America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 1 Origins of a New Society, to 1754 Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall,

America: Pathways to the PresentAmerica: Pathways to the Present

Chapter 1

Origins of a New Society,to 1754

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing asPrentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

America: Pathways to the PresentAmerica: Pathways to the Present

Section 1: The Atlantic World

Section 2: European Colonization of the Americas

Section 3: Growth of the American Colonies

Chapter 1: Origins of a New Society, to 1754

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing asPrentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

The Atlantic WorldThe Atlantic World

• What were the characteristics of the Native American world before the arrival of Columbus?

• What was life like in Europe during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance?

• What were the traditional societies of West Africa like?

• How did Columbus’s voyages lead to the birth of the Atlantic World?

Chapter 1, Section 1

The Native American WorldThe Native American World

• Many experts believe the first people to reach North America arrived from Asia as part of a migration, the movement of people for the purpose of settling in a new place.

• Native Americans hunted, fished, farmed, and gathered food, depending on the local environment. Some were nomads, people who move their homes regularly in search of food.

• Many Native American societies were organized by kinship groups and clans. A clan is made up of groups of families who share a common ancestor.

• Barter, or trade, within and among Native American groups was common.

• Native Americans believed it was right to use the land, but that land could never be owned or traded.


The European World, 500–1300The European World, 500–1300

• Warriors invading the former Roman Empire caused instability in the early Middle Ages. Feudalism developed: Servants worked the land on the manors of powerful nobles in exchange for protection.

• The Roman Catholic Church governed many aspects of European society. Aside from the clergy, few people were educated.

• In the late Middle Ages, economic growth created a middle class of merchants, traders, and artisans. Powerful monarchs,, or rulers, increased their wealth.

• In 1215, the Magna Carta,, a document signed by England’s King John, granted legal rights to his nobles. The Magna Carta shaped British, and later American, law.


Economy Culture Politics

Nations competedfor Asian trade.

Ancient Greek, Roman,and Muslim art and learning wererediscovered.

Reformation:revolt against theRoman CatholicChurch

The Rebirth of Europe

The European RenaissanceThe European Renaissance


Improved seafaring technologyaided explorationand trade.

Philosophy ofhumanism: use ofreason and experimentationin learning

Government by noblesand the Church declined.

Spain and Portugalcompeted to explore trade routes.

Michelangelo, Leonardo da VinciShakespeare

The rise of nations

The West African WorldThe West African World

• West Africans adapted their culture to their geographic environment. Rainforests, savannas (tropical grasslands), and deserts are all found in West Africa.

• Societies were organized by lineage groups—kinship based on a common ancestor.

• West Africans worshipped a Supreme Being and lesser spirits.

• Oral histories provided lineage groups a sense of identity.• Benin, which arose in the late 1200s, and Songhai, which

arose in the late 1400s, gained much of their wealth through trade. These kingdoms were ruled by Obas, or monarchs.

• Labor was valued more than land. In Africa, slaves became adopted members of kinship groups and could rise up in society.


The Birth of the Atlantic WorldThe Birth of the Atlantic World

Why Columbus Sailed• In 1492, the queen and king of

Spain sent Christopher Columbus to find a sea route to India.

• Columbus hoped to enrich his family, to conquer non-Christian lands, and to spread Christianity.

• Muslims controlled overland trade routes between Europe and Asia; Europeans wanted a sea route so that they could trade directly.

• Portugal had found an eastern sea route to India. Rival Spain sought an easier western route.

Columbus’s Impact• Columbus made four voyages to

the Americas. Despite evidence to the contrary, he always believed he had reached the Indies.

• Columbian Exchange: an era of transatlantic trade, where Europe and the Americas were introduced to one another’s crops, animals, technology, customs, and diseases.

• Native Americans suffered from smallpox, typhus, and measles.

• Plantations, or large farms, brought slave labor to the Americas.


The Atlantic World—AssessmentThe Atlantic World—Assessment

Both clans and lineage groups

(A) valued land more than labor.

(B) were ruled by Obas.

(C) characterized the European manor system in the Middle Ages.

(D) are ways by which early societies were organized.

The voyages of Christopher Columbus

(A) were funded by the king and queen of Portugal.

(B) brought about the Columbian Exchange.

(C) established a sea route to the Indies.

(D) had little impact on transatlantic trade.

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The Atlantic World—AssessmentThe Atlantic World—Assessment

Both clans and lineage groups

(A) valued land more than labor.

(B) were ruled by Obas.

(C) characterized the European manor system in the Middle Ages.

(D) are ways by which early societies were organized.

The voyages of Christopher Columbus

(A) were funded by the king and queen of Portugal.

(B) brought about the Columbian Exchange.

(C) established a sea route to the Indies.

(D) had little impact on transatlantic trade.



European Colonization of the AmericasEuropean Colonization of the Americas

• How did the Spanish explore and build an empire in the Americas?

• What happened to the two earliest English colonies and why?

• What kinds of settlements did the French establish in North America?

• How were the New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies settled?


European Exploration of the Americas, 1492–1682European Exploration of the Americas, 1492–1682


Building a Spanish EmpireBuilding a Spanish Empire

Motives• The Spanish explored the Americas for “God, gold, and glory”: to spread Christianity

and the teachings of the Catholic Church, to gain wealth, and to win fame.Spanish Explorers Juan Ponce de León explored Florida in 1513. Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513. Hernán Cortés, a conquistador, or Spanish conqueror, conquered all of the Aztec

empire, located in present-day Mexico, by 1521. Conquistador Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan empire, centered in present-day

Peru, South America.Spanish Empire• Colonies are areas settled by immigrants who continue to be ruled by their parent

country. Colonies in the Americas made the Spanish wealthy, using enslaved Native Americans and Africans to mine silver and gold, and to farm plantations.

Pushing North Exploration continued into present-day Texas and up past the Mississippi River. Missionaries, people sent by their church to teach and spread their religion,

established the Catholic Church in North America and kept outposts occupied.


English ColonizationEnglish Colonization

Over time, England was the most successful at colonizing North America.• English explorers, including John Cabot, searched for the Northwest

Passage, a trade route that would go past or through the continent. • England hired sea captains to attack Spanish ships and raid Spanish port

cities in the Americas. As a result, Spain suffered financial trouble.• Two early English colonies:

1. Roanoke: Two attempts by the English to establish this island colony near present-day North Carolina failed.

2. Jamestown: Investors obtained a charter, or certificate of permission, from England to form the Virginia Company, which sent colonists to Virginia in 1607. Starvation, disease, and a lack of leadership plagued the colony, and it nearly failed. Tobacco, which was quickly becoming popular in Europe, soon formed the basis of the colony’s economy.

• Indentured servants are people who worked under contract for a set period of time in exchange for passage to the new colony.


The French in North AmericaThe French in North America

French Exploration• From 1523 to 1524, Italian

Giovanni da Verrazzano sailed for the French in search of the Northwest Passage.

• Jacques Cartier made three voyages (1543–1542) to the region of present-day Canada. The French claimed the territory and named it New France.

• In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded the first successful French colony in North America: Quebec, in present-day Canada.

The Fur Trade• The French explored the

continent in search of trading opportunities.

• Native Americans trapped fur-producing animals and traded them to the French. North American furs sold well in Europe in the 1600s.

• By the late 1600s, the territory of New France was a long narrow colony that followed waterways necessary for transporting furs and other goods.


Settling the New England, Middle, and Southern ColoniesSettling the New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies

• In England, some Puritans, or people who wanted a church “purer” than the Anglican Church, started separate churches of their own and were called Separatists. Both Separatists and non-Separatists sailed to New England aboard the Mayflower. Under the Mayflower Compact, all on board the Mayflower agreed to obey the laws of their new government. This compact kept the Pilgrims, as they came to be called, together.

• Most Puritans did not embrace religious tolerance, the idea that people of different religions should live in peace together.

• English settlers clashed with Native Americans over territory in King Philip’s War, which began in 1675. Though the English conquered the region, it took them several years to recover from the war.

• The Middle Colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware) began as proprietary colonies, colonies granted by a monarch to an individual or group who could make a colony’s laws and rule it as they wished. The Southern Colonies of Maryland, Georgia, and the Carolinas also began as proprietary colonies.


European Colonization of the Americas—AssessmentEuropean Colonization of the Americas—Assessment

The Spanish explored the Americas

(A) for “God, gold, and glory.”

(B) and dominated the fur trade in New France.

(C) to spread Christianity and promote Protestant teachings.

(D) in search of religious tolerance.

Which country was most successful at colonizing North America?

(A) Spain

(B) New France

(C) England

(D) France



European Colonization of the Americas—AssessmentEuropean Colonization of the Americas—Assessment

The Spanish explored the Americas

(A) for “God, gold, and glory.”

(B) and dominated the fur trade in New France.

(C) to spread Christianity and promote Protestant teachings.

(D) in search of religious tolerance.

Which country was most successful at colonizing North America?

(A) Spain

(B) New France

(C) England

(D) France



Growth of the American ColoniesGrowth of the American Colonies

• What were England’s colonial policies?

• What were the origins of self-government in the colonies?

• What kinds of economies and social systems developed in the colonies?

• What were the lives of African Americans like in the different colonies?

• What tensions were caused by westward expansion and religious revivals?


Colonial Policies and Self-GovernmentColonial Policies and Self-Government

• England’s colonial policies were based on two ideas:

1. Mercantilism — the theory that a country should try to get and keep as much bullion, or gold and silver, as possible.

2. Balance of trade — the difference in value between imports and exports should show more exports than imports. In this way, the country profits, or keeps more bullion.

• By the early 1700s, similarities in colonial governments included:

1. A governor appointed by the king

2. A colonial legislature that

a.served under the governor

b.had an upper house council appointed by the king

c.had an elected lower house• Local leaders came to dominate

the legislatures, and thus upheld England’s long tradition of strong local government.


Diverse Colonial EconomiesDiverse Colonial Economies

Southern Colonies • Staple crops (crops in constant demand) of rice and tobacco supported the

economy. • In the late 1600s, Virginia planters began to purchase large numbers of

Africans. Slaves supplied most of the plantations’ labor.

Middle Colonies • Farmers, merchants, traders, and artisans supported the economy. • The population included English, Dutch, French, Germans, Scots, Irish,

Scotch-Irish, Swedes, Portuguese, Jews, Welsh, Africans, and Native Americans.

New England Colonies• Small, self-sufficient farms and towns depended on long-distance trade.• A triangular trade occurred among three points in the Atlantic — the

Americas, Europe, and Africa.


Diverse Colonial EconomiesDiverse Colonial Economies


Life in Colonial AmericaLife in Colonial America

• White colonists led better lives and had more opportunities available to them in North America than in Europe. Many colonists farmed and fished, others worked as merchants or artisans.

• Boys worked as apprentices to learn skilled trades, while girls learned the details of housework from their mothers.

• Most children received little formal education and young girls generally were not allowed to go to school. However, Puritans believed all children should be able to read the Bible, so literacy rates were highest in the New England colonies.

• White male land owners were qualified to vote. Laws prevented women from voting, holding office, or serving on a jury.


African Americans in the ColoniesAfrican Americans in the Colonies

• On the Middle Passage, one leg of the triangular trade, enslaved Africans suffered great cruelty. Middle Passage also refers to the forced transport of slaves from Africa to the Americas.

• About 400,000 African Americans lived in the Southern Colonies by the late 1700s; there, most slaves worked on plantations. About 50,000 African Americans lived in the Middle and New England Colonies combined, where some slaves did field work, but most worked in cities as cooks, housekeepers, or in various trades.

• Laws restricting the movement of slaves made it difficult for slaves to organize rebellions, although some uprisings did occur.

• Some laws discouraged people from freeing slaves. Free blacks experienced poor living conditions and severe discrimination.


Emerging Tensions in the ColoniesEmerging Tensions in the Colonies

Western Expansion• Populations increased due to

rising prosperity as well as new immigrants, or people who enter a country to settle.

• By the mid-1700s, European settlers were moving farther from the coast and into the North American interior, sometimes cultivating land in Indian territory.

• As westward migration continued, tension mounted among the Indians and French who already occupied the interior.

Religion• A series of religious revivals, the

Great Awakening, took place in the 1730s and 1740s and brought about renewed religious enthusiasm and commitment.

• People were inspired to speak for themselves and relied less on the authority of ministers and books.

• Baptist and Methodist churches in the South celebrated ordinary people who acted on their own faith.

• Religion in the colonies became more democratic.


Growth of the American Colonies—AssessmentGrowth of the American Colonies—Assessment

England’s colonial economic policies were based on

(A) mercantilism and balance of trade.

(B) triangular trade and the Great Awakening.

(C) staple crops and the Great Awakening.

(D) immigration.

The term Middle Passage refers to

(A) the apprentice stage for tradesmen.

(B) the migration of slaves to North America’s interior.

(C) a legislative process by which colonial laws were passed.

(D) the forced transport of slaves from Africa to North America.



Growth of the American Colonies—AssessmentGrowth of the American Colonies—Assessment

England’s colonial economic policies were based on

(A) mercantilism and balance of trade.

(B) triangular trade and the Great Awakening.

(C) staple crops and the Great Awakening.

(D) immigration.

The term Middle Passage refers to

(A) the apprentice stage for tradesmen.

(B) the migration of slaves to North America’s interior.

(C) a legislative process by which colonial laws were passed.

(D) the forced transport of slaves from Africa to North America.



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America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 1 Origins of a New Society, to 1754 Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall,