality and break from the conformity of housewives.

Failure of ERA RatificationFailure of ERA Ratification

Baby Boomers as Students in the 1960sBaby Boomers as Students in the 1960s Inspired by the efforts of MLK and the Inspired by the efforts of MLK and the

civil rights movementcivil rights movement New LeftNew Left

Student-led liberal group opposed Student-led liberal group opposed to the Establishmentto the Establishment

Students for a Democratic Society Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)(SDS) Participatory democracy and Participatory democracy and

direct action for reformsdirect action for reforms Free Speech Movement (1964-1965)Free Speech Movement (1964-1965)

Student protests for free speech Student protests for free speech and academic freedomsand academic freedoms

Held on University of California - Held on University of California - BerkeleyBerkeley

WeathermenWeathermen Extremists students using Extremists students using

violence and vandalism on violence and vandalism on American institutionsAmerican institutions

Counterproductive attitudes and Counterproductive attitudes and actionsactions

19681968

January 30 - Tet OffensiveJanuary 30 - Tet Offensive Moral victory for Vietcong and inspired more anti-war protests among Moral victory for Vietcong and inspired more anti-war protests among

Americans and youthsAmericans and youths March 16 - My Lai MassacreMarch 16 - My Lai Massacre

Though made public in 1969, sparks massive anti-war protests against Though made public in 1969, sparks massive anti-war protests against American war atrocitiesAmerican war atrocities

April - Columbia University protestsApril - Columbia University protests Student-led protests against discriminationStudent-led protests against discrimination

April 4 - MLK assassinatedApril 4 - MLK assassinated Sparks massive race riotsSparks massive race riots

April 11 - Civil Rights Act - housingApril 11 - Civil Rights Act - housing June 5 - Robert Kennedy assassinatedJune 5 - Robert Kennedy assassinated

Democratic Party loses frontrunner as Johnson refused to run for officeDemocratic Party loses frontrunner as Johnson refused to run for office August - Democratic National Convention riots in ChicagoAugust - Democratic National Convention riots in Chicago

Fueled by Johnson’s escalation in Vietnam and civil rights legislationFueled by Johnson’s escalation in Vietnam and civil rights legislation November 5 - Nixon defeats Humphrey and Wallace for presidentNovember 5 - Nixon defeats Humphrey and Wallace for president

The nation chooses a return to conservatism and domestic tranquilityThe nation chooses a return to conservatism and domestic tranquility

Kent State (1970)Kent State (1970) Student protests of Student protests of

Cambodia invasionCambodia invasion Ohio National Guard Ohio National Guard

opened fire, killing 4 opened fire, killing 4 students and wounding 9 students and wounding 9 studentsstudents

Nixon responded with Nixon responded with indifferenceindifference

Majority of Americans Majority of Americans blamed studentsblamed students

Emphasized turmoil in Emphasized turmoil in America over Vietnam and America over Vietnam and the youth-based the youth-based counterculturecounterculture

Mary Ann Vecchio in anguish over Jeffrey Miller* Pulitzer Prize winning photo

Immigration RisesImmigration Rises

Immigration Demographics by 1980sImmigration Demographics by 1980s 47% from Latin America47% from Latin America 37% from Asia37% from Asia 12% from Europe and Canada12% from Europe and Canada

Immigration PoliciesImmigration Policies Immigration Act of 1965Immigration Act of 1965

Eliminated quota laws of 1920s opening the doorsEliminated quota laws of 1920s opening the doors Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)

Illegal immigration became a growing concern politically, Illegal immigration became a growing concern politically, economically, socially, and culturallyeconomically, socially, and culturally

Penalties for illegal immigration employmentPenalties for illegal immigration employment Illegal immigrants before 1982 granted residencyIllegal immigrants before 1982 granted residency

1960s Inspires More Minorities in 1970s1960s Inspires More Minorities in 1970s HispanicsHispanics

Immigrants escaping corrupt or communist governments forming in Latin Immigrants escaping corrupt or communist governments forming in Latin AmericaAmerica

Exploited for cheap labor, especially in agricultural sectorExploited for cheap labor, especially in agricultural sector Cesar Chavez and United Farm Workers OrganizationCesar Chavez and United Farm Workers Organization

Boycotts in retaliation to exploitation of immigrantsBoycotts in retaliation to exploitation of immigrants Si Se Puede!Si Se Puede!

NativesNatives Attempted assimilation programs in 1950sAttempted assimilation programs in 1950s American Indian Movement (AIM)American Indian Movement (AIM)

Activist group for rights, recognition, and opportunitiesActivist group for rights, recognition, and opportunities Indian Self-Determination Act (1975)Indian Self-Determination Act (1975)

Increased sovereignty of tribal landsIncreased sovereignty of tribal lands AsiansAsians

Growth of Asian-born immigrants from China, Japan, and IndiaGrowth of Asian-born immigrants from China, Japan, and India HomosexualsHomosexuals

Inspired by civil rights movement, homosexuals declared openness with gay Inspired by civil rights movement, homosexuals declared openness with gay liberation movementliberation movement

Harvey Milk in San Francisco (1978)Harvey Milk in San Francisco (1978)

Cesar Chavez established the Farm Workers to gain respect and protection for immigrants.

Gay Liberation Front marched and protested for rights.

Space Race Legacy on American CultureSpace Race Legacy on American Culture

TechnologyTechnology NASA advances eventually became a part of consumer NASA advances eventually became a part of consumer

societysociety

EducationEducation National security and global dominance focused the National security and global dominance focused the

nation on science and mathematicsnation on science and mathematics Increased funding in research universitiesIncreased funding in research universities

EnvironmentEnvironment Views of Earth from space inspired environmental Views of Earth from space inspired environmental

movements and legislationmovements and legislation

With Americans viewing their planet from space, they were inspired to take care of their home.

Environmental concerns became issues starting in the 1970s, especially with the energy crises.

Supreme Court Developments of Supreme Court Developments of the 1960s and 1970sthe 1960s and 1970s

The Warren CourtThe Warren Court Equality DecisionsEquality Decisions

Brown v. Board of EducationBrown v. Board of Education (1954) - desegregation (1954) - desegregation Baker v. Carr Baker v. Carr (1962) - one man, one vote regarding reapportionment(1962) - one man, one vote regarding reapportionment

Criminal JusticeCriminal Justice Mapp v. Ohio Mapp v. Ohio (1961) - illegal search and seizure(1961) - illegal search and seizure Gideon v. Wainwright Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) - right to attorney(1963) - right to attorney Escobedo v. Illinois Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) - right to remain silent(1964) - right to remain silent Miranda v. Arizona Miranda v. Arizona (1966) - Miranda Warnings(1966) - Miranda Warnings

First Amendment and PrivacyFirst Amendment and Privacy Engel v. Vitale Engel v. Vitale (1962) - prohibited public school-sanctioned prayer and Bible readings(1962) - prohibited public school-sanctioned prayer and Bible readings Griswold v. Connecticut Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) - right to contraceptives(1965) - right to contraceptives Tinker v. Des Moines Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) - right for student expression in public schools(1969) - right for student expression in public schools

The Berger CourtThe Berger Court Lemon v. Kurtzman Lemon v. Kurtzman - Lemon Test of parochial schools- Lemon Test of parochial schools New York Times Co. v. Sullivan New York Times Co. v. Sullivan - Pentagon Papers- Pentagon Papers Gregg v. Georgia Gregg v. Georgia - upheld death penalty- upheld death penalty Roe v. WadeRoe v. Wade - right to abortion - right to abortion Miller v. California Miller v. California - obscenity test- obscenity test Regents v. BakkeRegents v. Bakke - reverse discrimination/affirmative action - reverse discrimination/affirmative action