Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
2011/2/28
1
Air Quality in Japan
― Overview of Air Quality Measurement Methods ―
Atmospheric Environment GroupCenter for Environmental Science in Saitama (CESS)
CESS Air Pollution Training Course (JICA Training Course in Syria)
May 27, 2010
SPM: Suspended Particulate MatterVOC: Volatile Organic Compound
Acid Rain
Warming
SPM
Photochemistry
Chemical Substances
AsbestosVOC
RoadsidePurifying
Technology
Incinerator
Ozone Layer
Local Air Pollution Global Environmental Issues
Measures for Emission Source
Classification of Research Issues
Fiscal YearSaitama Prefecture National
Department Responsible for Analytical Survey
Prefectural Ordinances Laws
1962 Prefectural Pollution Control Ordinance ★ Smoke and Soot Regulation Law
1964Environmental Pollution Section of Environmental Health Division, Hygiene Department
1967 ☆Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control
1968
→ Pollution Control Office, Hygiene Department→ Environmental Pollution Division, Department of Public Services
★Air Pollution Control Law
1969Prefectural Pollution Control Ordinance was fully revised
1970Saitama Institute of Environmental Pollution
1971Offensive Odor Control LawLaw Concerning the Improvement of Pollution Prevention Systems in Specific Factories
1978Prefectural Pollution Control Ordinance was fully revised
1992 Automobile NOx Law
1993 ☆ Establishment of the Basic Environment Law
1994Prefectural Basic Environment Ordinance
1999 Law Concerning Special Measures against Dioxins
2000Center for Environmental Science in Saitama (CESS)
2001 Automobile NOx/PM Law
2002Prefectural Ordinance on the Conservation of the Living Environment
Air Quality Chronology Environmental Quality Standards for Air Pollution
object substance
sulfur dioxide SO2
carbon monoxide COsuspended particulate matter SPMphotochemical oxidants Oxnitrogen dioxide NO2
benzene C6H6
trichloroethylene C2HCl3tetrachloroethylene C2Cl4methylene chloride CH2Cl2dioxin PCDD,PCDF,DL-PCBminute particulate matter PM2.5
The Environmental Quality Standards shall be as follows: From the view of the environmental conditions related to
air pollution, not only the items whose maintenance is considered preferable for the protection of human health and the conservation of the living environment, but also the standards for such items.
Changes in Nationwide Concentration
Simple average of annual average values from valid monitoring stations (General Stations) across Japan (surveyed by the MOE of Japan)For photochemical oxidants (Oxs), annual average value of the highest concentrations of the day
Ann
ual A
vera
ge V
alue
(pp
m,
mg/
m3)
Ann
ual A
vera
ge V
alue
of C
O (
ppm
)
Fiscal Year
Ｋ値第5次規制
Ｋ値第6次規制
Ｋ値第7次規制
軽
油
中
硫
黄
分
0.5%
以
下
Ｋ値第8次規制
総量規制地域指定
軽
油
中
硫
黄
分
0.2%
以
下
軽
油
中
硫
黄
分
0.05%
以
下
軽
油
中
硫
黄
分
50ppm
以
下
軽
油
中
硫
黄
分
10ppm
以
下
-2.43E-17
0.01
0.02
0.03
1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
年平
均値
(ppm
)
年 度
一般環境大気測定局（１６局）
自動車排出ガス測定局（２局）
Changes in the Concentration (of SO2) in Saitama Prefecture
Ann
ual A
vera
ge V
alue
(pp
m)
Fiscal Year
General Ambient Air Monitoring Station (General Station) (16 stations)Automobile Exhaust Gas Monitoring Station (Roadside Station) (2 stations)
2011/2/28
2
Changes in Concentration (of NO2) in Saitama Prefecture
Ｇ第ば
車１い
48次煙
年規発
規制生
制 施
設
Ｄ
車
49
年
規
制
Ｇ第ば
車２い
50次煙
年規発
規制生
制 施
設
Ｇ
車
51
年
規
制
Ｇ第ば
Ｄ３い
車次煙
52規発
年制生
規 施
制 設
Ｇ
車
53
年
規
制
Ｇ第ば
Ｄ４い
車次煙
54規発
年制生
規 施
制 設
Ｇ
車
56
年
規
制
Ｇ
Ｄ
車
57
年
規
制
Ｄ第ば
車５い
58次煙
年規発
規制生
制 施
設
対窒
策素
指酸
導化
方物
針
Ｄ
車
61
年
規
制
Ｄ
車
62
年
規
制
Ｇ
Ｄ
車
63
年
規
制
ＧＤ車元年規制
ＧＤ車2年規制
ＧＤ
車車
短４
期年
規規
制制
車自
種動
規車
制NOx
法
Ｇ車長期規制
Ｄ車長期規制
Ｇ
車
10
年
規
制
Ｇ
車
新
短
期
規
制
Ｄ車自
車種動
新規車
短制NOx
期 ・
規 PM
制 法
ＧＤ車新長期規制
Ｄ車短期規制
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
年平
均値
(ppm
)
年 度
一般環境大気測定局（１０局）
自動車排出ガス測定局（６局）
Ann
ual A
vera
ge V
alue
(pp
m)
Fiscal Year
General Ambient Air Monitoring Station (General Station) (10 stations)
Automobile Exhaust Gas Monitoring Station (Roadside Station) (6 stations)
Changes in Concentration (of SPM) in Saitama Prefecture
小型ボイラー規制
ガスタービン
ディーゼル機関規制
ガス機関
ガソリン機関規制
Ｄ車短期規制
焼却炉
ばいじん濃度規制
Ｄ車長期規制
小型焼却炉規制
車自
種動
規車
制NOx
・
PM
法
野外焼却禁止
小規模焼却炉規制
Ｄ
車
新
短
期
規
制
ディーゼル車
運行規制
ＧＤ車新長期規制
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
年平
均値
(mg/
m3)
年 度
一般環境大気測定局（５局）
自動車排出ガス測定局（２局）
Ann
ual A
vera
ge V
alue
(m
g/m
3)
Fiscal Year
General Ambient Air Monitoring Station (General Station) (5 stations)Automobile Exhaust Gas Monitoring Station (Roadside Station) (2 stations)
Changes in Concentration (of Ox) in Saitama Prefecture
ばい煙発生施設
第１次規制
ばい煙発生施設
第２次規制
ばい煙発生施設
第３次規制
ばい煙発生施設
第４次規制
ばい煙発生施設
第５次規制
窒素酸化物対策
指導方針
炭化水素類対策
指導方針
車自
種動
規車
制NOx
法
Ｄ車短期規制
Ｄ車長期規制
炭化水素類排出規制（新設）
車自
種動
規車
制NOx
・
PM
法
Ｄ車新短期規制
炭化水素類排出規制（既設）
GＤ車新長期規制
VOC排出規制（新設）
0.000
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
昼間
の年
平均
値(p
pm)
年 度
一般環境大気測定局(１２局)
Ann
ual D
aytim
e A
vera
ge (
ppm
)
Fiscal Year
General Ambient Air Monitoring Station (General Station)(12 stations)
Ｇ
車
48
年
規
制
Ｄ
車
49
年
規
制
Ｇ
車
50
年
規
制
Ｄ
車
61
年
規
制
Ｄ
車
62
年
規
制
Ｇ
Ｄ
車
63
年
規
制
Ｇ車短期規制
Ｄ車短期規制
Ｇ
車
10
年
規
制
Ｇ
車
新
短
期
規
制
ＧＤ車新長期規制
Ｄ車新短期規制
0
1
2
3
1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
年平
均値
(ppm
)
年 度
一般環境大気測定局（２局）
自動車排出ガス測定局（２局）
Changes in Concentration (of CO) in Saitama Prefecture
Ann
ual A
vera
ge V
alue
(pp
m)
Fiscal Year
General Ambient Air Monitoring Station (General Station) (2 stations)Automobile Exhaust Gas Monitoring Station (Roadside Station) (2 stations)
Status of the Achievement of Environmental Quality Standards in Saitama Prefecture －1
Ach
ieve
me
nt
Ra
te (
%)
Fiscal Year (Total of “General Stations” plus “Roadside Stations”)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
達成
率(％
)
年度
ベンゼン
ジクロロメタン
トリクロロエチレン
テトラクロロエチレン
ダイオキシン
Status of the Achievement of Environmental Quality Standards in Saitama Prefecture －2
Ach
ieve
me
nt
Ra
te (
%)
Fiscal Year
Benzene
Dichloromethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Dioxin
2011/2/28
3
Cl
Cl
Cl
ClO
O
Environmental Quality Standard (0.6)
Prefecture’s Target Value (0.3)
* Average of the quarterly-measured results for all prefectures (“in the general environment,” “around stationary sources,” and “along the roadside”)
Changes in the Concentration of Dioxins in Saitama Prefecture
Ave
rag
e C
on
cen
tra
tion
(p
g-T
EQ
/ m
3)
Fiscal Year
Photochemical Oxidants (Ox)
(Photochemical Smog)
The Status of Photochemical Smog
Da
ys
Total days during when the alert continued to be issued (nationwide)
Number of complaints (nationwide)
Total days during when the alert continued to be issued (Saitama Pref.)
Da
ys
Nu
mb
er
of P
eop
le
Nu
mb
er
of P
eop
le
Fiscal Year
Number of complaints (Saitama Pref.)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
1st Place
Saitama Saitama Saitama Saitama Chiba Chiba Tokyo Saitama Tokyo Saitama
2nd Place
Ibaraki Chiba Chiba Ibaraki Saitama Saitama Osaka Kanagawa Saitama Osaka
3rd Place
Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo Osaka Tokyo Tokyo Saitama Chiba Chiba Aichi
4th Place
Osaka Osaka Gunma Chiba Ibaraki Tochigi Kanagawa Tokyo GunmaTochigiTokyo5th
PlaceTochigi Tochigi Ibaraki Tochigi Kanagawa Ibaraki Yamanashi Tochigi Kanagawa
Ranking for the Total Number of Days When A Smog Alert was Issued
Mechanism of Photochemical Oxidant Formation
NOx
VOC
(Causative Agent)
(Sunlight)Photochemical
Oxidants
(Mainly Ozone)
Photochemical Reaction
Atmospheric Particulation
Atmospheric Acidification
Global Warming
Impact on Living Things
: Daytime Wind During the Summer
Photochemical Oxidants
VOCNOx
2011/2/28
4
Topography in Saitama Prefecture
0 5 10 20 25 km
Ｓａｉｔａｍａ
ＣＥＳＳ
Ｔｏｋｙｏ
PM 2.5
Particle Diameter 2.5 m10 m
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n
Atmospheric Suspended Particles
Microparticles Coarse Particles
Anthropogenic Generation Natural Generation
Soot and dust from factories and business offices
Diesel exhaust particulates
Particulates formed from gaseous substances
Main Components
Hard to be eliminated from the body Easy to be eliminated from the body
Properties of Suspended Particulate Matters (SPMs) －1
PM 2.5: Microparticles with a diameter of less than 2.5 m
PM2.5
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
Main Components Soil particulates Sea salt particulates Dust particles
Secondarily Formed Particles
(Particulation Occurred a Few Kilometers Away from the Discharge Point)
(Hydrocarbons)
Smoke
Sea Salt Particulates Dust Particles
Primary Particles
Sea AutomobileBlack Smoke Emissions
from Diesel Car
Volcano Factry, business office
Properties of Suspended Particulate Matters (SPMs) -2
Crushing Process
(Hydrocarbons)
Structure of Human Respiratory System
Upper Airway
Lower Airway
Nasal Cavity
Larynx
Lungs
Bronchi
Pharynx
Trachea
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2009/Apr
2009/M
ay
2009/Jun
2009/Jul
2009/Aug
2009/Aug
2009/Sep
2009/O
ct
2009/N
ov
2009/Dec
2010/Jan
2010/Feb
2010/M
ar
PM2.5
‐mass concentration (g
/m3)
Changes in Concentration (of PM2.5) in Saitama Prefecture
VOC
2011/2/28
5
(MOE’s Pamphlet)
Photochemical Oxidant
Suspended Particulate Matter
VOCs are the Causative Agents of Photochemical Oxidants and PM 2.5
Ozone (O3)
Secondary Particle
Primary Particle
Natural SourcesAnthropogenic Sources
VOC Emission Control (Air Pollution Control Law)
Voluntary Efforts to Control VOC Emissions (Air Pollution Control Law)
Exhaust Emissions Survey of the Facilities Covered by Relevant Regulations
Regulations on Facilities Emitting VOCs (Prefectural Ordinance on the Conservation of the Living Environment)
VOC Measurement and Technical Advice for VOC Emission Control
VOC Survey to Support VOC Emission Reduction
VOC Emission Control
Hazardous Air PollutantsConventional
Pollutants (Smoke and Soot, etc.)
Hazardous Air Pollutants(Chemical Substances)
SOx Nox
SPM Ox
etc.
Benzene Toluene
Formaldehyde
Mercury Arsenic
Dioxins
etc.
Expanding the Scope of Target Substances for Air Pollution Control
Hazardous Air Pollutants(Air pollution Control Law: Revised/came into force in 1997)
Substances that may possess a harmful effect on human health through long-term exposure to low concentrations of them
Substances for which Environmental Standards are Set (5 Substances)
Substances Requiring Priority Action (22 Substances)
Potentially Hazardous Air Pollutants (234 Substances)
Asbestos
2011/2/28
6
Definition by ILO (International Labor Organization)Fibrous inorganic silicates belonging to the serpentine group or amphibole group, both of which are minerals derived from rock
What is Asbestos?
A General Term for Natural Fibrous Minerals
• The following three types of asbestos were practically used:
• Chrisotile (White Asbestos) Chrisotile
• Amosite (Brown Asbestos) Amosite
• Crocidolite (Blue Asbestos) Crocidolite
Toxicity1100500
Asbestos Import and Trends in the Incidence of Mesothelioma
Death Toll from Mesothelioma (Demographic Total)
Number of Mesothelioma Victims Who Received Worker’s Compensation
(Fiscal Year)
(Number of People)
(FY 2007)
(FY 2005)
900,000
800,000
700,000
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
0
19
00
19
10
19
20
19
30
19
40
19
50
19
60
19
70
19
80
19
90
20
00
米国、日本、中国の石綿消費量の推移（ U.S. Geol. Serv Minerals Yearbook、日本税関統計より ）
米国
日本
中国
As
bes
tos
co
ns
um
ptio
n(t
on
)
Year
Changes in Asbestos Consumption in Different Countries
Industrial Safety and Health Law was
revised (ban on the use of blue/brown
asbestos)
WHO (World Health Organization) confirmed the carcinogenicity
China
ILO (International Labor Organization) adopted the Asbestos Convention No.162 (ban on the use of blue asbestos)
USA
Japan
Changes in Asbestos Consumption in the U.S., Japan, and China(U.S. Geol. Serv Minerals Yearbook, and Japanese Custom Statistics)
Offensive Odor
Regulations Concerning the Concentration of Specified Offensive Odor Components (22 Substances)
Ammonia, methyl mercaptan, hydrogen sulphide, methyl sulphide,
methyl disulphide, trimethylamine, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, n-
butylaldehyde, isobutylaldehyde, n-valeraldehyde, isovaleraldehyde,
isobutanol, ethyl acetate, methyl isobutyl ketone, toluene, xylene,
propionic acid, n-butyric acid, n-valeric acid, and isovaleric acid
Odor Index Regulation ― Triangular Odor Bag Method
Odor NuisanceTriangular Odor Bag Method － 1
2011/2/28
7
Triangular Odor Bag Method － 2 Triangular Odor Bag Method － 3
System for Offensive Odor Control
Site Boundary
Discharge Outlet
Discharged Water→○
