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JANUARY 12, 2011

FULBRIGHTSCHOLARSSEEK MUTUALUNDERSTANDING

24 DRESSESFIRST LADIES GOWNS

CELEBRATINGMARTIN LUTHERKING, JR. DAY

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FULBRIGHTSCHOLARSSEEK MUTUALUNDERSTANDING

46MARTIN LUTHERKING, JR. DAY

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24 DRESSESFIRST LADIES GOWNS

THIS WEEKIN AMERICANHISTORY

QUOTE OFTHE WEEK

14 15

AMERICA’S FUN FOODSCHINESE CUISINE

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THE LEGACY OF GEORGEWASHINGTON CARVER

4 AMERICAN PATRIOT

FULBRIGHT SCHOLARSSEEK MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING

AMERICAN PATRIOT 5

The program was established in legislationintroduced by the late U.S. Senator J. WilliamFulbright of Arkansas in 1945 and signed intolaw by President Harry Truman in 1946. SenatorFulbright’s idea — born in the postwar rubbleof World War II — was that a cross-cultural ex-change ideas and information among youngpeople of merit would lead to peace, under-standing and progress. Winners of the FulbrightScholarship are selected on the basis of academicor professional achievement, and demonstratedleadership potential in their fields.

The primary source of funding for the Fulbrightprogram is an annual appropriation made byCongress to the U.S. Department of State,Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs.Participating governments and host institutions,corporations and foundations also provide directand indirect support. The Program operates inover 155 countries worldwide. Fulbright alumnihave achieved distinction in government, science,the arts, business, philanthropy, education,and athletics. Forty Fulbright alumni from 11countries have been awarded the Nobel Prize,and 75 alumni have received Pulitzer Prizes.Famous Fulbright scholars include economistJoseph Stieglitz, composer Philip Glass, actorJohn Lithgow and opera singer Renee Fleming.

The Fulbright program is best known in thiscountry for its grants for U.S. students —graduating seniors, graduate students, youngprofessionals and artists — to study abroad forone academic year. But it also includes grantsfor foreign graduate students, young profession-als and artists from abroad to conduct researchand study in America. This year, students fromGermany top the list. There are, in addition, spe-cific grant programs for teachers, profession-als, expert consultants, and mid-careerists.

Fulbright recipients are among more than40,000 individuals participating in State Depart-ment exchange programs each year. For morethan 60 years, the Bureau of Educational andCultural Affairs has funded and supported pro-grams that seek to promote mutual understand-ing and respect between the people of the UnitedStates and the people of other countries. TheFulbright U.S. Student Program is administeredby the Institute of International Education.

CLICK HERE FOR A LIST OFU.S. SCHOOLS AND INSTITUTIONSTHAT PRODUCED THE MOST2010 FULBRIGHT SCHOLARS

Seventeen hundred Fulbright Scholars have been newly minted for 2011.The Fulbright program is the flagship international educational exchangeprogram sponsored by the U.S. government, and is designed to increasemutual understanding betweenAmericans and the people of other countries.Over the years, nearly 300,000 students, scholars, teachers, artists, andscientists have participated.

6 AMERICAN PATRIOT

MARTIN LUTHERKING, JR. DAY

U.S. HOLIDAYS

AMERICAN PATRIOT 7

This year’s celebration takes place January 17.Last year, the holiday took on a special meaningas President-elect Barack Obama spent his pre-Inaugural evening as a volunteer at a youthhomeless shelter as part of his 2009 MartinLuther King Day observance.

The campaign for a federal holiday in King’shonor began soon after his assassination. Thepositive reasons for the holiday were obvious.Two arguments by opponents — that a paidholiday for federal employees would be tooexpensive and that a holiday to honor a privatecitizen would be contrary to longstanding tra-dition — slowed the process. But public andcorporate sentiment supported the move and sixmillion signatures were collected on a petitionto Congress, said to be the largest petition infavor of an issue in American history, in supportof the law.

Ronald Reagan signed the holiday into law in1983 in a White House Rose Garden cere-mony, and it was first observed in 1986. Thebill established the Martin Luther King, Jr.Federal Holiday Commission to oversee obser-vance of the holiday, and Coretta Scott King —the widow of the honoree—was made a member

of this commission for life by President GeorgeBush, the elder. The holiday is widely observedwith a day off for schools, businesses and non-profits, educational lesson plans are built aroundKing’s teachings and the history of the civilrights movement in the United States, and it iscelebrated by many individuals and groups asa day of service.

This relatively recent holiday is one of only four United States FederalHolidays to commemorate an individual. Observed on the third Monday ofJanuary each year, it honors Reverend King who, almost needless to say,was the chief spokesperson for the civil rights movement and non-violentactivism to achieve it. Kingwas assassinated in 1968, which bound him foreverin theminds of Americanswith the similar deaths of John andRobert Kennedy.

CLICK HERE TO HEAR MARTINLUTHER KING’S SIGNATURE‘I HAVE A DREAM’ SPEECH

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8 AMERICAN PATRIOT

24 DRESSESFIRST LADIES GOWNS

AMERICAN PATRIOT 9

The gown appears in a new gallery recently

added to the museum’s “First Ladies at the

Smithsonian” exhibition. This new gallery

includes 11 gowns worn by first ladies from

Mamie Eisenhower to Michelle Obama.

Combined with the original gallery, the First

Ladies exhibition now features a total of 24

dresses and more than 100 other objects.

These include portraits, White House china,

personal possessions and related objects.

For nearly a century, the First Ladies Collec-

tion has been one of the most popular attrac-

tions at the Smithsonian Institution. Among

the other gowns that can be seen are those

worn by Grace Coolidge, Jackie Kennedy,

Eleanor Roosevelt, and Helen Taft.

To bring the exhibit up to modern times, the

new gallery focuses sharply on the First Lady's

contribution to the presidency and American

society, to the public interest and media

coverage of the first ladies’ “debut” during

inaugurations, and includes contemporary

accounts of first impressions of each woman

and the role she might play in the White

House. Also included are watercolor sketches

of 14 gowns from the collection.

CLICK HERE TO SEE AN ONLINEEXHIBIT OF THE GOWNS

The one-shoulder, white chiffon gown first ladyMichelle Obamawore to the

inaugural balls is now on display at the Smithsonian Institution's National

Museumof American History. In so doing, Mrs. Obama followed tradition by

donated the gown to the first ladies collection. Designed by James Wu of

New York, the beaded dress was a star attraction at 10 inaugural balls held

to celebrate President Barack Obama's swearing-in.

MICHELLE OBAMA AND JAMES WU INTHE NEW SMITHSONIAN GALLERY

PHOTOGRAPH: HUGH TALMAN, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

10 AMERICAN PATRIOT

AMERICA’S FUN FOODSCHINESE-AMERICAN CUISINE

AMERICAN PATRIOT 11

What many Americans do not know is just howfar back in history Chinese-American cuisinecan be traced. The hybrid cuisine can be tracedas early as the 1870's — predating the hotdogand hamburger by ten years, and the nationalboom of fast food chop suey restaurants tookplace a full three decades before McDonald’sstarted franchising.

When the Chinese first came to America, werecompelled by circumstances into kitchen work.As the Chinese spread out from west to east,the spread of Chop Suey — a derivation of“shap sui” or “odds and ends” — followed. Itwas the inventiveness of Chinese chefs, forcedto cook in their style but with American ingre-dients and for American tastes, that led to thecombination of bean sprouts, chicken gizzards,liver, beef tripe, dried fish, pork, chicken, onions,celery, bamboo shoots, and essentially what-ever else was available.

While chefs were cooking for the rail workers inthe Midwest, curious bohemians in New Yorkwere discovering the dish. Adventure-seekingpoets and writers would travel to lower Man-hattan to sample exotic Chinese dishes, andwrote enthusiastically about them. Before long,the East was peppered with Chop Suey houses.By the 1920's, Chop Suey was among the nation'smost popular dishes.

In the following decades, this simple dish wouldcede to the more diverse menu choices seentoday. The restaurant trade remains a bulwarkof economic opportunity for Chinese newcomers.On the whole, the cuisine known to Americans as“Chinese” has evolved to barely resemble tradi-tional Chinese cooking. Vegetables in particularare utilized quite differently; in the Chinese-American style, vegetables are essentially garnishrather than the central ingredient. Meat is mari-nated, spiced, and fried to maximize speed andcross-utilization in several dishes, unlike the slow-cook method of the Chinese. Some dishes arerelatively new. General Tso’s Chicken was inventedin the 1970s in New York. Egg Rolls are quiteold, but the American take is a recent creation.Egg Foo Young arose in the mid-20th centuryand then become extinct.

Culturally, Chinese-American cuisine has had amarked impact on American culture. The originsof the modern take out restaurant can be tracedto chop suey shacks as much as to burger stands.The industry streamlined cooking processesand pioneered home delivery. Many Americanstoday celebrate holidays with Chinese food.

BASIC PREPARATION FORCOOKING CHINESE

Like many immigrant groups, the Chinese faithfulness to their cuisine was key to

maintaining cultural identity in the NewWorld. The Chinese cooking tradition is one

of the world's oldest and most nuanced, its roots varied by province but consistent

in its adaption to the American taste. As with the songs, speech, dress and traditions,

cuisine too becomes meshed with the greater American culture.

12 AMERICAN PATRIOT

THE LEGACY OFGEORGEWASHINGTONCARVER

AMERICAN PATRIOT 13

Carver was the son of a slave woman owned by

Moses Carver. Frail and sick, the orphaned child

remained in his former master’s home after the

Civil War and was nursed back to health. He

left at the age of 12 to seek an education, de-

veloped a deep interest in plants, and got a

fragmentary education while wandering and

doing odd jobs. In his late 20s, he finally earned

a high school education, and ultimately college

and graduate degrees from Iowa State University.

Carver joined Tuskegee Normal and Industrial

Institute in 1896 to direct the agriculture de-

partment. The school was headed by noted black

educator Booker T. Washington. At Tuskegee,

Carver devoted his time to research projects

aimed at helping Southern agriculture diversify.

At this time, Southern agriculture was in serious

trouble because of the single-crop domination

of cotton, which was vulnerable to disease and

was exhausting the soil.

Carver urged Southern farmers to plant peanuts

and soybeans, which restore nitrogen to the

soil while providing protein to the poor of the

region. Carver then set about enlarging the com-

mercial possibilities of the peanut and sweet

potato through a clever program of laboratory

research at Tuskegee. Over his lifetime, he de-

veloped 300 derivative products from peanuts

and more than 100 from sweet potatoes. By

1940, the peanut was the second cash crop,

after cotton, in the South, and among the top

six nationwide.

Late in his career, he received many honors,

including visits from Calvin Coolidge, Franklin

Roosevelt, Henry Ford and Mohandas K. Gandhi.

He also donated his life savings to create the

Carver Research Foundation at Tuskegee for

continuing research in agriculture. Despite these

achievements, he was often criticized by African

American groups for being too conciliatory to

the harsh racial policies of the South and by

scientists for being more of a chemist and cook

than a true scientific mind. Most historians

generally emphasize how his inventions and

insights helped millions of people.

An American agricultural scientist, GeorgeWashington Carver helpedrevolutionize agriculture in the South through the development of newproducts derived from peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. Bornduring the Civil War as a slave, he lived until World War II, he helpfree Southern agriculture from the single-crop tyranny of cotton.

CLICK HERE TO SEE A PHOTOALBUM OF CARVER’S LIFE

14 AMERICAN PATRIOT

QUOTE OFTHE WEEK

Nonviolence is a powerful and just

weapon which cuts without wounding

and ennobles the man who wields it.

It is a sword that heals.

— MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.

1908.Grand Canyon was declared a national monument this week in 1908. Teddy Roosevelt was the

prime mover behind the proclamation. A vigilant preservationist and nature lover, President

Teddy Roosevelt pioneered America’s modern vision of national land conservation. In 2011,

Americans think of the Grand Canyon as one of our national treasures, but for much of the nine-

teenth-century, the Grand Canyon was exposed to mining activity and other land destruction. In

1903, then-President Roosevelt visited the site and was moved by the experience; in a speech

he made while looking over the Grand Canyon, he said: “Leave it as it is. You cannot improve on

it. The ages have been at work on it, and man can only mar it.”

THIS WEEK INAMERICAN HISTORY

AMERICAN PATRIOT 15

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