Agenda 3-19

• 1. Daily Warm up! (review yesterday) • 2. Go over yesterday’s map activity• 3. Update TOC (Need more copies!) • 4. Quick Notes: Conquistadors• 5. Activity: Should we celebrate Columbus

day?

3-19

1. What were the 3 motives of exploration? (G)2. Name one new technology that allowed for

exploration. 3. Which European nation formed colonies in North

America, where we are located now??4. Magellan was the first person to _______________

the globe. 5. The line of demarcation divided the land that Spain

and Portugal could explore. Spain got the land to the _________ (east or west)

Meet the Conquistadors!

The First Americans• Many Native American developed

highly advanced civilizations in the Americas long before the Age of Exploration.– South American Civilizations

• Olmec = mother civilization• Maya = Yucatan peninsula; calendar; human

sacrifice• Aztec = Mexico City; human sacrifice• Inca = Andes Mountains; human sacrifice;

silver and gold

– North American Civilizations• Pueblo, Anasazi, Iroquois, Plains Indians,

Cherokee, etc.

First Encounters in the Americas• In 1492, explorer Christopher

Columbus landed in the Caribbean islands that are now called the West Indies.

• Columbus encountered the Taino people. – Lived in villages and grew corn, yams,

and cotton– Friendly and open towards Spanish– However, things turned sour…

• Columbus claimed the land for the Spanish and took Tainos as prisoners.

The Conquistadors• Columbus’s first meeting with

Native Americans began a cycle of encounter, conquest, and death that would be repeated throughout the Western Hemisphere. – Conquistadors = Spanish

conquerors who arrived in the Americas.

• The Conquistadors used guns, horses, and disease to take control of the Native Americans.

• As a result, the Native American population fell by 90% during the 1500s.

Mayan’s Description before Spanish

“There was then no sickness;They had the no aching bones;They had then no high fever;They had then no smallpox;

They had then no burning chest…At that time the course of humanity was orderly.

The foreigners made it otherwise when they arrived here…”

Gold in Mexico?• Rumors spread that the Americas were rich in gold and

many conquistadors set out on expeditions. • Hernan Cortés led an expedition to Mexico in 1519.

– He landed on the coast and began a trek towards Tenochtitlan the capital of the Aztec Empire.• Malinche = young Indian woman who served as a translator for

Cortes and his men.

– Cortés formed alliances with other Native American civilizations to fight the Aztecs.

• Moctezuma, the Aztec Emperor, thought Cortés was the Aztec god-king.– Began sending Cortés gold and silver ornaments.

Cortés Conquers Mexico• Moctezuma welcomed Cortés to his

capital, but their relationship soon grew strained.

• Cortés imprisoned Moctezuma– Forced Moctezuma to sign over his land and

treasure to the Spanish– Fighting began between the Aztecs, Native

Americans, and Spanish.• Many Spanish were killed • Many Aztec were killed in battle and because of

small pox.

• In 1521, Cortés captured and demolished Tenochtitlan.– Built Mexico City on the ruins of Tenochtitlan.

– This marked the end of the Aztec Empire.

Pizarro Takes Peru• Cortés's success inspired other

adventurers, such as Francisco Pizarro. • Pizarro arrived in Peru in 1532, just after

the Incan ruler Atahualpa had won the throne from his brother.– Pizaro was interested in the Incan Empire

because they supposedly had many riches (silver and gold)

• Atahualpa refused to become a Spanish vassal or convert to Christianity.– So Pizarro captured him and slaughtered

thousands of Ica. – Spanish demanded a huge ransom for

Atahualpa and the Inca paid it, but they killed Atahualpa anyway.

Effects of the Conquistadors• Within a few decades, a few hundred Europeans had

conquered millions of Native Americans. • This success would change the pattern of exploration to

exploitation for years to come.• Good for Conquistadors/Europeans

– Sent treasure fleets to Spain from “New World”– Tons of slaves– Spain became the richest and greatest European power

• Bad for Native Americans – Thousands of Native Americans were killed and enslaved.– Many were converted to Christianity by Missionaries.– Many assimilated to Spanish culture (language and customs)

Initial reaction

Should we Celebrate Christopher Columbus Day?

• Background: Columbus Day is a U.S. holiday that

commemorates the landing of Christopher Columbus in the New World on October 12, 1492. It was unofficially celebrated in a number of cities and states as early as the 18th century but did not become a federal holiday until the 1937.

Opposition to Columbus Day • Opposition to Columbus Day dates back to the 19th century,

when anti-immigrant groups in the United States rejected the holiday because of its association with Catholicism. In recent decades, Native Americans and other groups have protested the celebration of an event that indirectly resulted in the colonization of the Americas and the death of millions: European settlers brought a host of infectious diseases, including smallpox and influenza, that decimated indigenous populations; warfare between Native Americans and the colonists claimed many lives as well. The image of Christopher Columbus as an intrepid hero has also been called into question. Upon arriving in the Bahamas, the explorer and his men forced the native peoples they found there into slavery; later, while serving as the governor of Hispaniola, he allegedly imposed barbaric forms of punishment, including torture.

Articles • Why we should celebrate Columbus Day – Black(america’s federal holidays)

• Why we should NOT celebrate Columbus Day- Green

• Vikings in America - Red

• Celebrate Indigenous peoples day - Blue

Steps

• 1. Read the Article that you were assigned. • 2. Use the literacy strategies we used with the

“prince”• 3. Highlight the parts of the article that

provide evidence to show that we SHOULD or SHOULD NOT celebrate Columbus day.

Share-out• 5 – 10 minutes- share out with your group a summary of your article. You

are TALKING to your group!

GROUP ROLES: Green- Group leader – guide the discussion, make sure everyone is taking

turns talking. Moderate in the event of an argument.

Black- questioner – What questions do you have about the articles? What questions do you have for your group members? Ask questions to your group to help the conversation continue.

Red- summarizer – you will actively listen to the discussion and summarize your group members thoughts.

Blue- Connector- How does the discussion relate to world history topics? How does the discussion relate to the 21st century, today?

Collecting Evidence

• 10-15 minutes- together, record evidence on your chart. Using the quotes that have been highlighted.

OpinionThe part you have been waiting for!

• Spend 5-10 minutes debating/discussing with your group. What is your Opinion of the article? Do you agree or disagree with the article you were assigned? Do you think Columbus day should be a national holiday?

• Remember group roles- the summarizer will have to share out your groups opinion.

Post Activity Reflection

Writing

Based on your research: Write a paragraph explaining if Columbus day should be celebrated in the United States. Use TEXTUAL EVIDENCE from your research chart to support your argument.

***using textual evidence is part of forming STRONGER arguments and STRONGER answers when writing!

Creating Strong Answers Using Textual Evidence

• Machiavelli believed _________________ because he refers to _________ when he says “(insert direct quote here.”

• When Machiavelli says “(insert direct quote here),” it shows that he believes __________________.

• Machiavelli believed ____________ as he says in the following quote, “(insert direct quote here).”

Eliminating “I”

• When writing an opinion/argumentative paragraph- “I” is not needed, it should be implied in your writing.

• I believe Columbus day should not be celebrated because…..

VS• Columbus day should not be celebrated

because…..

Creating Strong Answers Using Textual Evidence

Format – • Columbus day should/should not be

celebrated in the USA because of _____________ (insert reason). The in the Vikings article it says ________ (insert quote/evidence that supports your reason)