AF Alisaca - Clinical Psychology's History Report

8/9/2019 AF Alisaca - Clinical Psychology's History Report

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CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGYCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGYIN AMERICAIN AMERICA

(an attempt to know its History, Linkages & then some..)(an attempt to know its History, Linkages & then some..)

Presented by:Presented by:

Anita F. AlisacaAnita F. AlisacaMA Clinical PsycMA Clinical Psyc

To:To:

PROF JOSEFINA P. DEJORASPROF JOSEFINA P. DEJORAS

ProfessorProfessor

Psych 201 ClassPsych 201 Class

USCUSC January 2007January 2007


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Introduction of Sort:Introduction of Sort:

Ancient RootsAncient Roots Philosophy & Medicine:Philosophy & Medicine:

Overview of Ancient History :Overview of Ancient History : epistemologyepistemology

introspection (ancient Greek philosophersintrospection (ancient Greek philosophersDemocritus, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle)Democritus, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle) translationtranslation(Islam)(Islam)-- orthodoxy (Christianity)orthodoxy (Christianity) -- law & uniformitylaw & uniformity dark ages (Romans)dark ages (Romans)

Philosophical thought in Modern Psyc:Philosophical thought in Modern Psyc: renaissancerenaissance (Rene Descartes) the body and mind problem(Rene Descartes) the body and mind problem

British Philosophy:British Philosophy: empiricism (Locke, Berkeley, &empiricism (Locke, Berkeley, &Yume)Yume) associationism (Hartley, James & Johnassociationism (Hartley, James & JohnStuart Mill)Stuart Mill)

Modern Psychologys Roots:Modern Psychologys Roots:

PhysiologicalPhysiological introspection and observation inintrospection and observation inlaboratory setting (Muller, & Helmholtz)laboratory setting (Muller, & Helmholtz) scientificscientificmethodology (Weber & Fechner)methodology (Weber & Fechner)


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The New PsychologyThe New Psychology

Introspection + experimentsIntrospection + experiments (Wundt,(Wundt,

Brentano, Ebbinghaus, & Kulpe)Brentano, Ebbinghaus, & Kulpe)

Evolution (biological & philosophical)Evolution (biological & philosophical)

(Darwin, Bacon)(Darwin, Bacon) making a differencemaking a difference

Struggles of Schools of thought: functionalismStruggles of Schools of thought: functionalism

(James & Stanley Hall) structuralism (Titchener)(James & Stanley Hall) structuralism (Titchener)

Psychoanalysis (Freud)Psychoanalysis (Freud) in France***in France***

Clinical Psychology in AmericaClinical Psychology in America my reportmy report


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BEGINNINGS(FOUNDATION ETC.)BEGINNINGS(FOUNDATION ETC.)

In the early 20In the early 20thth century, the work of Freud &century, the work of Freud &

Breuer, while not explicitly clinical psychology,Breuer, while not explicitly clinical psychology,gave great impetus to psychologicalgave great impetus to psychological

understanding of mental distress and disorder.understanding of mental distress and disorder.

Clinical psychology developed partly as a resultClinical psychology developed partly as a resultof a need for additional clinicians to treat mentalof a need for additional clinicians to treat mental

health problems, and partly as psychologicalhealth problems, and partly as psychological

science advanced to the stage where fruits ofscience advanced to the stage where fruits of

psychological research could be successfullypsychological research could be successfully

applied to clinical settings.applied to clinical settings.


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The proper foundation of clinical and healthThe proper foundation of clinical and health

psychology is included in the tradition ofpsychology is included in the tradition of

modern and experimental psychology, beingmodern and experimental psychology, beingthe official date in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundtsthe official date in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundts

laboratory was founded in the University oflaboratory was founded in the University of

Leipzig. In this sense, a deep link betweenLeipzig. In this sense, a deep link between

clinical and experimental psychology can beclinical and experimental psychology can be

seen since clinical psychology has a very clearseen since clinical psychology has a very clear

disposition to research as a very importantdisposition to research as a very important

feature of its own nature. This disposition tofeature of its own nature. This disposition toresearch is one of the most importantresearch is one of the most important

contributions of psychologists to the clinicalcontributions of psychologists to the clinical

field.field.


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Foundations of Clinical PsychologyFoundations of Clinical Psychology

The psychology of individual differences thatThe psychology of individual differences thathas its beginning in the first centre dedicated tohas its beginning in the first centre dedicated to

mental measurement in 1885 and establishedmental measurement in 1885 and established

by Francis Galton and in Alfred Binetsby Francis Galton and in Alfred Binetslaboratory settled up in 1895 is considered as alaboratory settled up in 1895 is considered as a

very important part of a clinical and healthvery important part of a clinical and health

psychology foundations.psychology foundations.


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FORMAL SETTINGFORMAL SETTING--UPUP

It was in March 1896 when LightnerIt was in March 1896 when Lightner

Witmer,(1867Witmer,(1867--1956) the father of clinical1956) the father of clinicalpsychology, established the first psychologicalpsychology, established the first psychological

clinic at the University of Pennsylvania. Heclinic at the University of Pennsylvania. He

introduced the term in a 1907 paper andintroduced the term in a 1907 paper and

specifically defined clinical psychology as thespecifically defined clinical psychology as the

study of individuals , by observation orstudy of individuals , by observation or

experimentation, with the intention of promotingexperimentation, with the intention of promoting

change. Lightner Witmer also founded the firstchange. Lightner Witmer also founded the firstjournal of clinical psychology, the Psychologicaljournal of clinical psychology, the Psychological

Clinic.Clinic.


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TIDBIT INFO ..TIDBIT INFO ..

World War I necessitates focus on the assessmentWorld War I necessitates focus on the assessment--based ofbased ofearly clinical psychology when the US military required clinicalearly clinical psychology when the US military required clinicalpsychologists to assess thousands of new soldiers.psychologists to assess thousands of new soldiers.

World War I impelled the making and application of tests, andWorld War I impelled the making and application of tests, andpromoted clinical psychologists role. On one hand, clinicalpromoted clinical psychologists role. On one hand, clinicalpsychologists developed research and theories on severalpsychologists developed research and theories on severaltopics, such as the nature of personality, the origin oftopics, such as the nature of personality, the origin ofintelligence (i.e. the influence of heritage and environment), theintelligence (i.e. the influence of heritage and environment), the

causes of behavior disorders, the uses of hypnosis, and the linkcauses of behavior disorders, the uses of hypnosis, and the linkbetween learning principles and abnormal behavior. On thebetween learning principles and abnormal behavior. On theother hand, clinical psychologists became more interested inother hand, clinical psychologists became more interested inthe functions of treatment following diagnosis, rethe functions of treatment following diagnosis, re--educationaleducationaltraining and research, than in educational problems. In thistraining and research, than in educational problems. In thissense, in the beginning the therapeutic function was focused onsense, in the beginning the therapeutic function was focused on

childrens disorders, keeping together assessment andchildrens disorders, keeping together assessment andtreatment tasks. The prestige reached by the use of personalitytreatment tasks. The prestige reached by the use of personalitytests such as Rorschach and TAT (Thematic Apperceptiontests such as Rorschach and TAT (Thematic ApperceptionTest), which made possible a common language between theTest), which made possible a common language between thepsychologist (as the clinician assessing) and the psychiatristpsychologist (as the clinician assessing) and the psychiatrist(the clinician treating), greatly contributed to psychologists(the clinician treating), greatly contributed to psychologists

commitment to treatment.commitment to treatment.


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HISTORICAL DATES AND MARKERSHISTORICAL DATES AND MARKERS

In 1904In 1904 1905 the University of Pennsylvania offered formal1905 the University of Pennsylvania offered formalcourses on clinical psychology promoted by Witmer.courses on clinical psychology promoted by Witmer.

By 1914By 1914 26 more clinics were established in the US. While26 more clinics were established in the US. WhileWitmer focused on individuals with intellectual deficits, othersWitmer focused on individuals with intellectual deficits, othersfocused on those mental distress, and clinical psychology wasfocused on those mental distress, and clinical psychology wasdeveloping in mental hospitals as psychologists gained staffdeveloping in mental hospitals as psychologists gained staffpositions, often working alongside psychiatristspositions, often working alongside psychiatrists

In 1917In 1917 --new clinic centers were established and this fastnew clinic centers were established and this fastgrowing number of clinical psychologists was one of thegrowing number of clinical psychologists was one of theimportant causes to make the American Psychologicalimportant causes to make the American Psychological

Association (APA) split and create the American Association ofAssociation (APA) split and create the American Association ofClinical Psychologists.Clinical Psychologists.

In 1919, however, this new association went back to APA as aIn 1919, however, this new association went back to APA as aclinical section. This section certified clinical psychologists untilclinical section. This section certified clinical psychologists until1927, but would not allow clinical psychologists full membership1927, but would not allow clinical psychologists full membershipin APA. So, Clinical Psychology creates its own institutionsin APA. So, Clinical Psychology creates its own institutions(journals, associations) into the frame of the academic and(journals, associations) into the frame of the academic and

scientific psychology.scientific psychology.


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..HISTORIACAL DATES W/ TIDBIT INFO....HISTORIACAL DATES W/ TIDBIT INFO..

In 1930s slow growth of the field continued as severalIn 1930s slow growth of the field continued as several

scattered, applied psychological organizations in thescattered, applied psychological organizations in theUS formed alliance under the American Association ofUS formed alliance under the American Association ofApplied Psychology in 1937. This group became theApplied Psychology in 1937. This group became theprimary forum for clinical and applied psychology inprimary forum for clinical and applied psychology inthe US until APA reorganized in 1945, this newthe US until APA reorganized in 1945, this new

organization was back into APA.organization was back into APA.

In the late thirties, the field of modern clinicalIn the late thirties, the field of modern clinicalpsychology was organized in six main activities:psychology was organized in six main activities:

assessment, treatment, research, teaching,assessment, treatment, research, teaching,counseling and management. At that moment, clinicalcounseling and management. At that moment, clinicalpsychologists have extended their activities further onpsychologists have extended their activities further onthe first clinics to hospitals, prisons, and other places,the first clinics to hospitals, prisons, and other places,aimed to work with children as much as to adults.aimed to work with children as much as to adults.


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..historical dates w/.. Continued....historical dates w/.. Continued..

Before the 1940s, individual psychotherapy wasBefore the 1940s, individual psychotherapy was

mostly conducted by psychiatrists, leavingmostly conducted by psychiatrists, leavingclinical psychologists to focus on assessment.clinical psychologists to focus on assessment.This changed during World War II, however,This changed during World War II, however,when the military gave greater recognition towhen the military gave greater recognition to

the condition they termed shell shock whichthe condition they termed shell shock whicheventually came to be called Post Traumaticeventually came to be called Post TraumaticStress Disorder. The military called uponStress Disorder. The military called uponpsychotherapists and clinical psychologists topsychotherapists and clinical psychologists to

help administer treatment.help administer treatment. After World War II, a similar problem was facedAfter World War II, a similar problem was faced

when tens of thousands of soldiers came homewhen tens of thousands of soldiers came homeneeding psychological care.needing psychological care.


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..historical dates w/.. Continued....historical dates w/.. Continued..

To meet this challenge in the US, the VeteransTo meet this challenge in the US, the VeteransAdministration made an enormous investment to setAdministration made an enormous investment to set

up programs to train doctoralup programs to train doctoral--level clinicallevel clinicalpsychologists. As a consequence, the US went frompsychologists. As a consequence, the US went fromhaving no formal university programs in clinicalhaving no formal university programs in clinicalpsychology in 1946 to over half of all PhDs inpsychology in 1946 to over half of all PhDs inpsychology in 1950 being awarded in clinicalpsychology in 1950 being awarded in clinical

psychology.psychology. In 1947, a report (a VA document) was drafted thatIn 1947, a report (a VA document) was drafted that

led to the scientist/practitioner model of clinicalled to the scientist/practitioner model of clinicalpsychology, known today as the Boulder model. Thispsychology, known today as the Boulder model. Thiscalled on clinical psychologists to train as scientificcalled on clinical psychologists to train as scientific

psychologists as well as focusing on interpersonalpsychologists as well as focusing on interpersonalclinical skills. Similar organizational and theoreticalclinical skills. Similar organizational and theoreticaldevelopments took place in other countries in thedevelopments took place in other countries in the1950s. The number of clinical psychologists and1950s. The number of clinical psychologists andacademic journals proliferated.academic journals proliferated.


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THE PRACTICE OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGYTHE PRACTICE OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY

continuedcontinued

OTHER MAJOR ORIENTATIONSOTHER MAJOR ORIENTATIONS

Systems or Family TherapySystems or Family Therapy

Gestalt TherapyGestalt Therapy

Existential TherapyExistential Therapy

Transpersonal TherapyTranspersonal Therapy

IntegrationIntegration and then some (Other Perspectioves)and then some (Other Perspectioves)

Positive PsychologyPositive Psychology

FeminismFeminism


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ASSESSMENT IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGYASSESSMENT IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

CATEGORIES:CATEGORIES:

INTELLIGENCE AND ACHIEVEMENT TESTSINTELLIGENCE AND ACHIEVEMENT TESTS PERSONALITY TESTSPERSONALITY TESTS

NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTSNEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS

CLINICAL OBSERVATIONCLINICAL OBSERVATION

CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY JOURNALSCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY JOURNALS


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TRAININGTRAINING

The University of Pennsylvania was the first to offerThe University of Pennsylvania was the first to offerformal education in clinical psychology.formal education in clinical psychology.

..and then some ....and then some ..

Today in America, about half of the licensedToday in America, about half of the licensedpsychologists are being trained in thepsychologists are being trained in the ScientistScientist--Practitioner Model of Clinical Psychology (PhD)Practitioner Model of Clinical Psychology (PhD) a model that emphasizes research and is usuallya model that emphasizes research and is usually

housed in universities. The other half are being trainedhoused in universities. The other half are being trainedwithin awithin a PractitionerPractitioner--Scholar Model of ClinicalScholar Model of ClinicalPsychology (Psychology (PsyDPsyD)), which has more focus on, which has more focus onpractice (similar to professional degrees for medicinepractice (similar to professional degrees for medicineand law.) Both envision practicing Clinical Psychologyand law.) Both envision practicing Clinical Psychologyin a researchin a research--based, scientifically valid manner. Thebased, scientifically valid manner. The

American Psychological Association among manyAmerican Psychological Association among manyEnglishEnglish--speaking Psychological Societies, supportsspeaking Psychological Societies, supportsboth model and encourages accreditation of PhD andboth model and encourages accreditation of PhD andPsyD programs that meet its strict academicPsyD programs that meet its strict academicstandards.standards.


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PERSONAL NOTES:PERSONAL NOTES:

American Psychological Associations modernAmerican Psychological Associations moderndefinition of Clinical Psychology:definition of Clinical Psychology:

The field of Clinical Psychology integrates science,The field of Clinical Psychology integrates science,

theory, and practice totheory, and practice to understandunderstand,, predictpredict, and, and

alleviate maladjustmentalleviate maladjustment,, disabilitydisability, and, and discomfortdiscomfortas well as toas well as to promote human adaptationpromote human adaptation,,

adjustmentadjustment, and, and personal developmentpersonal development. Clinical. Clinical

Psychology focuses on thePsychology focuses on the intellectualintellectual,, emotionalemotional,,

biologicalbiological,, psychologicalpsychological,, socialsocial, and, and behavioralbehavioralaspects ofaspects ofhuman functioninghuman functioning across theacross the life spanlife span,,

inin varying culturesvarying cultures, and at, and at all socioeconomicall socioeconomic

levels.levels.


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REFERENCES:REFERENCES:

From the lectures of Prof J. P. DejorasFrom the lectures of Prof J. P. Dejoras From the different Reporters before me on theirFrom the different Reporters before me on their

assigned topicsassigned topics

www.wikipedia.org.wikiwww.wikipedia.org.wiki Wikipedia, the freeWikipedia, the freeencyclopediaencyclopedia

History of Modern PsychologyHistory of Modern Psychology

Oxford Companion to the MindOxford Companion to the Mind

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AF Alisaca - Clinical Psychology's History Report