OLR(1979)26(12) D. Marine Meteorology 791

Laboratory for Mathematical Modeling of the Climate, Pacific Institute of Geography of Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, U.S.S.R. (fcs)

6. Precipitation

79:6085 Reed, R. K., 1979. On the relationship between the

amount and frequency of precipitation over the ocean. J. appl. Met., 18(5): 692-696.

Data at 12 ocean weather stations were used to determine the amount of precipitation by a method devised by Tucker (1961), and precipitation frequency at each site was taken from recent climatic atlases. By combining the above data, monthly and annual estimates of precipitation intensity were calculated. The monthly intensities were then corrected for a suspected bias in Tucker's assessments. The results are believed to have general applicability to extratropical regions. Furthermore, in data-space areas, use of intensities with frequencies can provide a more reliable estimate of oceanic rainfall amounts than Tucker's method. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Environmental Research Laboratories, NOAA, Seattle, Wash. 98105, U.S.A.

regions in which approximations remain valid, flow patterns, and convective heat and momentum transport are considered. National Hurricane and Experimental Meteorology Laboratory, NOAA, Coral Gables, Fla. 33124, U.S.A. (rio)

11. Atmospheric dust, nuclei, aerosols, pollutants, etc.

79:6088 Morelli, J., 1978. Donn6es sur le cycle atmo-

sph~rique des sels marins. [Atmospheric sen salt cycle.] J. Rech. oc~anogr., 3(4): 27-49.

Na, K, Ca and Mg components of atmospheric aerosols are reviewed with special emphasis on potassium. Injection via oceanic bubbling, distributions close to the sea surface at various locations, vertical distributions and deposition processes are discussed with a large-scale perspective. Potassium fluxes from different sources and biogeochemical cycles are investigated. Mission des Etudes et de la Recherche, Ministere de I'Environne- ment et du Cadre de Vie, boulevard du G~n~ral Leclerc, 9521 Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. (rio)

8. Radiation 79:6086

Simpson, J. J. and C. A. Paulson, 1979. Mid-ocean observations of atmospheric radiation. Q. Jl R. met. Soc., 105(A.A.S.): 487-502.

Various components of radiative flux were observed over the mid-Pacific Ocean. Net Iongwave radiative fluxes were measured with direct and indirect methods and then compared: sea surface albedo values were determined and used to test Payne's (1972) smooth representation for open oceans; shortwave and net longwave flux components were calculated from empirical formulae (Lumb, 1964). School of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oreg. 97331, U.S.A. (rlo)

9. Storms 79:6087

Willoughby, H. E., 1979. Forced secondary circula- tions in hurricanes. J. geophys. Res., 84(C6): 3173-3183.

Eliassen's (1951) forced secondary circulation model is physically interpreted in terms of a scale analysis approach. Conditions under which the symmetrical tangential flow is in hydrostatic and gradient balance,

79:6089 Shaw, G. E., 1979. Aerosols at Mama Loa: optical

properties. J. atmos. Sci., 36(5): 862-869.

Spectral attenuation of sunlight was measured at I 1 wavelengths for a period of 110 days to derive the degree and wavelength-dependence of attenuation by aerosols at Mauna Loa. Attenuation by suspended aerosols averaged 1.9% at 5000 A and air masses from the north were most turbid. Results suggested that aerosols from North America and Asia can reach Hawaii; atmospheric effects of Augustine Volcano eruptions were monitored. Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99701, U.S.A. (rio)

13. Waves 79.'609O

Stevens, D. E., 1979. Vorticity, momentum and diver- gonce budgets of synoptic-scale wave disturbances in the tropical eastern Atlantic. Mon. Weath. Rev., 107(5): 535-550.

Vorticity, momentum and divergence budgets for synoptic-scale wave disturbances during phase III of GATE are determined. Nonlinear terms are small in all wave budgets, disturbances are not quasi- geostrophic, and residual imbalances in each large- scale budget indicate important subsynoptic-scale circulations. Horizontal wind advection, thermal wind