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THE FABLED TEAM THAT GOT

BIN LADENJEFFERSON DAVIS CAPTURED

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THE FABLED TEAM THAT GOT BIN LADEN

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ALCATRAZTHE MYSTERIOUS ISLAND8

STRANGE START TO THE SMITHSONIAN

THIS WEEK IN AMERICAN HISTORY

QUOTE OF THE WEEK

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BROWN V. BOARD OF ED

The death of Osama bin Laden, which triggered last week’s nationwide celebration,

depended upon an effective combination of political, intelligence and military talent

for its smashing success. There is much praise to go around. But the actual team

that got the job done were the Navy SEAL commandos who killed the most-wanted

man in the world during a firefight in his Pakistani hideout. And as the fog of war

lifts, we now know that the lead was taken by the elite, ultra-secretive Navy SEAL

Team Six, among the best-trained special forces on the planet.

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THE FABLED TEAMTHAT GOT BIN LADEN

As the world knows by now, the daring operationfeatured U.S. helicopters flying from Afghanibases into the heavily fortified villa of a Pakistaniresort town where bin Laden was suspected tobe hiding. In an astonishingly short 40 minutes,the SEALS stormed the villa, defeated resist-ance, killed bin Laden and four others, gatheredinformation to identify the body, scooped up arich trove of computer data, blew up a helicopterwhich had malfunctioned, and were out beforeanyone on the outside could react. There wereno casualties and, part of the reason it was atextbook performance, is that the team reportedlytrained on a life-sized replica of the compoundbuilt in a remote part of Afghanistan. For reasonsof safety and tradition, Navy SEAL Team Sixwon't confirm it carried out the attack, but it is

widely understood to have done so.

The Navy SEALS acronym is derived from thecapacity to operate at sea, in the air, and on land.There are an estimated 2,500 active duty SEALSand they are rumored to have conducted missionsin upwards of 30 countries, with their portfolioexpanded greatly by the war on terror, and theIraq, Afghanistan and Libya conflicts. The SEALSoriginated during the Second World War whenthe military recognized the need for someone toreconnoiter landing beaches, note obstaclesand defenses, and ultimately guide the landingforces in. Since then, the group has been de-ployed in every major American field of battleas well as innumerable counter-terrorism raids.

Navy SEAL Team Six is the elite of the elite. Itis made up of only a few hundred personnelbased Virginia. Over the past three years, SEAL

Team Six has raided targets outside war zoneslike Yemen and Somalia, though the bulk of theunit’s current missions are in Afghanistan. Theunit is overseen by the Joint Special OperationsCommand (JSOC), which also oversees the Army'sDelta Force. SEAL Team Six is called upon tocooperate with the CIA so often that is some-times called the CIA's “Praetorian Guard.”

Members of the team are “black” operatives. Thatis, they exist outside military protocol, engage inoperations that are highly classified, and oftenoperate in gray areas of international law. Recordsof their operations are rarely, if ever, kept. Thedevelopment of SeAl team Six was in directresponse to the failed attempt in 1980 by theCarter Administration to rescue the Americanhostages in Iran. That debacle showed the needfor a dedicated, elite, secretive counter-terroristteam. SeAl team Six poaches top operativesfrom other SEAL units and trains them with anintensity that is legendary. the attrition rate is

said to be extremely high.

These days, the role of the Navy SEALs and theDelta Force, has expanded. They are trained togather evidence at the scene, as well as to attack,target, kill or capture targets. This role wasdemonstrated during the bin Laden raid, wherethe team gathered extensive forensic and DNAevidence, and other scrubbed the compoundfor data that U.S. law enforcement and intelli-gence departments can utilize.

PRESIDENT OBAMA HONORS SEAL TEAM SIX

FORMER TEAM MEMBER DISCUSSES NEW MEMOIR

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ALCATRAZTHE MYSTERIOUS ISLAND

Once a penitentiary for the most notorious criminals, Alcatraz Island willalways hold a certain mystique for the American public. The small island islocated in the San Francisco Bay, 1.5 miles off the coast of the city, and isnaturally isolated because of the strong and hazardous currents in the area.

AMERICAN PATRIOT 7

Alcatraz was the first site for a lighthouse on

the West Coast. Later, during the Civil War, the

isolated island became a natural place for a

prison. As more Americans moved West, the

prison on Alcatraz Island continued to be over-

seen by the military, and its facilities extensively

developed and expanded. During World War I,

extreme antiwar critics the war were placed there.

In 1933, the U.S. Department of Justice took

over the prison from the military and made it a

civilian site. It became the stuff of legend, as

the famous and infamous were incarcerated

there, and tall tales of prison life and attempted

escapes worked their way into the American

popular culture. This included “The Birdman

of Alcatraz,” an incredibly violent lifer who

was the subject of books and a popular movie

starring Burt Lancaster.

Perhaps the most notable prisoner to walk

through the gates of Alcatraz was Al Capone.

Capone was a famed American mobster. He

committed the classic Prohibition-era crimes

such as smuggling and bootlegging liquor as

well as more invasive crimes. The quintessen-

tial Chicago gangster was caught in 1932—

on tax evasion charges rather than murder and

mayhem — and delivered to Alcatraz in 1934.

Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy decided to

close the prison in 1963 and the island became

more-or-less deserted. In 1969, a group of Native

Americans from several tribes came together

to occupy the now-symbolic island to protest

certain governmental policies regarding their

tribes. Ultimately, the occupation prompted

Richard Nixon to establish a new policy of self-

determination for the tribes.

In 1976, the island was declared a National

Landmark, and it became an official National

Park in 1993. It has since been discovered that

the island contains rare flora and fauna. Con-

servancy organizations are working to preserve

this amazing habitat. Visitors can now visit the

island and enjoy both the human history and

the natural history that has shaped Alcatraz.

THE OFFICIAL NATIONAL PARK PAGE

WATCH THE BIRDMAN OF ALCATRAZ MOVIE TRAILER

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The most dangerous animals in the forestdon’t live there.The most dangerous animals in the forestdon’t live there.

8 AMERICAN PATRIOT

STRANGE START TOTHE SMITHSONIAN

When the English scientist James Smithson died in 1829, he had never visited the

United States. However, his will had a peculiar note at the bottom; Smithson penned

into his last testament that if his nephew died with no heirs, his entire estate would

go to “the United States of America, to found at Washington, under the name of the

Smithsonian Institution, an Establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge.”

As fate would have it, his nephew did, indeed, die without an heir.

AMERICAN PATRIOT 9

Smithson was a renowned British mineralogist

and chemist. In 1802, he disproved the sci-

entific opinion that zinc carbonates were real

carbonate minerals. When he died, he left over

$500,000 in gold, his large mineral collection,

and his personal scientific notes and library.

President Andrew Jackson sent diplomat Richard

Rush to collect the items from England.

It took eight years for America to decide what

to do with the fortune. Suggestions included a

library, a national university, or an astronomical

observatory. However, the notion of a national

museum took on momentum and, finally, on

August 10, 1846, President James K. Polk

signed into law the act establishing the

Smithsonian Institution.

Joseph Henry, a famed American physicist was

the first director (Secretary) of the Smithsonian.

He had helped to create the telegraph, electric

motor, and telephone with his nuanced discov-

eries about electricity. Henry organized the con-

struction of the Smithsonian Institution building

on the National Mall. It was soon nicknamed “the

Castle” due to its crenulated architectural style.

Henry’s vision was for an institution solely ded-

icated to science. It was not to be. Over time, the

Smithsonian came to house various governmen-

tal collections, and has grown to include 19

museums and galleries. It is affiliated with 168

other museums nationwide, and houses over

137 million objects, artwork, and scientific

specimens for America’s benefit. Approximately

30 million people now visit the Smithsonian

annually.

The Smithsonian continues to expand to this day

incorporating the forever growing American

culture. The newest of the 19 museums is the

National Museum of African American History

and Culture. The building is scheduled to open

in 2015, and currently the exhibitions are located

on the second floor of the National Museum of

American History. Not a bad legacy for James

Smithson, who never even saw the United States.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WEBSITE

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AMERICA’S CONDIMENT OF CHOICE

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The idea for ketchup is said to have originatedin China, inspired by age-old Chinese oystersauce. In the 17th century, Dutch and Britishseamen brought back a salty fish sauce called“ketsiap” from China. It was more related tosoy or oyster sauce than what we know asketchup today. Variations quickly developedall over the Western World. In 1690 the word“catchup” appeared in print to refer to thesauce and in 1711 “ketchup.” The first recipefor the condiment was published in ElizabethSmith’s The Compleat Housewife in 1727. Thisrecipe for ketchup included shallots, vinegar,and anchovies.

The first known sale of bottled ketchup wasin 1837. A New England farmer sold bottledketchup for 33 cents. By 183, Jonas Yerk hadmastered the ketchup trade and was sellingketchup in quart and pint sized bottles. In1872, H.J. Heinz added ketchup to their lineof pickled products. Before Heinz standardizedthe tomato paste we know now, ketchup wasmade with many ingredients like mushroomsand anchovies. Over the years ketchup grewin popularity nationwide. By 1907, Heinzproduced 12 million bottles of ketchup everyyear. Now, Heinz sells over 650 million bottlesof ketchup worldwide per year and 11 billionsingle-serve packets every year.

Until recently, Ketchup did not have a stan-dardized name. Manufacturers who were look-ing to distinguish their ketchup brand calledketchup everything from catsup to cackchopto kutpuck. All were tomato-based products,but only three major ketchup brands stood outfrom the crowd and survived the overload ofketchup brands. Now ketchup is commonlyspelled either catsup or ketchup.

Since the origin of ketchup products, Americanscannot imagine a burger and fries without adollop of ketchup. The most ketchup is soldin the summer to go along with barbecuesand outdoor picnics, but the sweet and sourketchup taste is in demand all year long.

Ketchup has been declared America’s favorite condiment; studies show that

ketchup is found in 97% of American kitchens. Americans consumes an average

of three bottles of ketchup per person per year. President Reagan’s Department

of Agriculture even designated ketchup as a vegetable in school lunches.

HOMEMADE SPICY KETCHUP RECIPE

12 AMERICAN PATRIOT

BROWN V. BOARD OF EDLIBERTY, EQUALITY AND PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS

May 17, 1954 changed the course of American history. On this day, the Supreme

Court ruled that “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.” The Court

had been debating Brown vs. the Board of Education case for almost three years

when the unanimous decision was announced.

Prior to this announcement, race relations in theUnited States had been characterized by racialsegregation. America had largely been operatingunder the ruling from Plessy v. Ferguson, whichsaid as long as separate facilities were equal,then segregation did not contravene the Four-teenth Amendment promise of due process andequal protection under the law.

The Brown v. Board of Education was first filedin Topeka KS by thirteen Topeka parents onbehalf of their children. In actuality, five casesof similar natures were combined under theheading of the case. The details were complex,but the challenge was simple: can separateschools ever be equal schools.

Chief Justice Earl Warren presided over thecourt in 1951 when the case was first broughtto the court. The judges deliberated back andforth discussing issues of incomplete assimila-tion and the lack of desegregation legislation.They were unable to decide on the case, andasked to rehear it in 1953.

After listening to the case again, Justice Warrencalled together his justices and made the simpleargument: the only reason to uphold segregated

schools would be if they still truly believed ininferiority and superiority of races. Almost all thejustices were convinced, and the vote came downas a unanimous 9-0. The decision stated that evenif the segregated facilities were exactly equalon the surface, there was still a psychologicaldisadvantage to segregated environments.

Of course, not everyone immediately accepted orfollowed the court ruling. There was a lot of back-lash over the decision. Perhaps the most infa-mous incident was Alabama’s Governor GeorgeWallace standing in the door at the University ofAlabama and personally blocking the enrollmentof Black students. He moved aside only whenthe National Guard forced him to, under ordersfrom President John F. Kennedy.

Despite these setbacks, the case moved Americaforward. In the end, the case not only impactededucation, but also helped advance the CivilRights movement in America. Students wereintegrated into schools across the country. Thishelped foster what experts believe is a newgenerational acceptance and tolerance.

AMERICAN PATRIOT 13

PBS SPECIAL ON THE SUPREME COURT WITH A FEATURE ON BROWN VS. BOARD OF EDUCATION

“I worked night and day for twelve years to prevent thewar, but I could not. The North was mad and blind, andwould not let us govern ourselves, and so the war came.”

—JEFFERSON DAVISPresident of the Confederacy during the U.S. Civil War, Jefferson Davis was capturedtrying to flee to Texas as Richmond, VA, the southern capital, fell to the Union Army. He was imprisoned for two years, then wrote his memoirs, and died in New Orleans. His body now rests in Richmond. Controversy surrounds his capture: Union eyewitnessesclaim he was dressed as a woman while trying to escape; his wife explained that he was sick and weary, and wearing her shawl to help keep him warm.

14 AMERICAN PATRIOT

QUOTE OF THE WEEK

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1869.The Transcontinental RailroadArguably the greatest event in American transportation history took place on May 10 at

Promontory UT. The Union Pacific tracks joined those of the Central Pacific Railroad to

create a truly transcontinental railroad. The connection of the Central Pacific and the Union

Pacific bridged the 2000 miles to the Missouri River, and the four to six months time taken by

the overland pioneers was reduced to six days. At once, the Pacific States were transformed

and a deeper sense of unity prevailed. A transcontinental railroad had been dreamed of

as early as 1836. Leland Stanford is generally credited with starting the enterprise. He was

aided by C.P. Huntington, Mark Hopkins and Charles Crocker, all California businessmen.

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THIS WEEK IN AMERICAN HISTORY

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