AfricaAfrica

Sub-Saharan Sub-Saharan Africa: south of Africa: south of Sahara desertSahara desert– RainforestsRainforests– Mtns.Mtns.– Savannas Savannas

(grasslands)(grasslands)

Great Rift ValleyGreat Rift Valley–40 miles wide, 2,000 ft 40 miles wide, 2,000 ft deepdeep

–2,000-3,000 miles long2,000-3,000 miles long

Village LifeVillage Life Matrilineal—trace ancestry Matrilineal—trace ancestry

through motherthrough mother Husband’s family gives bride’s Husband’s family gives bride’s

family iron tools, animals, & clothfamily iron tools, animals, & cloth Boys & girls at 12 take part in Boys & girls at 12 take part in

adulthood ceremoniesadulthood ceremonies

Africans- polytheistsAfricans- polytheists–Believe spirits of dead Believe spirits of dead live among themlive among them

Adopted ideas from Adopted ideas from Arabs (Islam) & Arabs (Islam) & Europeans (Christianity)Europeans (Christianity)

NubiaNubia 2000 BC: upper Nile 2000 BC: upper Nile

RiverRiver Under Egyptian controlUnder Egyptian control Gold, ivory, pyramidsGold, ivory, pyramids 700s BC: Nubian 700s BC: Nubian

pharaohs rule Egypt pharaohs rule Egypt until Axum invaded until Axum invaded NubiaNubia

Axum 500 BCAxum 500 BC Traded w/ RomeTraded w/ Rome

Ivory, gold, exotic animalsIvory, gold, exotic animals Christian kingdom along Christian kingdom along

Red SeaRed Sea Muslim raids forced them to Muslim raids forced them to

interior--Ethiopiainterior--Ethiopia

Ghana (300-1200 AD)Ghana (300-1200 AD)– Located between salt & gold Located between salt & gold minesmines

– Trans-Saharan trade (across Trans-Saharan trade (across the desert)the desert)

– Salt=most importantSalt=most important– Conquered by MuslimsConquered by Muslims

MaliMali– Small state in GhanaSmall state in Ghana

Sundiata KeitaSundiata Keita– 1200s took old lands of Ghana1200s took old lands of Ghana– Cleared land for Cleared land for

farming=surplusesfarming=surpluses– Peanuts, rice, sorghum, yams, Peanuts, rice, sorghum, yams,

beans, onions, wheatbeans, onions, wheat

Mansa Musa ruled 1312-Mansa Musa ruled 1312-13321332–Introduced IslamIntroduced Islam–Built mosques in Built mosques in Timbuktu Timbuktu

–Went on hajjWent on hajj

SonghaiSonghai– Niger RiverNiger River– 1400s Sunni Ali—took over 1400s Sunni Ali—took over TimbuktuTimbuktuDivided into provinces Divided into provinces Laws based on IslamLaws based on Islam1589-attacked by 1589-attacked by Moroccans (w/ firearms)Moroccans (w/ firearms)

Zimbabwe Zimbabwe “Great House of Stone”“Great House of Stone”

Between Zambezi & Limpopo RiversBetween Zambezi & Limpopo Rivers Large stone fortsLarge stone forts 1400s-declined for unknown 1400s-declined for unknown

reasonsreasons

Great Zimbabwe RuinsGreat Zimbabwe Ruins

The AmericasThe Americas

Migrated Migrated from Asia from Asia 11,500 yrs. 11,500 yrs. agoago– Bering StraitBering Strait

OlmecsOlmecs 1200 BC – 400 BC1200 BC – 400 BC ““Rubber people”Rubber people” 11stst Mexicans to build pyramids Mexicans to build pyramids Jade carvingsJade carvings Colossal headsColossal heads Ball game with rubber ballBall game with rubber ball

Mayas (until 900 AD)Mayas (until 900 AD) Yucatan PeninsulaYucatan Peninsula Trade- cacao bean used as $Trade- cacao bean used as $ Agriculture- farmers paid taxes in Agriculture- farmers paid taxes in

produce & timeproduce & time Members of royal family inbreedMembers of royal family inbreed Nobles drank hot chocolate (drinking Nobles drank hot chocolate (drinking

money)money)

Mothers tied boards to infants Mothers tied boards to infants heads to flatten skulls heads to flatten skulls (considered beautiful)(considered beautiful)

Filed down teeth & covered w/ Filed down teeth & covered w/ jadejade

Blood rituals & human Blood rituals & human sacrificessacrifices

Observatories – towers to Observatories – towers to “observe” the night sky“observe” the night sky

900s cities 900s cities abandonedabandoned–Invasion?Invasion?–Famine?Famine?–Epidemic?Epidemic?–Peasant revolt?Peasant revolt?

AztecsAztecs Most glorious & goriestMost glorious & goriest Nomads until settled on island in Lake Nomads until settled on island in Lake

Texcoco– city Tenochtitlan (200,000 Texcoco– city Tenochtitlan (200,000 people)people)

Pyramid-templesPyramid-temples Chinampas- farming maize (corn), Chinampas- farming maize (corn),

squash, beans, pepperssquash, beans, peppers Human sacrificesHuman sacrifices Warfare- way of capturing sacrificesWarfare- way of capturing sacrifices

1519- Spaniard Hernan 1519- Spaniard Hernan CortesCortes– Have cannons & firearms Have cannons & firearms – Cortes allied w/ tribes tired of Cortes allied w/ tribes tired of

MontezumaMontezuma– 600 Spaniard w/ a few 600 Spaniard w/ a few

thousand allies conquered thousand allies conquered AztecsAztecs

IncasIncasSouth America- Andes South America- Andes Mtns.Mtns.

Terrace farmingTerrace farmingQuipus- knots tied in Quipus- knots tied in rope for record keepingrope for record keeping

Quechua- languageQuechua- languagePotatoesPotatoes

Polytheistic- human Polytheistic- human sacrificessacrifices

Conquered by Francisco Conquered by Francisco Pizarro 1533Pizarro 1533