PENGANTAR EKOLOGI-EKONOMI Diabstraksikan :
smno.psdl.ppsub.2012/13 MK. EKONOMI SUMBERDAYA ALAM &
LINGKUNGAN Slide 2 Sumber: .. Diunduh 17/11/2012 TIGA PILAR
KEBERLANJUTAN - KELESTARIAN Three circles enclosed within one
another showing how both economy and society are subsets of our
planetary ecological system. This view is useful for correcting the
misconception, sometimes drawn from the previous "three pillars"
diagram, that portions of social and economic systems can exist
independently from the environment. Slide 3 Sumber: .. Diunduh
17/11/2012 EKOLOGI-EKONOMI Ecological economics is a
transdisciplinary field of academic research that aims to address
the interdependence and coevolution of human economies and natural
ecosystems over time and space. It is distinguished from
environmental economics, which is the mainstream economic analysis
of the environment, by its treatment of the economy as a subsystem
of the ecosystem and its emphasis upon preserving natural capital.
One survey of German economists found that ecological and
environmental economics are different schools of economic thought,
with ecological economists emphasizing "strong" sustainability and
rejecting the proposition that natural capital can be substituted
for human-made capital. Slide 4 Sumber: .. Diunduh 17/11/2012
Ecological economics includes the study of the metabolism of
society, that is, the study of the flows of energy and materials
that enter and exit the economic system. This subfield is also
called biophysical economics, sometimes referred to also as
bioeconomics. It is based on a conceptual model of the economy
connected to, and sustained by, a flow of energy, materials, and
ecosystem services. Analysts from a variety of disciplines have
conducted research on the economy-environment relationship, with
concern for energy and material flows and sustainability,
environmental quality, and economic development. EKOLOGI-EKONOMI
Slide 5 Sumber: .. Diunduh 17/11/2012 ALAM & EKOLOGI Once
consumed, natural inputs pass out of the economy as pollution and
waste. The potential of an environment to provide services and
materials is referred to as an "environment's source function", and
this function is depleted as resources are consumed or pollution
contaminates the resources. The "sink function" describes an
environment's ability to absorb and render harmless waste and
pollution: when waste output exceeds the limit of the sink
function, long- term damage occurs. Some persistent pollutants,
such as some organic pollutants and nuclear waste are absorbed very
slowly or not at all; ecological economists emphasize minimizing
"cumulative pollutants". Pollutants affect human health and the
health of the climate. Slide 6 Sumber: .. Diunduh 17/11/2012
VALUASI EKONOMI The economic value of natural capital and ecosystem
services is accepted by mainstream environmental economics, but is
emphasized as especially important in ecological economics.
Ecological economists may begin by estimating how to maintain a
stable environment before assessing the cost in dollar terms.
Ecological economist Robert Costanza led an attempted valuation of
the global ecosystem in 1997. Initially published in Nature, the
article concluded on $33 trillion with a range from $16 trillion to
$54 trillion (in 1997, total global GDP was $27 trillion). Half of
the value went to nutrient cycling. Slide 7 DIAGRAM LINGKAR MODEL
EKONOMI ECONOMY EXTERNALITIES SOCIETY ENVIRONMENT ? ? Sumber:
Introduction to Ecological Economics. Greentax. Gary
Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 8 Sumber: ..
Diunduh 17/11/2012 JASA-JASA LINGKUNGAN A study was carried out by
Costanza and colleagues to determine the 'price' of the services
provided by the environment. This was determined by averaging
values obtained from a range of studies conducted in very specific
context and then transferring these without regard to that context.
Dollar figures were averaged to a per hectare number for different
types of ecosystem e.g. wetlands, oceans. A total was then produced
which came out at 33 trillion US dollars (1997 values), more than
twice the total GDP of the world at the time of the study. Slide 9
Sumber: .. Diunduh 17/11/2012 JASA-JASA EKOSISTEM Humankind
benefits from a multitude of resources and processes that are
supplied by natural ecosystems. Collectively, these benefits are
known as ecosystem services and include products like clean
drinking water and processes such as the decomposition of wastes.
While scientists and environmentalists have discussed ecosystem
services for decades, these services were popularized and their
definitions formalized by the United Nations 2004 Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment (MA), a four-year study involving more than
1,300 scientists worldwide. This grouped ecosystem services into
four broad categories: provisioning, such as the production of food
and water; regulating, such as the control of climate and disease;
supporting, such as nutrient cycles and crop pollination; and
cultural, such as spiritual and recreational benefits. Slide 10
Sumber: .. Diunduh 17/11/2012 EMPAT KATEGORI JASA-JASA EKOSISTEM
Provisioning services food (including seafood and game), crops,
wild foods, and spices water pharmaceuticals, biochemicals, and
industrial products energy (hydropower, biomass fuels) Regulating
services carbon sequestration and climate regulation waste
decomposition and detoxification purification of water and air crop
pollination pest and disease control Supporting services nutrient
dispersal and cycling seed dispersal Primary production Cultural
services cultural, intellectual and spiritual inspiration
recreational experiences (including ecotourism) scientific
discovery Slide 11 Sumber: .. Diunduh 17/11/2012 KAPITAL ALAM
Natural capital is the extension of the economic notion of capital
(manufactured means of production) to goods and services relating
to the natural environment. Natural capital is thus the stock of
natural ecosystems that yields a flow of valuable ecosystem goods
or services into the future. For example, a stock of trees or fish
provides a flow of new trees or fish, a flow which can be
indefinitely sustainable. Natural capital may also provide services
like recycling wastes or water catchment and erosion control. Since
the flow of services from ecosystems requires that they function as
whole systems, the structure and diversity of the system are
important components of natural capital. Slide 12 LINGKUNGAN sbg
SUBSET dari EKONOMI EKONOMI EKOSISTEM Sumber: Introduction to
Ecological Economics. Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute.
Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 13 Sumber: .. Diunduh 17/11/2012 REVOLUSI
INDUSTRI MASA DEPAN The "next industrial revolution" depends on the
espousal of four central strategies: 1.The conservation of
resources through more effective manufacturing processes, 2.The
reuse of materials as found in natural systems, 3.A change in
values from quantity to quality, 4.Investing in natural capital, or
restoring and sustaining natural resources. Slide 14 Sumber: ..
Diunduh 17/11/2012 Natural capital is described in the book Natural
Capitalism as a metaphor for the mineral, plant, and animal
formations of the Earth's biosphere when viewed as a means of
production of oxygen, water filter, erosion preventer, or provider
of other ecosystem services. It is one approach to ecosystem
valuation, an alternative to the traditional view of all non-human
life as passive natural resources, and to the idea of ecological
health. Human knowledge and understanding of the natural
environment is never complete, therefore the boundaries of natural
capital expand or contract as knowledge is gained or lost. KAPITAL
ALAM Slide 15 = EKONOMI NEO-KLASIK 1890- No Ingredients, only labor
and capital P = f(L,K)= AL a. BK b (Cobb-Douglas multiplication)
Labor (Chef ) Kapital (Mixing bowl) x ROTI? Kapital (oven) X
Sumber: Introduction to Ecological Economics. Greentax. Gary
Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 16 = INFINITE
SUBSTITUT-ABILITY: 2P = f(L,K)= 2AL a. 2BK b More Chefs or Bigger
Mixing bowl x More Bread? EKONOMI NEO-KLASIK 1890- Sumber:
Introduction to Ecological Economics. Greentax. Gary
Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 17 Sumber:
http://iluvsa.blogspot.com/2009/05/parallel-goals-political-secession.html
.. Diunduh 17/11/2012 HUBUNGAN MANUSIA DENGAN LINGKUNGAN SEKITARNYA
The Ecological Economics Model of the relationship between the
Human Economy and the Earth System highlighting the importance of
sources, sinks, feedbacks and scale. The Earth System can be viewed
as the Natural Capital and all other forms of capital are nested
within and dependent upon it. Population can be thought of as Human
Capital, referring not just to population size, but also to peoples
education, skill sets, norms, standards and laws. Slide 18
UNGKAPAN-UNGKAPAN There is no reason we cant have a perfectly
healthy economy with virtually no resources whatsoever Robert Solow
We can do without agriculture because its only 2% of the
economy.Norgaard? neo-classical economics is a form of brain damage
- - Hazel Henderson Sumber: Introduction to Ecological Economics.
Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 19
EKONOMI - EKOLOGIS NO EXTERNALITIES Sumber: Introduction to
Ecological Economics. Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute.
Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 20 Sumber: .. Diunduh 17/11/2012 EKSTERNALITAS
Ecological economics is founded upon the view that the neoclassical
economics (NCE) assumption that environmental and community costs
and benefits are mutually canceling "externalities" is not
warranted. Juan Martinez Alier, for instance shows that the bulk of
consumers are automatically excluded from having an impact upon the
prices of commodities, as these consumers are future generations
who have not been born yet. Concerning these externalities, Paul
Hawken argues that the only reason why goods produced unsustainably
are usually cheaper than goods produced sustainably is due to a
hidden subsidy, paid by the non-monetized human environment,
community or future generations. Slide 21 Sumber: .. Diunduh
17/11/2012 VALUASI EKONOMI JASA-JASA LINGKUNGAN The economic
valuation of ecosystem services also involves social communication
and information, areas that remain particularly challenging and are
the focus of many researchers. In general, the idea is that
although individuals make decisions for any variety of reasons,
trends reveal the aggregative preferences of a society, from which
the economic value of services can be inferred and assigned. The
six major methods for valuing ecosystem services in monetary terms
are: 1. Avoided cost Services allow society to avoid costs that
would have been incurred in the absence of those services (e.g.
waste treatment by wetland habitats avoids health costs)
2.Replacement cost Services could be replaced with man-made systems
(e.g. restoration of the Catskill Watershed cost less than the
construction of a water purification plant) Slide 22 Sumber: ..
Diunduh 17/11/2012 VALUASI EKONOMI JASA-JASA LINGKUNGAN 3. Factor
income Services provide for the enhancement of incomes (e.g.
improved water quality increases the commercial take of a fishery
and improves the income of fishers) 4.Travel cost Service demand
may require travel, whose costs can reflect the implied value of
the service (e.g. value of ecotourism experience is at least what a
visitor is willing to pay to get there) 5.Hedonic pricing Service
demand may be reflected in the prices people will pay for
associated goods (e.g. coastal housing prices exceed that of inland
homes) 6.Contingent valuation Service demand may be elicited by
posing hypothetical scenarios that involve some valuation of
alternatives (e.g. visitors willing to pay for increased access to
national parks) Slide 23 Sumber:
http://www.tumblr.com/tagged/ecological-economics .. Diunduh
17/11/2012 INTERAKSI EKOSISTEM DAN EKONOMI Eminent biologists and
U.N. reports concur that business-as-usual will drive half of all
species on Earth to extinction within this century. Collectively,
we are violating the first preceptdo not harm living beingson the
largest possible scale. We cannot foresee the biological
consequences for human life when so many species that invisibly
contribute to our own well- being vanish from the planet. Slide 24
Sumber:
http://casey.brown.edu/chemistry/research/crp/Edu/Documents/00_Chem201/1_intro/1-intro-frames.htm..
Diunduh 17/11/2012 HUKUM TERMODINAMIKA Thermodynamics is about
energy, its flow and its transformation from one form into another
form. Slide 25 EKONOMI - EKOLOGIS Sietem Terbuka Hukum I :
Konservasi Massa ECONOMY (waste) (some) Sumber: Introduction to
Ecological Economics. Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute.
Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 26 Sumber:
http://www.griesingerfilms.com/fromorigvid.html .. Diunduh
17/11/2012 DAUR ULANG MATERIAL Ecological Economics recognizes that
the human economy is a smaller, open sub-system of a finite,
non-growing, and materially closed ecosystem. The economy is open
in that it receives the input of the sun (energy) and natural
resources (matter) and transforms those material inputs into
commodities through a variety of production processes. Just as
commodities are produced, so is the residue, or waste, of these
production systems. The waste must eventually be returned to, or
absorbed by, the larger environment. Featuring four historic videos
----------------------------------------------- "An Introduction to
Ecological Economics" "Investing in Natural Capital" "Conversation
for a Sustainable Society" "Costa Rica Counts the Future" in one
DVD From the Original Videos A Short Primer On Ecological Economics
Slide 27 ECONOMY (waste) (some) Sources Sub-surface Resources Sites
Surface locations: ie: land Sinks Absorbtion of waste 3 Ss: PAJAK
HIJAU = GREEN TAX Sumber: Introduction to Ecological Economics.
Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 28
Sumber: http://www.pelicanweb.org/solisustv07n05page8.html ..
Diunduh 17/11/2012 HUBUNGAN EKONOMI DAN LINGKUNGAN The ecological
economics model. The placement of the economy in the center
reflects the fact that it is contained by the environment, not a
suggestion that human activity is the "center of the world." The
environment is not merely a factor of production (as it is
portrayed in the conventional "circular flow" economic model), but
rather the containing system for the economy. The environment is
the source of all materials humans use and the "sink" into which
all wastes go; moreover, wastes stay in the system and do not go
"away. Slide 29 Entropi = disorder, randomness Hukum II: Entropi
selalu meningkat ECONOMY (waste) LOW ENTROPYHIGH ENTROPY
(dissipated) EKONOMI - EKOLOGIS Sumber: Introduction to Ecological
Economics. Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004.
Slide 30 Sumber: .. Diunduh 17/11/2012 EKONOMI PRODUKSI -
EKSTERNALITAS The problem is that the way owners use their land may
affect others. If they dump garbage on their neighbors' land,
clearly they are infringing upon others' rights. If they burn
garbage and the resulting smoke blows onto nearby properties?
Economics has dealt with this largely by labeling such items
externalities, costs for which the responsible party does not pay.
It then becomes up to the community, and usually the government, to
decide how to deal with externalities. Slide 31 WHAT IS
ANTI-ENTROPIC? (SYNTROPIC) ECONOMY (waste) LOW ENTROPYHIGH ENTROPY
EKONOMI - EKOLOGIS Sumber: Introduction to Ecological Economics.
Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 32
Sumber:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921818104001985
.. Diunduh 17/11/2012 Using the Ecological Social Accounting Matrix
(ESAM) for Lesotho that integrates ecological implications of the
LHWP with economic benefits of the project, the paper analysed the
impact of lost ecological services downstream the LHWP dams in
Lesotho on the well-being of households directly affected by the
project (riparians) and the general economy of the country. Lesotho
Highlands Water Project (LHWP) Flow diagram of ecological and
socio- economic flows. Slide 33 SISTEM TERTUTUP ECONOMY earth
EKONOMI - EKOLOGIS Sumber: Introduction to Ecological Economics.
Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 34
Sumber: http://willbmisled.com/blogs/blog3.php.. Diunduh 17/11/2012
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES GENERAL CONCEPTUAL MODEL Ecosystem Services are
the direct benefits to Quality of Life from Ecosystem Structure and
Function. Slide 35 SCALE-Full World or Empty World? Referensi:
Ecological Economics Principles & Applications, Farley and Daly
Sumber: Introduction to Ecological Economics. Greentax. Gary
Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 36 Sumber: Zhang,
W., Rickets, T., Kremen, C., Carney, K., Swinton, S. (2007).
Ecosystem services and dis-services to agriculture. Ecological
Economics, 64: 253-260. ECOLOGICAL GOODS AND SERVICES AND NATURAL
CAPITAL Ecosystem Services and Dis-Services From Agriculture Slide
37 DIS-UTILITAS MARGINAL Sumber: Introduction to Ecological
Economics. Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004.
Slide 38 Slide 39 PERBEDAAN-PERBEDAAN Sumber: Introduction to
Ecological Economics. Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute.
Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 40 ECONOMY (waste) (some) Sumberdaya
Sub-surface Resources MODEL SKY-TRUST Ke Hulu.! Sumber:
Introduction to Ecological Economics. Greentax. Gary
Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 41 Sumber: ..
Diunduh 17/11/2012 Comparing urban solid waste recycling from the
viewpoint of urban metabolism based on physical inputoutput model:
A case of Suzhou in China Sai Liang, Tianzhu Zhang Waste Management
32 (2012) 220225. Investigating impacts of urban solid waste
recycling on urban metabolism contributes to sustainable urban
solid waste management and urban sustainability. Using a physical
inputoutput model and scenario analysis, urban metabolism of Suzhou
in 2015 is predicted and impacts of four categories of solid waste
recycling on urban metabolism are illustrated: scrap tire
recycling, food waste recycling, fly ash recycling and sludge
recycling. Sludge recycling has positive effects on reducing all
material flows. Thus, sludge recycling for biogas is regarded as an
accepted method. Moreover, technical levels of scrap tire recycling
and food waste recycling should be improved to produce positive
effects on reducing more material flows. Fly ash recycling for
cement production has negative effects on reducing all material
flows except solid wastes. Thus, other fly ash utilization methods
should be exploited. In addition, the utilization and treatment of
secondary wastes from food waste recycling and sludge recycling
should be concerned. Slide 42 Reuse of wastewater effluent in
concrete mixing and the effect of high temperatures on its residual
properties Jasem M. Alhumoud and Mohammad Terro. Int. J.
Environment and Sustainable Development, Vol. 9, Nos. 1/2/3, 2010
This paper investigates the suitability of using wastewater
effluent for mixing in concrete. In particular, the effect of
elevated temperatures up to 700C on the compressive strength of
concrete made with treated wastewater has been experimentally
studied. The concrete specimens consisted of cubes that were cast
using potable water (PW), primary treated wastewater (PTWW),
secondary treated wastewater (STWW), and tertiary treated
wastewater (TTWW) obtained from a local wastewater treatment plant
(WWTP). The properties of concrete that were tested consisted of:
setting time, compressive strength at ambient and elevated
temperatures (up to 700C), and resistance to corrosion of
reinforcing steel. In general, at elevated temperatures, the
strength of concrete made with treated wastewater exhibited lower
values than concrete made with PW. The tertiary treated wastewater,
of the type produced from wastewater treatment plants in Kuwait, is
found to be suitable for mixing concrete with no adverse effects.
Slide 43 RECYCLING BIOWASTE HUMAN AND ANIMAL HEALTH PROBLEMS Ann
Albihn Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2002, 43(Suppl 1):S69-S75
Biowaste from the food chain is of potential benefit to use in
agriculture. Agriculture in general and organic farming in
particular needs alternative plant nutrients. However, the quality
concerning hygiene and soil contaminants must be assured. This
recycling has to be regulated in a way that harmful effects on
soil, vegetation, animals and man are prevented. The problems with
heavy metals and organic contaminants have been focused on. Still,
maximum threshold values are continuously discussed to avoid an
increase of soil concentrations. The effect on the ecosystems of
residues from use of medicines needs further attention. There is
also a risk for a spread of antibiotic resistant micro-organisms in
the environment and then to animals and man. Infectious diseases
may be spread from biowaste and new routes of disease transmission
between animals and humans can be created. Zoonotic diseases in
this context play a central role. Pathogens recently introduced to
a country may be further spread when biowaste is recycled. The very
good health status of domestic animals in the Nordic countries may
then quickly change. The quality of biowaste is of enormous
importance if biowaste is to gain general acceptance for
agricultural use, especially for organic production. A balance
needs to be maintained between risk and advantage for its use.
Slide 44 SKY - TRUST MODEL Key Features of U.S. Sky Trust Here are
the key features of the proposed U.S. Sky Trust. 1.Carbon emissions
cap set initially at 1.346 billion tons, the 1990 level 2.Tradable
carbon emission permits sold annually to energy companies at the
top of the carbon chain. 3.All revenue from permit sales goes into
a nationwide trust. 4.Trust pays equal annual dividends to all U.S.
citizens (like the Alaska Permanent Fund). 5.Dividends can be
placed tax-free in Individual Retirement Accounts or Individual
Development Accounts for children. 6.Initial price ceiling on
carbon emission permits of $25 a ton; ceiling rises 7 percent a
year for four years. 7.Transition Fund to help those most adversely
affected by higher carbon prices. Fund starts at 25 percent of
permit revenue, declines 2.5 percent per year. Sumber: Introduction
to Ecological Economics. Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute.
Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 45 PENGELOLAAN = GOVERNANCE Sumber:
Introduction to Ecological Economics. Greentax. Gary
Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 46 Sumber: Oak
Ridge National Laboratory Review, Vol. 33, No. 2 .. Diunduh
17/11/2012 CO2 MITIGATION AND STORAGE METHODS The first step toward
CO2 mitigation starts from root of the issue: the conservation and
the efficient use of energy. Switching from coal burning to
emission-free or low emission alternative forms of energy like
hydro and geothermal helps to curtail CO2 emission. For CO2 that
cannot be eliminated from conservation efforts, there are further
mitigation method available: 1.Storage in geological formation such
as deep saline aquifers, depleted oil and gas fields, in coal
seams. 2.Storage in fertilized ocean water where plankton growth
increases CO2 absorption from the atmosphere. 3.Storage in soil
through agriculture and forestry Slide 47 PENGELOLAAN = GOVERNANCE
Sumber: Introduction to Ecological Economics. Greentax. Gary
Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 48 CONSILIENCE
~Resources are infinite and the economy can grow forever (Julian
Simon) Anyone who thinks you can have infinite growth on a finite
planet is either a madman or an economist (Kenneth Boulding)
Sumber: Introduction to Ecological Economics. Greentax. Gary
Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 49 Growth
Development Growth = increase in throughput-quantitative
Development = qualitative improvement EKONOMI EKOLOGIS: Human
Development Sumber: Introduction to Ecological Economics. Greentax.
Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 50 Intro to
Ecological Economics-population GrowthDevelopment Teori Transisi
Demografis Sumber: Introduction to Ecological Economics. Greentax.
Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 51 Intro to
Ecological Economics-population Sumber: Introduction to Ecological
Economics. Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004.
Pertumbuhan penduduk dunia Negara-negara maju Negara-negara sedang
berkembang Slide 52 Intro to Ecological Economics-forest succession
Growth Development Reorganization Aggredation Transition
Steady-state (mature) Sumber: Introduction to Ecological Economics.
Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 53
We hear: There is no conflict between economic growth and
environmental protection! Sumber:
http://www.povertyenvironment.net/pep/. DIUNDUH 17/11/2012 Five
building blocks of an inclusive green economy Examples of the green
economy in practice show great potential for delivering a triple
bottom line of job creating economic growth coupled with
environmental protection and social inclusion. However, there are
significant barriers to realizing this potential on a large scale.
Slide 54 Sumber: Introduction to Ecological Economics. Greentax.
Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 55 GDP 1825:
~$200 BILLION 2000: $41,000 B ILLION OR $41 TRILLION =205X 1825
level. Sumber: Introduction to Ecological Economics. Greentax. Gary
Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 56 Slide 57 60
Million yrs of CO2 Sumber: Introduction to Ecological Economics.
Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 58
KERUSAKAN IKLIM Sumber: Introduction to Ecological Economics.
Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004. Tipe-tipe
Bencana di Dunia Jumlah Bencana Banjir Kekeringan Gempa bumi Badai
Tropis Sumber: United Nations International Decade for Natural
Disaster Reduction Secretariat, Yokohama 1994 Slide 59 CLIMATE
DAMAGE Sumber: Introduction to Ecological Economics. Greentax. Gary
Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 60 Europe in August
2003 COUNTRYDEATHS DETAILS France14,802 Temperatures soared to 104
degrees Fahrenheit in parts of the country; temperatures in Paris
were the highest since record- keeping began in 1873. Germany7000
High temperatures of up to 105.4 degrees Fahrenheit, the hottest
since records began in 1901, raised mortality some 10 percent above
average. Spain4230 High temperatures coupled with elevated
ground-level ozone concentrations exceeding the European Union's
health-risk threshold. Italy4175 Temperatures in parts of the
country averaged 16 degrees Fahrenheit higher than previous year.
UK2045 The first triple digit (Fahrenheit) temperatures were
recorded in London. Neth1400 Temperatures ranged some 14 degrees
warmer than normal. Portugal1316 Temperatures were above 104
degrees Fahrenheit throughout much of the country. Belgium150
Temperatures exceeded any in the Royal Meteorological Society's
records dating back to 1833. TOTAL35,118 Sumber: Introduction to
Ecological Economics. Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute.
Sept. 7, 2004. Slide 61 ESA Listings and GDP 1973 1980 1990 2001
$10 $9 $8 $7 $6 $5 $4 $3 R 2 = 98.4 Source: The Wildlife Society
Technical Review 2003-1. Sumber: Introduction to Ecological
Economics. Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004.
Slide 62 Sebab-sebab Bencana Lingkungan Urbanisasi Pertanian Water
diversions (e.g., reservoirs) Recreation, tourism development
Pencemaran Peternakan 247 205 160 148 143 136 Czech et al. 2000.
Bioscience 50(7):593-601. Sumber: Introduction to Ecological
Economics. Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004.
Slide 63 Ekstraksi mineral dan Migas Spesies non-alamiah
Panen/Pemanenan Modified fire regimes Jalan raya Pembangunan
industri 134 115 101 83 81 Czech et al. 2000. Bioscience
50(7):593-601. Sebab-sebab Bencana Lingkungan Sumber: Introduction
to Ecological Economics. Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute.
Sept. 7, 2004.
