•All living things are All living things are composed of cellscomposed of cells

•Cells are the basic unit of Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in structure and function in living thingsliving things

•New cells come from New cells come from other cellsother cells

Prokaryotes vs. Prokaryotes vs. EukaryotesEukaryotes

ProkaryoteProkaryotes…s…•Do not contain a nucleusDo not contain a nucleus

•Are smaller and simplerAre smaller and simpler•Carry out every activity Carry out every activity associated with living associated with living thingsthings

•Like bacteria!Like bacteria!

Which Which one am one am

I ???I ???

EukaryoteEukaryotess• Usually larger and more complexUsually larger and more complex

•Highly specializedHighly specialized•Genetic material is separated Genetic material is separated

from the rest of the cell in a from the rest of the cell in a nucleusnucleus

•Can be a single cell or Can be a single cell or multicellular organismmulticellular organism

ExamplesExamples

Eukaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell structurestructure

•Made up of organelles or Made up of organelles or “little organs”“little organs”

•Divided into 2 parts: Divided into 2 parts: nucleus & cytoplasmnucleus & cytoplasm

•Cytoplasm is outside the Cytoplasm is outside the nucleusnucleus

NucleolusNucleolus• Where ribosomes are Where ribosomes are

mademade

RibosomesRibosomes• Are made of RNA and proteinAre made of RNA and protein

•Assemble proteinsAssemble proteins•Protein assembly Protein assembly instruction comes from the instruction comes from the nucleusnucleus

•Cells active in protein Cells active in protein synthesis have many synthesis have many ribosomesribosomes

Endoplasmic Endoplasmic reticulumreticulum

•Makes and exports Makes and exports proteins and lipids proteins and lipids

•Rough ER makes Rough ER makes proteins, so its proteins, so its covered in ribosomes! covered in ribosomes!

•Smooth ER Smooth ER makes enzymesmakes enzymes

Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus

LysosomesLysosomes•Clean up crew, remove Clean up crew, remove junk!junk!

•Digest or break down Digest or break down lipids, carbohydrates, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and old organellesproteins and old organelles

•Filled with Filled with enzymesenzymes

•Converts food into Converts food into compounds the cell usescompounds the cell uses

•Mitochondria are from Mitochondria are from the egg cell, so thank the egg cell, so thank your MOM!your MOM!

ChloroplastsChloroplasts•Found in plant cellsFound in plant cells•Capture energy from the Capture energy from the

sun and convert it into sun and convert it into chemical energy… chemical energy… PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Cilia & FlagellaCilia & Flagella

Cell BoundariesCell Boundaries• All cells are surrounded by a All cells are surrounded by a

thin, flexible membranethin, flexible membrane

•Plant cells also have a Plant cells also have a cell cell wallwall surrounding the surrounding the membranemembrane

Cell MembraneCell Membrane•Regulates what comes Regulates what comes in & out of the cellin & out of the cell

•Provides structure and Provides structure and supportsupport

•Made of a lipid bilayer Made of a lipid bilayer which provides a strong which provides a strong flexible barrierflexible barrier

• The lipid bilayer has The lipid bilayer has carbohydratescarbohydrates AND AND

proteinsproteins embedded within! embedded within!

•Located outside cell membrane in plant, algae, fungi and prokaryotic cells

•Usually made of carbs & Usually made of carbs & proteinprotein

•Plant cell walls are made of Plant cell walls are made of cellulosecellulose

•Provides protection and Provides protection and supportsupport

What am I???What am I???

•When particles move from When particles move from areas of high concentration areas of high concentration to areas of low to areas of low concentrationconcentration

• Equilibrium occurs when the Equilibrium occurs when the concentration of solute concentration of solute (particles) is the same (particles) is the same throughoutthroughout

The Dye = SoluteThe Dye = SoluteWater= SolventWater= Solvent

•Water passes easily Water passes easily across membranesacross membranes

•OsmosisOsmosis is the is the diffusion of water diffusion of water across a selectively across a selectively permeable membranepermeable membrane

IsotonicIsotonic

Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion• Certain molecules can pass Certain molecules can pass through cell membranes with through cell membranes with

help from protein friendshelp from protein friends

Active TransportActive Transport•Sometimes cells must move Sometimes cells must move

materials in the direction materials in the direction opposite diffusionopposite diffusion

•This requires energyThis requires energy•Transport proteins or Transport proteins or

“pumps” help this happen“pumps” help this happen

Chemical Energy & ATPChemical Energy & ATP

•Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine triphosphate helps cells store & release helps cells store & release energyenergy

8-2 Photosynthesis: An 8-2 Photosynthesis: An OverviewOverview

•Plants use energy from Plants use energy from the sun to convert water the sun to convert water and carbon dioxide into and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates (sugars & carbohydrates (sugars &

starches) and release starches) and release oxygen as a waste oxygen as a waste

productproduct

PHOTOSYNTHESIS EquationPHOTOSYNTHESIS Equation

NO PANICKING!!!NO PANICKING!!!

•In addition to water and In addition to water and carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide,

photosynthesis requires photosynthesis requires light and chlorophyll, a light and chlorophyll, a

pigment found in pigment found in chloroplastschloroplasts

What happens to What happens to all that glucose all that glucose

that was made in that was made in photosynthesis?photosynthesis?

•Serves as a source of raw material Serves as a source of raw material for cells to make new moleculesfor cells to make new molecules

•Provides ENERGYProvides ENERGY

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration• A process that releases energy by A process that releases energy by

breaking down glucose & other breaking down glucose & other food molecules with oxygen presentfood molecules with oxygen present

You go You go to work to work to make to make money!money!

Then you save theThen you save the$$ for your future!$$ for your future!

RememRemember ber

me?? me?? I’m I’m

ATP!ATP!

Anaerobic Cellular Anaerobic Cellular RespirationRespiration

• Pyruvic acid doesn’t Pyruvic acid doesn’t enter the mitochondria enter the mitochondria when oxygen isn’t when oxygen isn’t presentpresent

• Instead, Instead, fermentationfermentation occurs in the occurs in the cytoplasmcytoplasm

• There are 2 types:There are 2 types:

1) Alcoholic1) Alcoholic

2) Lactic Acid2) Lactic Acid