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T ECHNOLOGYOVERVIEW

MARKETPOTENTIAL

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ADVANCEDRECIPROCATINGENGINESSYSTEMS(ARES) PROGRAM

he reciprocating, or piston-driven,ngine is a widespread and well-knownechnology. Also called the internalombustion (IC) engine, reciprocatingngines require fuel, air, compressionnd a combustion source to function.

Depending upon the ignition source,hey generally fall into two categories: 1)park-ignited engines, typically fueled by

gasoline or natural gas, or 2)

ompression-ignited engines, typicallyueled by diesel oil fuel.

he four-stroke, spark-ignitedeciprocating engine has an intake,ompression, power and exhaust cycle.n the intake phase, as the piston moves

downward in its cylinder, the intake valveopens and the upper portion of the

ylinder fills with fuel and air. When thepiston returns upward in the

ompression cycle, the spark plug emits a

park to ignite the fuel/air mixture. This

controlled reaction, or "burn", forces thepiston down thereby turning the crank shaftand producing power.

The compression-ignition engine operates inthe same manner, except the introduction ofdiesel fuel at an exact instant ignites in anarea of highly compressed air/fuel mixture atthe top of piston.

In the exhaust phase, the piston moves backup to its original position and the spentmixture is expelled through the open exhaustvalve.

Commercially available reciprocating enginesfor power generation range from 0.5 kW to6.5 MW. The wide power range andoperating flexibility make reciprocatingengines suitable for substations and smallmunicipalities plus commercial, industrial,institutional, and even residential

applications.

eciprocating engines are the fastest-selling, lowest-cost distributed generationechnology in the world today. Reciprocating engines can be used in a variety ofpplications due to their small size, low unit costs, and useful thermal output. They offer

ow capital cost, easy start-up, proven reliability, good load-following characteristics andheat recovery potential. Possible applications for reciprocating engines in power generationnclude continuous or prime power generation, peak shaving, back-up power, premium

power, remote power, standby power and mechanical drive use. When properly treated,he engines can run on fuel generated by waste treatment (methane) and other bio-fuels.

Reciprocating engines also make up a large portion of the combined heat and power (CHP),

or cogeneration, market. Currently cogeneration accounts for seven percent of thelectricity produced in the U.S. and approximately six percent (200MW) of worldwideapacity annually.

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Why ARES?

The new millennium needhigher standard of engintechnology to meet everincreasing demands for menergy and stricterenvironmental regulation

Established U.S. enginemanufacturers are enterininto cooperative programwhich over the next seveyears, will bring forth a ngeneration of highlyadvanced, natural-gas fir

engines to meet future n

Through competitivelyfunded, multiple-participR&D programs,manufacturers and supplteams will research advanmaterials, unique fuelhandling and processingsystems, advanced ignitioand combustion systemsincluding catalysts, andtechnology that's compat

with existing transmissionand distribution systems.

ARES program goals inclu- improved fuel efficiency

and flexibility- lessened dependence on

foreign sources of fuel,- ultra-low emissions,- lower cost power

technologies,- improved power system

grid reliability.

Installed Costs $400 - $450/EkW

Maximum Efficiency 50% Thermal, 80+ % with CHP

NOx Emissions 0.1 grams/bhp-hr

Maintenance Costs $0.01/EkW-hr

Major Service Interval Annually

Operator Training 100 hours

OVERVIEW OFADVANCEDRECIPROCATINGGASENGINES

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he U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is currently developing advanced natural gas-firedreciprocating engine systems for distributed energy resource (DER) applications in industry,commercial buildings, and utility settings. DER refers to local energy systems that generate electrithermal or mechanical energy on or near the customers' site. In addition to power generationsystems, DER includes energy storage, grid interconnection and demand management systems,which are important components in power quality and availability. The mission of this program is lead a national effort to design, develop, test and demonstrate a new generation of reciprocatingengine systems for DER applications that are cleaner, more affordable, reliable and efficient thanproducts that are commercially available today.

Planned activities for this program focus on the following performance targets for the nextgeneration of reciprocating engines:

High Efficiency

Environment

Fuel Flexibility

Cost of Power

Availability, Reliability, and Maintainability

- The target for fuel-to-electricity conversion efficiency (low heating value) is 50

percent by 2010, a 30 percent increase from today's average efficiency.- Engine improvements in efficiency, combustion strategy and emissions reduction w

substantially reduce overall emission to the environment. The NOx target for the Advanced NaturaGas Reciprocating Engine is 0.1g/hp-hr, a 95 percent decrease from today's NOx emissions rate witno deterioration of other criteria or HAPS emission.

- Natural gas-fired engines are to be adaptable to future firing with dual fuelcapabilities. Dual fuel options may be considered in the design.

- The target for busbar energy costs, including operating and maintenance costs, i10 percent less than current state-of-the-art engine systems while meeting new projectedenvironmental requirements.

- The goal is to maintain levels equivalent to currentstate-of-the-art systems.

For More Information

U.S. DEPARTMENT OFENERGYPROGRAM

DOE Advanced ReciprocatingEngines Programhttp://www.eren.doe.gov/der

Debbie HaughtProgram Manager(202) 586-2211debbie.haught@ee.doe.gov

Joe MavecProject ManagerDOE Chicago Operations(630) 252-2323

joseph.mavec@ch.doe.gov

Produced for:U.S. Department of Energy1000 Independence Avenue, SWWashington, DC 20585

February 2001

ARES Program ActivitiesProgram Initiation in 1998ARES Consortium Formed in 1998Team Goals DefinedBaseline Engine Development through 2001Breakthrough Technologies DefinedARES Concept Tests 2002

CaterpillarCumminsWaukesha Engine

Dept. of Energy

National Lab ActivitiesUniversity Support OrganizationResearch Institutes

Combustion DevelopmentAir Systems DevelopmentAftertreatment DevelopmentControl System IntegrationFriction ReductionLube System Development

ARES Team Members

Supporting Activities

Supporting Technologies

C Engines ProvideProven Powernternal Combustion enginesave been produced for wellver a century, and currentlyave an established base of salesnd service outlets worldwide tofficiently support thisechnology. Manufacturers haveontinually invested in efficiencynd reliability gains over thisme, and more recently focusedn reducing emissions in

esponse to customer demandsor a cleaner environment.

Natural gas versions of thenternal combustion enginesurrently have thermalfficiencies between 37 and 40ercent, and can operate down

o NOx levels of 1 gram per bhp-r. These engines areommercially available, withemonstrated abilities toupport local power gridequirements, combined heatnd power applications, fuelupplies from wellhead toandfill gasses, and most

ecently prime power for theegional power shortage on theWest Coast.

nternal Combustion enginesave a well understood business

model for the investmentommunity, and provideonsistent financial results for

nvestors and operators alike.

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nternal combustion engines

roviding combined heat and power.