Advances in Filtration TechnologyAdvances in Filtration Technology

Argonide Corporation, Sanford, FloridaArgonide Corporation, Sanford, Floridahenry@argonide.comhenry@argonide.com

Argonide CorporationArgonide Corporation

DTRADTRA

Introduction to Filtration: The BasicsIntroduction to Filtration: The Basics• Filtration “Comfort Zone”

• Distillation

• Ion Exchange

• Carbon Adsorption

• Microporous Filtration (MF)

• Ultraporous Filtration (UF)

• Reverse Osmosis (RO)

• Backwashable vs. Disposable

• Cartridge Filters vs. Bag Filters

• Cartridge Filters

• Bag Filters

Filtration “Comfort Zone”Filtration “Comfort Zone” Most veteran filtration professionals are comfortable with filtration that Most veteran filtration professionals are comfortable with filtration that

works through mechanically sieving particles that are equal to or larger works through mechanically sieving particles that are equal to or larger than the poresize of the filter mediathan the poresize of the filter media

A filter with a poresize of 2 A filter with a poresize of 2 μμm will retain particles m will retain particles ≥ to ≥ to 2 2 μμm m with great with great efficiency, but will pass particles that are finer in size.efficiency, but will pass particles that are finer in size.

A surface filter (i.e. membrane) will retain particulate on its surface that A surface filter (i.e. membrane) will retain particulate on its surface that faces the influent streamfaces the influent stream

Standard fibrous depth filters have an advantage as they capture “dirt” Standard fibrous depth filters have an advantage as they capture “dirt” throughout their filtration matrix, thereby increasing the dirt holding throughout their filtration matrix, thereby increasing the dirt holding capacitycapacity

These standard fibrous depth filters are still limited in their efficiency at These standard fibrous depth filters are still limited in their efficiency at capturing smaller particulate by their poresize even with an increased capturing smaller particulate by their poresize even with an increased efficiency through filter cake build-upefficiency through filter cake build-up

DistillationDistillation Distillation is probably the oldest method of water purification. Water is first Distillation is probably the oldest method of water purification. Water is first heated to boiling. The water vapor rises to a condenser where cooling water heated to boiling. The water vapor rises to a condenser where cooling water lowers the temperature so the vapor is condensed, collected and stored. lowers the temperature so the vapor is condensed, collected and stored. Most contaminants remain behind in the liquid phase vessel. However, there Most contaminants remain behind in the liquid phase vessel. However, there can sometimes be what is called carry-overs in the water that is distilled.can sometimes be what is called carry-overs in the water that is distilled.

Organics such as herbicides and pesticides, with boiling points lower than Organics such as herbicides and pesticides, with boiling points lower than 100°C cannot be removed efficiently and can actually become concentrated 100°C cannot be removed efficiently and can actually become concentrated in the product water. Another disadvantage is cost. Distillation requires large in the product water. Another disadvantage is cost. Distillation requires large amounts of energy and water.amounts of energy and water.

Distilled water can also be very acidic, having a low pH, thus should be Distilled water can also be very acidic, having a low pH, thus should be contained in glass. It lacks oxygen and minerals and has a flat taste, which is contained in glass. It lacks oxygen and minerals and has a flat taste, which is why it is mostly used in industrial processes.why it is mostly used in industrial processes.

Ion ExchangeIon Exchange The ion exchange process percolates water through bead-like spherical resin materials (ion-exchange resins). Ions in the water are exchanged for other ions fixed to the beads. The two most common ion-exchange methods are softening and deionization.

Deionization can be an important component of a total water purification system when used in combination with other methods discussed in this primer such as RO, filtration and carbon adsorption. DI systems effectively remove ions, but they do not effectively remove most organics or microorganisms. Microorganisms can attach to the resins, providing a culture media for rapid bacterial growth and subsequent pyrogen generation.

Softening is used primarily as a pretreatment method to reduce water hardness prior to reverse osmosis (RO) processing. The softeners contain beads that exchange two sodium ions for every calcium or magnesium ion removed from the "softened" water.

Carbon AdsorptionCarbon Adsorption Activated carbon effectively removes many chemicals and gases, and in some cases it can be effective against microorganisms. However, generally it will not affect total dissolved solids, hardness, or heavy metals.

The rate of adsorption is a function of the molecular weight and size of the organics. Carbon also removes free chlorine and protects other purification media in the system that may be sensitive to an oxidant such as chlorine. Carbon is usually used in combination with other treatment processes. The placement of carbon in relation to other components is an important consideration in the design of a water purification system.

Activated carbon is created from a variety of carbon-based materials in a high-temperature process that creates a matrix of millions of microscopic pores and crevices. The carbon adsorption process is controlled by the diameter of the pores in the carbon filter and by the diffusion rate of organic molecules through the pores.

Microporous Basic FiltrationMicroporous Basic Filtration There are three types of microporous filtration: depth, screen and There are three types of microporous filtration: depth, screen and surface.surface.

• Depth filters are matted fibers or materials compressed to form a matrix that retains particles by random adsorption or entrapment.

• Screen filters are inherently uniform structures which, like a sieve, retain all particles larger than the precisely controlled pore size on their surface.

• Surface filters are made from multiple layers of media. When fluid passes through the filter, particles larger than the spaces within the filter matrix are retained, accumulating primarily on the surface of the filter. In many respects, surface filters can often be constructed from multiple layers of Screen Filters.

Microporous Basic Filtration Microporous Basic Filtration (cont.)(cont.)

The distinction between filters is important because the three serve very different functions. Depth filters are usually used as prefilters because they are an economical way to remove 98% of suspended solids and protect elements downstream from fouling or clogging.

last possible point in a system to remove the last remaining traces of resin fragments, carbon fines, colloidal particles and microorganisms.

Surface filters can remove 99.99% of suspended solids and may be used as either prefilters or clarifying filters. Microporous membrane (screen) filters are placed at the

UltrafiltrationUltrafiltration

A microporous membrane filter removes particles according to pore size. Taking it a A microporous membrane filter removes particles according to pore size. Taking it a step further, an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane does much the same, but with smaller step further, an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane does much the same, but with smaller pore structure providing a finer filtration level.pore structure providing a finer filtration level.

Ultrafiltration membranes could be used to separate very fine suspended or un-Ultrafiltration membranes could be used to separate very fine suspended or un-dissolved contaminants from water. Over time, ultrafilters have also gained some dissolved contaminants from water. Over time, ultrafilters have also gained some acceptance relative to the separation of oil from water in oily emulsions.acceptance relative to the separation of oil from water in oily emulsions.

It is important to note that selection of It is important to note that selection of the correct ultrafilter membrane is the correct ultrafilter membrane is critical to the successful removal of critical to the successful removal of targeted contaminants from water. targeted contaminants from water. Selection of the wrong membrane can Selection of the wrong membrane can result in ineffective removal of result in ineffective removal of contaminants or irreversible fouling, contaminants or irreversible fouling, which may result in an expensive which may result in an expensive membrane replacement.membrane replacement.

Reverse Osmosis (R.O.)Reverse Osmosis (R.O.)

The pore structure of RO membranes is much tighter than UF membranes. RO The pore structure of RO membranes is much tighter than UF membranes. RO membranes are capable of rejecting practically all particles, bacteria and organics membranes are capable of rejecting practically all particles, bacteria and organics >300 daltons molecular weight (including pyrogens). In fact, reverse osmosis >300 daltons molecular weight (including pyrogens). In fact, reverse osmosis technology is used by most leading water bottling plants.technology is used by most leading water bottling plants.

Because RO membranes are very restrictive, they yield slow flow rates. Storage tanks Because RO membranes are very restrictive, they yield slow flow rates. Storage tanks are required to produce an adequate volume in a reasonable amount of time. Reverse are required to produce an adequate volume in a reasonable amount of time. Reverse osmosis is highly effective in removing several impurities from water such as total osmosis is highly effective in removing several impurities from water such as total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, asbestos, lead and other toxic heavy metals, radium, dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, asbestos, lead and other toxic heavy metals, radium, and many dissolved organics. The process will also remove chlorinated pesticides and and many dissolved organics. The process will also remove chlorinated pesticides and most heavier-weight VOCs. most heavier-weight VOCs.

RO is the most economical and efficient method RO is the most economical and efficient method for purifying tap water if the system is properly for purifying tap water if the system is properly designed for the feed water conditions and the designed for the feed water conditions and the intended use of the product water. RO is also the intended use of the product water. RO is also the optimum pretreatment for reagent-grade water optimum pretreatment for reagent-grade water polishing systems. polishing systems.

Backwashable vs. DisposableBackwashable vs. Disposable

As an example:As an example:1.1. Multi-media beds;Multi-media beds;2.2. Sediment filters;Sediment filters;3.3. Micro or Ultraporous MembraneMicro or Ultraporous Membrane4.4. R.O. MembraneR.O. Membrane

Most applications will benefit from some form of gradient filtration. Stepping Most applications will benefit from some form of gradient filtration. Stepping from coarse to fine to polishing modes extends the active life of each level from coarse to fine to polishing modes extends the active life of each level of filtration, often improving the economics.of filtration, often improving the economics.

At coarser levels of filtration, inexpensive filter elements (sometimes At coarser levels of filtration, inexpensive filter elements (sometimes backwashable) are fairly common. When you move into the sub-micron backwashable) are fairly common. When you move into the sub-micron filtration range, membranes become the only real viable alternative for filtration range, membranes become the only real viable alternative for backwashable filtration, but at a high cost.backwashable filtration, but at a high cost.

Cartridge Filters vs. Bag FiltersCartridge Filters vs. Bag Filters

In many filtering applications, a choice between the use of a cartridge filter In many filtering applications, a choice between the use of a cartridge filter or a bag filter has to be made. Both are sediment filters, but there are some or a bag filter has to be made. Both are sediment filters, but there are some differences between these two filter systems:differences between these two filter systems:

In general, In general, cartridge filterscartridge filters are preferable for systems with are preferable for systems with contaminations lower than 100 ppm, that is to say with contamination contaminations lower than 100 ppm, that is to say with contamination levels lower than 0.01% in weight.levels lower than 0.01% in weight.

Conversely, Conversely, bag filtersbag filters are preferable for systems with higher are preferable for systems with higher contamination loads.contamination loads.

Conditions that can affect this choice include flow rates and the nature Conditions that can affect this choice include flow rates and the nature of the contaminants being filtered from the process stream.of the contaminants being filtered from the process stream.

Cartridge FiltersCartridge Filters

Conventional cartridge filters can be surface or depth-type filters. The Conventional cartridge filters can be surface or depth-type filters. The choice of which type of cartridge filter depends on the application:choice of which type of cartridge filter depends on the application:

1.1. Surface filtersSurface filters (that are usually made of thin materials like papers, (that are usually made of thin materials like papers, woven wire, cloths) function by blocking particles on the surface of the woven wire, cloths) function by blocking particles on the surface of the filter. Surface filters are best if you are filtering sediment of similar-sized filter. Surface filters are best if you are filtering sediment of similar-sized particles. If all particles are i.e. five micron, a pleated 5-micron filter particles. If all particles are i.e. five micron, a pleated 5-micron filter works best because it has more surface area than other filters.works best because it has more surface area than other filters.

2.2. Depth-type filtersDepth-type filters capture particles and contaminants through the total capture particles and contaminants through the total thickness of the medium . Compared with pleated surface filters, depth thickness of the medium . Compared with pleated surface filters, depth filters have a limited surface area, but they have the advantage of depth.filters have a limited surface area, but they have the advantage of depth.

It can be generally stated that if the size of filter surface is increased, higher It can be generally stated that if the size of filter surface is increased, higher flows are possible, the filter lasts longer, and the dirt-holding capacity flows are possible, the filter lasts longer, and the dirt-holding capacity increases. Cartridge filters are typically designed as disposable.increases. Cartridge filters are typically designed as disposable.

Bag FiltersBag Filters

In general, bag filters are frequently used for dust removal in industrial applications. In general, bag filters are frequently used for dust removal in industrial applications. Bag filters are mostly surface-type filters.Bag filters are mostly surface-type filters.  The flow can be from the outside to the inside of the filter (that means, the separation The flow can be from the outside to the inside of the filter (that means, the separation of particles happens on the external surface of the filter) or the other way around, of particles happens on the external surface of the filter) or the other way around, depending on the application. The particles are normally captured on the internal depending on the application. The particles are normally captured on the internal surface of the bag filter. The later is most common when filtering fluids.surface of the bag filter. The later is most common when filtering fluids.

Bag filters are generally designed for replacement when they are clogged, but some Bag filters are generally designed for replacement when they are clogged, but some bag filters for gaseous applications like dust removal can be cleaned, for example by bag filters for gaseous applications like dust removal can be cleaned, for example by mechanical shaking or by backwashing with compressed air (so called reverse-flow mechanical shaking or by backwashing with compressed air (so called reverse-flow bag filters). bag filters).   A rule of thumb is that for concentrations higher than 5 mg/mA rule of thumb is that for concentrations higher than 5 mg/m33 a surface filter is a surface filter is favored, while for concentrations lower than 0.5 mg/mfavored, while for concentrations lower than 0.5 mg/m33 a depth-type filter is preferred. a depth-type filter is preferred. In general, surface filters can by backwashed and cleaned more easily, while depth-In general, surface filters can by backwashed and cleaned more easily, while depth-type filters normally have to be disposed when clogged.type filters normally have to be disposed when clogged.

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NanoCeramNanoCeram®® – Next Generation Filtration – Next Generation Filtration

• General Background – Nano Alumina (NanoCeram) Filters

• How Does It Work?

• Nano Alumina Filter Characteristics

• Electron Microscopic Image

• Filtering Dirt Particles

• Comparison of Flow Capacity

• Adsorption Curves for Different Size of Latex Spheres

• Prefilters for Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membranes

• Metals Reduction

• Iron Removal

• Iron Regeneration Studies

• The Value of Iron Removal

General Background - NanoCeram FiltersGeneral Background - NanoCeram Filters

1. Dirt holding capacity of NA filters exceeds typical UP 1. Dirt holding capacity of NA filters exceeds typical UP membranes by ~ 100 timesmembranes by ~ 100 times

2. Flowrates of NA filters are two orders of magnitude greater 2. Flowrates of NA filters are two orders of magnitude greater than UP membranesthan UP membranes

3. NA filters have higher particle retention efficiency than MP 3. NA filters have higher particle retention efficiency than MP and UP membranesand UP membranes

Nano alumina (“NC for nano ceramic” or NanoCeram) fibers are Nano alumina (“NC for nano ceramic” or NanoCeram) fibers are combined into a non-woven filter, and retain particles by combined into a non-woven filter, and retain particles by electrostatic forces electrostatic forces

Data are presented on dirt holding capacity, flowrate and filtration Data are presented on dirt holding capacity, flowrate and filtration efficiency, focusing on sub-micron particles, showing:efficiency, focusing on sub-micron particles, showing:

How Does It Work?How Does It Work?

1. Average poresize of 21. Average poresize of 2µ yields an absolute rating of 0.2µµ yields an absolute rating of 0.2µ2. Flowrates of NA filters are many times greater than 2. Flowrates of NA filters are many times greater than 0.2µ0.2µ MP MP membranes with similar membranes with similar 0.2µ0.2µ particle retention efficiency particle retention efficiency3. NA filters have higher particle retention efficiency than MP 3. NA filters have higher particle retention efficiency than MP and UP membranesand UP membranes

Nano alumina fibers with an average diameter of 2nm are infused Nano alumina fibers with an average diameter of 2nm are infused throughout the entire structure of the filter media’s matrix.throughout the entire structure of the filter media’s matrix.

Literally trillions of highly electropositive nano alumina fibers per ftLiterally trillions of highly electropositive nano alumina fibers per ft22 of media provide a high degree of freedom in designing filtration of media provide a high degree of freedom in designing filtration solutions:solutions:

This freedom in designing filtration solutions can be extended into This freedom in designing filtration solutions can be extended into other arenas including air filtration. By adjusting the porosity of the other arenas including air filtration. By adjusting the porosity of the filter media, reduced pressure drop can be achieved, often with filter media, reduced pressure drop can be achieved, often with efficiencies far beyond other existing technologies.efficiencies far beyond other existing technologies.

Nano alumina fibers are combined with microglass fibers to Nano alumina fibers are combined with microglass fibers to produce a non-woven filter media with a pore size of ~2 produce a non-woven filter media with a pore size of ~2 microns;microns;

These nano alumina fibers are highly electropositive and retain These nano alumina fibers are highly electropositive and retain particles by electroadhesion;particles by electroadhesion;

The media is ~0.8 mm thick;The media is ~0.8 mm thick;

It can retain silica, activated carbon, natural organic matter, It can retain silica, activated carbon, natural organic matter, metals, cysts, bacteria, DNA/RNA and virus;metals, cysts, bacteria, DNA/RNA and virus;

The media can be pleated or rolled to form cartridges; formed The media can be pleated or rolled to form cartridges; formed into a bag; or used as flat stock in filter presses and other into a bag; or used as flat stock in filter presses and other filtration devices.filtration devices.

Nano alumina fibers are combined with microglass fibers to Nano alumina fibers are combined with microglass fibers to produce a non-woven filter media with a pore size of ~2 produce a non-woven filter media with a pore size of ~2 microns;microns;

These nano alumina fibers are highly electropositive and retain These nano alumina fibers are highly electropositive and retain particles by electroadhesion;particles by electroadhesion;

The media is ~0.8 mm thick;The media is ~0.8 mm thick;

It can retain silica, activated carbon, natural organic matter, It can retain silica, activated carbon, natural organic matter, metals, cysts, bacteria, DNA/RNA and virus;metals, cysts, bacteria, DNA/RNA and virus;

The media can be pleated or rolled to form cartridges; formed The media can be pleated or rolled to form cartridges; formed into a bag; or used as flat stock in filter presses and other into a bag; or used as flat stock in filter presses and other filtration devices.filtration devices.

Nano Alumina Filter CharacteristicsNano Alumina Filter Characteristics

Electron Microscopic ImageElectron Microscopic Image Electron Microscopic ImageElectron Microscopic Image NanoCeramNanoCeram®® Fibers FibersNanoCeramNanoCeram®® Fibers Fibers

The active ingredient of the filter media is a nano The active ingredient of the filter media is a nano alumina (AlOOH) fiber, only 2 nanometers in diameter. alumina (AlOOH) fiber, only 2 nanometers in diameter. The nano fibers are highly electropositive.The nano fibers are highly electropositive.

The filter media is The filter media is manufactured through manufactured through paper making tech-paper making tech-nology. In a multi-step nology. In a multi-step process, the nano fibers process, the nano fibers (right) are dispersed and (right) are dispersed and adhere to glass fibers. adhere to glass fibers. The nano alumina is The nano alumina is seen as a fuzz on the seen as a fuzz on the microglass fiber (left).microglass fiber (left).

Because the nano Because the nano alumina is fully alumina is fully dispersed, particles dispersed, particles have easy access to have easy access to the charged surface.the charged surface.

Capacity of NanoCeram media when tested with A2 fine test dust (~1-4 µm)Capacity of NanoCeram media when tested with A2 fine test dust (~1-4 µm) vs vs data presented by C. Shields for other media.data presented by C. Shields for other media.

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0.2 m 0.5 m 1.0 m

Its dirt holding capacity of 574 mg/inIts dirt holding capacity of 574 mg/in2 2 is almost twenty times greater than is almost twenty times greater than microglass filter media when compared at a pore size rating of 1 µm; and far microglass filter media when compared at a pore size rating of 1 µm; and far greater than that if compared at the smaller pore size ratings. greater than that if compared at the smaller pore size ratings.

Filtering Dirt ParticlesFiltering Dirt Particles

Comparison of Flow CapacityComparison of Flow Capacity

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The NanoCeram filter’s flow rate is superimposed over Shields’ data [1] for The NanoCeram filter’s flow rate is superimposed over Shields’ data [1] for clean water. Its flow rate is about four times that of 1 µm microglass media and clean water. Its flow rate is about four times that of 1 µm microglass media and even greater when compared to 0.2 or 0.5 µm pore size filters. The flow rate even greater when compared to 0.2 or 0.5 µm pore size filters. The flow rate through meltblown and membrane media are even much less. through meltblown and membrane media are even much less.

1 - C. Shields, High Performance Microfiltration Media, Presented at American Filtration Meeting, Marriott, 1 - C. Shields, High Performance Microfiltration Media, Presented at American Filtration Meeting, Marriott, Baltimore/Washington Airport, Nov. 16-17, 2004Baltimore/Washington Airport, Nov. 16-17, 2004

Adsorption Curves for Different Size Adsorption Curves for Different Size Latex BeadsLatex Beads

A single layer 25 mm diameter NanoCeram filter disk was challenged @ 3 cm/min by A single layer 25 mm diameter NanoCeram filter disk was challenged @ 3 cm/min by a continuous stream of latex beads. The filter eventually clogs without exhibiting a a continuous stream of latex beads. The filter eventually clogs without exhibiting a breakthrough curve, except for the smallest (0.03 µm) beads. Bacteria size particles breakthrough curve, except for the smallest (0.03 µm) beads. Bacteria size particles (0.2 to 4.5 (0.2 to 4.5 µm) are intercepted with high efficiency.µm) are intercepted with high efficiency.

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Volume, mL

Prefilters forPrefilters forReverse Osmosis (RO) MembranesReverse Osmosis (RO) Membranes

RO filters are expensive to replace and are highly sensitive to fouling by RO filters are expensive to replace and are highly sensitive to fouling by sub-micron particles. Ultraporous (UP) membranes are often used as sub-micron particles. Ultraporous (UP) membranes are often used as RO prefilters. They too are subject to fouling, and are used in a cross-RO prefilters. They too are subject to fouling, and are used in a cross-filtration mode to minimize fouling. Cross flow results in a waste stream, filtration mode to minimize fouling. Cross flow results in a waste stream, often 3-10 times greater than the stream being purified. often 3-10 times greater than the stream being purified.

NanoCeram filters can sustain high flow in a dead-end mode and NanoCeram filters can sustain high flow in a dead-end mode and generate no waste stream. Results include significant increase of flux generate no waste stream. Results include significant increase of flux through an RO membrane by significantly reducing the quantity of sub-through an RO membrane by significantly reducing the quantity of sub-micron particulate (silt) challenging the membrane during operation.micron particulate (silt) challenging the membrane during operation.

Metals ReductionMetals Reduction

Independent laboratory testing has shown that this electropositive filter media Independent laboratory testing has shown that this electropositive filter media is effective in adsorbing a variety of metals in both ionic and particulate form. is effective in adsorbing a variety of metals in both ionic and particulate form. These include:These include:

IronIron AluminumAluminum CopperCopper TinTin LeadLead Chromium IIIChromium III

Metal Sorption by NanoCeram

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Aluminum

Filtered Volume through 8.2 cm2 NanoCeram Filter

Iron RemovalIron Removal

Testing performed at TMMK for iron reduction in chill water determined that Testing performed at TMMK for iron reduction in chill water determined that although quite effective at iron removal, a typical 4.5” x 20” filter cartridge although quite effective at iron removal, a typical 4.5” x 20” filter cartridge would plug after filtering only 2,400 gallons of chill water with a 3 ppm iron would plug after filtering only 2,400 gallons of chill water with a 3 ppm iron concentration. Considering that the levels of iron would decline as filtration concentration. Considering that the levels of iron would decline as filtration continued over time, this scenario would require a total of 4,000 filter continued over time, this scenario would require a total of 4,000 filter cartridges to bring the iron levels down to near zero.cartridges to bring the iron levels down to near zero.

The combination of iron and iron bacteria in that system leads to corrosive The combination of iron and iron bacteria in that system leads to corrosive conditions requiring continuous maintenance and repair of chiller tubes; and conditions requiring continuous maintenance and repair of chiller tubes; and eventually the many linear miles of iron piping comprising this closed loop eventually the many linear miles of iron piping comprising this closed loop system.system.

These filter cartridges are not inexpensive and the project was not feasible These filter cartridges are not inexpensive and the project was not feasible considering that each cartridge is considered a “dead end” filter. Prior considering that each cartridge is considered a “dead end” filter. Prior experience with these filters has shown that it is nearly impossible to remove experience with these filters has shown that it is nearly impossible to remove adsorbed contaminants from the filters after they have been adsorbed. adsorbed contaminants from the filters after they have been adsorbed. Recharging the filters has been an ongoing subject for several years.Recharging the filters has been an ongoing subject for several years.

Iron Regeneration StudiesIron Regeneration Studies

In part, due to this testing performed at TMMK for iron reduction, Argonide In part, due to this testing performed at TMMK for iron reduction, Argonide embarked on a program that has shown that NanoCeram filters can be embarked on a program that has shown that NanoCeram filters can be “recharged” when used in an iron reduction mode.“recharged” when used in an iron reduction mode.

Laboratory testing using a simple process has yielded a recovery rate of Laboratory testing using a simple process has yielded a recovery rate of approximately 90% for a standard NanoCeram filter cartridge for iron. This approximately 90% for a standard NanoCeram filter cartridge for iron. This testing has shown that the iron capacity of a standard NanoCeram filter is testing has shown that the iron capacity of a standard NanoCeram filter is approximately 4 times improved over the initial results achieved at TMMK.approximately 4 times improved over the initial results achieved at TMMK.

This process can be utilized on-site with minimal interruption of service. In This process can be utilized on-site with minimal interruption of service. In the scenario previously mentioned, total filter usage is much more the scenario previously mentioned, total filter usage is much more reasonable and brings the project closer to an acceptable ROI.reasonable and brings the project closer to an acceptable ROI.

The Value of Iron ReductionThe Value of Iron Reduction

In addition to chill water systems at TMMK and other plants, additional In addition to chill water systems at TMMK and other plants, additional areas of interest include:areas of interest include:

Steam Condensate Recovery – a pilot project is underway at TMMI to Steam Condensate Recovery – a pilot project is underway at TMMI to recover approximately 40 gpm of steam condensate that is currently being recover approximately 40 gpm of steam condensate that is currently being sent to waste. This “waste water” is at 90sent to waste. This “waste water” is at 90°°C contains approximately 0.15 C contains approximately 0.15 ppm of Iron. Recovery of this water will save Toyota both in terms of water ppm of Iron. Recovery of this water will save Toyota both in terms of water waste and energy consumption.waste and energy consumption.

Robotic Welders – although not currently under study, reducing the iron Robotic Welders – although not currently under study, reducing the iron fouling in the cooling lines may significantly extend the lifetime of those fouling in the cooling lines may significantly extend the lifetime of those lines providing savings in materials and labor.lines providing savings in materials and labor.

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The Future of Activated Carbon FiltrationThe Future of Activated Carbon Filtration• Advancement in Organics Reduction

• SEM of PAC in Nano Alumina / Microglass

• Dynamic Iodine Adsorption by NanoCeram-PAC

• Dynamic Chlorine Adsorption by NanoCeram-PAC

• Filtration of Sub-Micron Organic Particles (TOC)

NanoCeram technology excels as a particle adsorber.NanoCeram technology excels as a particle adsorber.

Use this attribute to capture and retain other “functionalized” adsorbent Use this attribute to capture and retain other “functionalized” adsorbent materials in particle form . . . in the smallest size particle available.materials in particle form . . . in the smallest size particle available.

NanoCeram-PAC contains approximately 32% (by weight) of powder NanoCeram-PAC contains approximately 32% (by weight) of powder activated carbon with an average particle size of 25 microns.activated carbon with an average particle size of 25 microns.

This provides enormous activated carbon surface area which is not partially This provides enormous activated carbon surface area which is not partially occluded by adhesives or glues, nor is the carbon capacity compromised by occluded by adhesives or glues, nor is the carbon capacity compromised by the organics in such adhesives.the organics in such adhesives.

Advancement in Organics ReductionAdvancement in Organics Reduction

Competitive media was sectioned from commercial cartridges and tested as 25 Competitive media was sectioned from commercial cartridges and tested as 25 mm discs. Microscopic exam shows 2 of the 3 competitive medias tested use mm discs. Microscopic exam shows 2 of the 3 competitive medias tested use granular activated carbon.granular activated carbon.

There is a remarkable retention of IThere is a remarkable retention of I22 (iodine) by one layer of PAC-NC to a low (iodine) by one layer of PAC-NC to a low

cut-off (0.5 ppm, the level at which Iodine is detectable by taste and odor);cut-off (0.5 ppm, the level at which Iodine is detectable by taste and odor);

Approximately 180 times longer than competitive activated carbon media at Approximately 180 times longer than competitive activated carbon media at comparable basis weight;comparable basis weight;

The dynamic adsorption by immobilized ultra fine PAC is believed to be The dynamic adsorption by immobilized ultra fine PAC is believed to be responsible.responsible.

Advancement in Organics Reduction Advancement in Organics Reduction (cont.)(cont.)

SEM of PAC in Nano Alumina/MicroglassSEM of PAC in Nano Alumina/Microglass SEM of PAC in Nano Alumina/MicroglassSEM of PAC in Nano Alumina/Microglass

Note: fine fraction of PAC particles incorporated into structure.Note: fine fraction of PAC particles incorporated into structure.

Dynamic Iodine Adsorption by NanoCeram-PACDynamic Iodine Adsorption by NanoCeram-PAC

Test Method: 20 ppm Iodine thru single layer, 25 mm discs @ 50 ml/min. Two ml aliquots collected into a cuvette and measured at 290 nm using UV/VIS spectrophotometer.  The detection limit is ~ 0.3 ppm.

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Manuf-1, GAC 350 g/m2

Manuf-2, PAC 250 g/m2

Manuf-3, GAC 250 g/m2

Manuf-4, GAC 250 g/m2

Argonide 32%PAC/NC, 220 g/m2

Dynamic Chlorine Adsorption by NanoCeram-PACDynamic Chlorine Adsorption by NanoCeram-PAC

Modeling also indicates that a standard 2.5” x 10” filter cartridge manufactured with NanoCeram-PAC media will reduce free chlorine from 2ppm to < 1ppm for over 2,000 gallons @ 2 gpm flow rates.

The filter is excellent for adsorbing turbidity. Filters (25 mm diameter) were The filter is excellent for adsorbing turbidity. Filters (25 mm diameter) were challenged with humic acid, an organic particle small enough to pass through challenged with humic acid, an organic particle small enough to pass through “Absolute” 0.2 “Absolute” 0.2 µ µ filters. Breakthrough was detected by both optical turbidity filters. Breakthrough was detected by both optical turbidity and spectrophotometric methods. Note the high filtration efficiency until the and spectrophotometric methods. Note the high filtration efficiency until the filter is exhausted at about 0.4 L of fluid/cmfilter is exhausted at about 0.4 L of fluid/cm2 2 of filter area.of filter area.

Filtration of Sub-Micron Organic Particles (TOC)Filtration of Sub-Micron Organic Particles (TOC)

Other ApplicationsOther Applications

Reduction of chlorine and other organics through the use of Reduction of chlorine and other organics through the use of NanoCeram-PAC technologyNanoCeram-PAC technology

Recycling industrial water thereby increasing water re-use ratesRecycling industrial water thereby increasing water re-use rates

Polishing filtration downstream of UP, MP and even RO systems.Polishing filtration downstream of UP, MP and even RO systems.

Prefiltration prior to ultraviolet or ozone treatment to minimize the Prefiltration prior to ultraviolet or ozone treatment to minimize the burden on such sterilization devicesburden on such sterilization devices

Prefiltration prior to ion exchange beds extending their useful life and Prefiltration prior to ion exchange beds extending their useful life and reducing the frequency of cleaning cyclesreducing the frequency of cleaning cycles

Develop adsorption data for endocrine disruptors, antibiotics and Develop adsorption data for endocrine disruptors, antibiotics and dioxin from industrial waste streams using PAC (Initial data are dioxin from industrial waste streams using PAC (Initial data are promising)promising)

Specialty FiltersSpecialty Filters

• PACB & PB Series: “Hybrid” Cartridges

• DP Series: Dual Layer NC & PAC Cartridges

• LR-19 Series: Lenticular Replacement Cartridges

• Gravity Flow Water Purifier

PACB & PB Series: “PACB & PB Series: “Hybrid” CartridgesHybrid” Cartridges

Hybrid designs which incorporate a carbon block as the centercore Hybrid designs which incorporate a carbon block as the centercore with a pleated layer wrapped around the block. 2.5” and 4.5” with a pleated layer wrapped around the block. 2.5” and 4.5” diameter cartridges fit in standard housings.diameter cartridges fit in standard housings.

DP Series: DP Series: Dual Layer NC & PAC CartridgesDual Layer NC & PAC Cartridges

Dual pleated layer 2.5 and 5” diameter cartridges fit in standard housings.Dual pleated layer 2.5 and 5” diameter cartridges fit in standard housings.

LR Series: LR Series: Lenticular Filter Replacement Filter CartridgesLenticular Filter Replacement Filter Cartridges

The dual pleated layer NC (or NC-PAC) cartridge on the leftThe dual pleated layer NC (or NC-PAC) cartridge on the leftis a drop in replacement for the lenticular filter (right). Lenticular is a drop in replacement for the lenticular filter (right). Lenticular filters are also known as “Disc Filters”.filters are also known as “Disc Filters”.

Gravity Flow Water PurifierGravity Flow Water Purifier

This purifier operates where there is no source of running water nor electricity. This purifier operates where there is no source of running water nor electricity. Eureka Forbes designed the device using NanoCeram-PAC filter technology Eureka Forbes designed the device using NanoCeram-PAC filter technology and, with Argonide’s help, manufactures the filter cartridges.and, with Argonide’s help, manufactures the filter cartridges.

NanoCeram - WorldwideNanoCeram - Worldwide

• Active Distribution

• Direct Sales

• Latin American Territories and Costs

Active DistributionActive Distribution

NanoCeram Distributors

• United States

• Canada

• South Korea (Exclusive)

• Japan

• Italy

• Sweden

• Poland

• France

• Greece

• South Africa

• Turkey

• United Kingdom

• Ireland

• Kuwait

• Azerbaijan

Direct SalesDirect Sales

NanoCeram Sales

• United States

• Canada

• Italy

• Norway

• France

• United Kingdom

• Ireland

• United Arab Emirates (UAE)

• Slovenia

• Brazil

• Thailand

• Japan

• Russia

• Norway

Latin America: Latin America: Exclusive Territories & CostsExclusive Territories & Costs

• Colombia: $46,000 USD

• Venezuela: $46,000 USD

• Peru: $44,000 USD

• Argentina: $66,000 USD

• Ecuador: $35,000 USD

• Mexico: $80,000 USD

NanoCeram Sales

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

Henry FrankHenry Frank

henry@argonide.comhenry@argonide.com

(407-322-2500 x103)(407-322-2500 x103)

www.argonide.comwww.argonide.com