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AGROEKOLOGI:
PRINSIP &
PRAKTIKAL
Smno.psdl.ppsub.2013
Mk. Agroekologi
What is Sustainable Agriculture?
“…a journey, not a destination”
No one has figured out the perfect way to farm, and probably no one ever will.
So sustainable agriculture involves a continuing search for better ways to produce, process, and distribute food and fiber.
Sustainable farmers are always asking what could be improved.
Sustainable Agriculture
• “…an integrated system of plant and animal production practices…that will:
1. Memenuhi kebutuhan manusia akan pangan dan serat
2. Memperbaiki kualitas lingkungan3. Menggunakan sumberdaya non-renewable secara
se-efisien mungkin4. Layak secara ekonomi 5. Memperbaiki kualitas hidup manusia.”
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
PERTANIAN BERLANJUT
A whole-systems approach to food, feed, and fiber production that balances environmental
soundness, social equity, and economic viability among all sectors of the public, including
international and intergenerational peoples.
Keberlanjutan harus diperluas tidak hanya secara global tetapi JUGA tanpa batas waktu, dan untuk
semua organisme hidup termasuk manusia.
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
TIGA PILAR UTAMA KEBERLANJUTAN
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
RAMAH LINGKUNGAN
Menjaga KELESTARIAN Kualitas tanah, air, dan
udara
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Bekerjasama dengan alam &
Memodel sistem alami
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
RAMAH LINGKUNGAN
BERLANJUT SECARA EKONOMI
1. Provides a secure living for farm families
2. Provides a secure living to other workers in the food system
3. Provides access to good food for all
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
1. Good for families2. Supports communities3. Fair to all involved
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
BERLANJUT SECARA SOSIAL
Successful Sustainable Agroecosystems
1. Maintain their natural resource base2. Rely on minimum artificial inputs from
outside the farm system3. Manage pests and diseases through internal
regulating mechanisms4. Recover from the disturbances caused by
cultivation and harvest
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Agroecology ?
1. The application of ecological science to the design and management of sustainable agroecosystems
2. A holistic approach to agriculture and agriculture development based on traditional, alternative, and local small-scale agriculture
3. Linking ecology, socioeconomics and culture to sustain agricultural production, farming communities, and environmental health
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Principles to Agriculturei.e. “Agro-Ecology”
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Definisi Ekologi[Ecology is a science, not an ideology]
1. Ernst Haeckel (1866) “The comprehensive science of the relationship of the organism to the environment”
2. Elton (1927) “Ecology is scientific natural history” [too quaint – not used any more]
3. Andrewartha and Birch (1954) “the study of the distribution and abundance or organisms.
4. Odum (1971) …”the study of the interactions between/among organisms and the transformation and flux of energy and matter.”
…”the study of the structure and function of nature”Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Prinsip-prinsip Agroekologi
1. Menggunakan sumberdaya terbarukan2. Meminimumkan senyawa toksik3. Conserve resources4. Manage ecological relationships5. Adjust to local environments6. Diversification7. Empower people8. Manage whole systems9. Memaksimumkan manfaat jangka panjang10. Nilai-nilai Kesehatan
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Menggunakan sumberdaya yang terbarukan
1. Renewable resources of energy instead of non-renewable sources
2. Biological nitrogen fixation3. Naturally occurring materials instead of
synthetics xenobiotic inputs4. Sumberdaya On-farm5. Daur ulang sisa-sisa panen di lahan –
hara tanamanKrish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Meminimumkan senyawa toksik
1. Mengurangi atau menghentikan penggunaan xenobiotics – pestisida
2. Menerapkan praktek budidaya pertanian yang minim pencemaran lingkungan
3. Use naturally occurring compounds that degrade into non-toxic compounds
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Konservasi Sumberdaya
1. Conserve soil- Sustain soil nutrients and organic matter, Minimize soil erosion – perennials, no-tillage, mulch
2. Konservasi air - Dry farm, Use efficient irrigation systems
3. Konservasi Energi – Teknologi efisien energi4. Conserve genetic resources – Seed, local
varieties5. Menghemat modal - Mengurangi pengeluaran
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Mengelola Hubungan EKologis
1. Manage pests, diseases, and weeds2. Intercropping & cover cropping3. Mengintegrasikan ternak4. Meningkatkan biota tanah yang
menguntungkan– Mycorrhizae– Rhizobia– Free-living nitrogen fixers– Plant growth promoting bacteria
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Menyesuaikan dengan Lingkungan Lokal
1. Match cropping patterns to the landscape
2. Adaptasi tanaman dan ternak dengan kondisi ekologis usahatani
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Diversifikasi
1. Landscape – maintain undisturbed areas as buffer zones, use contour and strip tillage, maintain riparian buffer zones, use rotational grazing
2. Biota – intercrop, rotate crop, use polyculture, integrate animals in system, use multiple species of crops and animals in the farm, use multiple varieties and landraces of crops and animals on farm
3. Ekonomi – pertanian produk organik, pertanian berbasis masyarakat
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Memberdayakan Manusia
1. Ensure that local people control their development process
2. Memanfaatkan kearifan Lokal3. Promote multi-directional transfer of
knowledge, as opposed to top-down knowledge transfer
4. Engage in people-centric development5. Memperkuat komunitas6. Jaminan tenaga kerja pertanian
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Mengelola keseluruhan sistem
• Menggunakan proses perencanaan yang melibatkan beragam skala agroekosistem:– Landscapes– Households– Farms– Komunitas - Masyarakat– Bioregions– Nasional
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Memaksimumkan manfaat jangka panjang
1. Maximize intergenerational benefits – long term
2. Maximize livelihoods and quality of life in rural areas
3. Facilitate generational transfers4. Menggunakan strategi jangka panjang5. Memasukkan keberlanjutan jangka panjang6. Membangun kesuburan tanah7. Nilai tambah produk pertanian
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Nilai-nilai Kesehatan
1. Kesehatan Manusia2. Cultural health3. Environmental health4. Animal health5. Kesehatan Tanaman
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Goals: akhir yang diinginkanPractices: Aktivitas untuk mencapai sasaran
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Bgm mencapai Sasaran?
1. Mencari tahu di mana Posisi Anda berada2. Analyze your strengths and weaknesses3. Select strategies (practices)4. Keep monitoring your progress 5. Re-evaluasi Sasaran dan Rencana
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Where are we?
Apa saja……..Strengths
&Weaknesses ….
sistem pertanian kita sekarang ini?
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Keberhasilan1. abundant food supply in the developed world2. fresh fruits and vegetables available year-round3. Pangan murah4. luxury foods such as coffee, tea, chocolate, and
spices easily available around the world5. effective food preservation technologies
(refrigeration, freezing, canning, packaging)6. Pangan mudah diperoleh7. Mekanisasi menghasilkan efisiensi tenagakerja8. Perbaikan konservasi tanah dna air9. availability of agricultural inputs for quick solutions
to production problems
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Problematika1. Kehilangan tanah terus berlangsung
2. food safety concerns (mad cow disease, food poisoning outbreaks, antibiotic resistance, toxins and pesticides)
3. water pollution, air pollution (& odors), habitat loss, water depletion
4. continuing hunger – and rise of obesity5. failing farms, economic uncertainty and stress6. declining communities7. farm accidents, chronic diseases linked to agricultural
chemicals8. Ketergantungan pada bahan bakar fosil, pemanasan global9. Konversi lahan pertanian menjadi lahan terbangun10. Kesulitan mmeulai usahatani.
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Elemen-elemen Keberlanjutan
23
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
1 Integrated pest management
2 Management intensive grazing3 Soil conservation4 Water quality5 Cover crops
6 Crop/landscape diversity 7 Nutrient management8 Agroforestry9 Marketing
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Building Soils for Better Crops 2nd Edition
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Manage Insects on Your Farm A Guide to Ecological Strategies
Krish Jayachandran-2008. Department of Environmental Studies - Florida International University
Dimana musuh alami bagi hama padi?
KESIMPULAN
1. Pertanian telah mencapai banyak Hal
2. Namun masih banyak maslaah yang harus diselesaikan
3. Agroecology and sustainable agriculture is about trying to solve these problems – without creating new ones.