Advanced Biofuels and National Security

7/29/2019 Advanced Biofuels and National Security

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www.AmericanSecurityProject.org 1100 New York Avenue, NW Suite 710W Washington, DC

Advanced Biouels &National Security

Andrew Holland

January 2013

IN BRIEF

America is dependent on oil. Tat undermines oreign policy,contributes to climate change, and is based on a source that ultimately

will run out. New technology means that advanced biouels - made rom low-carbon

sustainable eedstocks - can provide a drop-in replacement or traditionauels.

Even with a boom in production o oil in the United States, theglobal price o oil remains above $100 per barrel.

Prices will uctuate, but they are expected to remain high. By oeringcompetition to petroleum-based uels, alternative uels can reduce theconomic damage caused by high oil prices.

Te military is leading the way as a market or advanced biouels, but thentire American economy will benet rom a new industry.

Andrew Holland is a Senior Fellow at the American Security Project
http://americansecurityproject.org/http://americansecurityproject.org/http://americansecurityproject.org/


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AMERICAN SECURIY PROJEC

Introduction: Te National Security Need or Alternative Fuels

America is dependent upon oil or transportation. Te United States uses about 18-19 million barrels o oper day, depending on the time o year and global prices. Tis dependence on oil creates three problems our economy and oreign policy:

1. It undermines our leverage in oreign aairs

2. It contributes to climate change, and

3. Supplies o oil are fnite and will run out

Oil in the developed world is predominantly used to make transportation uel (71% o the oil consumed the U.S. is or transportation).1

For ground transportation, there are already lowor zero carbon emission possibilities, like battery-

operated vehicles and mass transit. In addition,increasing energy efciency, especially in automobileuel economy, has proven very eective at reducingoil use.

However, there is no alternative to liquid uel oraviation (unlike batteries or autos) in the oreseeableuture. Te energy density and portability o liquiduels are essential to modern ight.

Tere is some opportunity or an increase in

efciency, but i our military and our country wantto continue ying, then alternative uels are the only

way to address these challenges.

Te Strategic Treat o Dependence on Oil

For the United States, dependence on oil or transportation is a direct threat to national security.

Te American economy relies on an uninterrupted supply o low-cost oil (which is dependent on the globmarket) - as such the U.S. military must deend shipping lanes around the world.

Tese missions are deemed important to national security because o the damage to our economy that stoppage o the ow o oil, which causes spikes in oil prices (leading to a spike in gasoline prices).

Oil price increases are similarly harmul to deense readiness because the dollars spent on oil are resourcthat cannot be devoted to training, operations, personnel, or equipment. A striking example o this is that th

Loading a 50/50 biofuel and petroleum blend aboathe oiler, USNS Henry J. Kai


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militarys uel costs increased a staggering 381% rom 2005 to 2011; rom $4.5 billion to $17.3 billion. Over thperiod, uel consumption actually declined by 4%, but that was overcome by a surge in oil prices.

Tere is no way to drill our way out o this dependence.

Even i the United States could produce 100% othe oil it used, American consumers would stillbe vulnerable to global price uctuations basedon supply disruptions in unstable regions. Forexample, the rise in oil prices due to the Spring2011 revolution and civil war in Libya haveimpacted American consumers, even thoughLibyan oil exports to the U.S. compose less than1% o all imports in 2010. Integrated global oilmarkets mean that producing more oil within

the United States will not erase security threats.

Furthermore, major oil supplying countrieshold leverage over the American economy; theyhold the key to price stability.

Tis aects American oreign policy because American policymakers have an incentive to prioritize stability over American values like democracy, transparency and the rule o law. Tis is particularly evident when discussipolicy in regions that are major suppliers o oil, like the Persian Gul.

Climate ChangeTe Earth is warming at a aster rate than ever beore and humans have played a major role in the change.

Over the past century, the average mean global temperature has risen about 1.4F (0.8C) and is projected to rat least another 2-11F (1.1-6.4C) in the next century.2 Te emissions rom the burning o ossil uels accounor 82% o the United States greenhouse gas emissions, and 42% o those emissions come rom the burning o o3 Tis warming will cause signicant threats to Americas national security both at home and abroad (as shown

ASPs Climate Security Report).

In order to reduce emissions, then, any serious plan must include a way to reduce emissions rom oil use not onin ground transportation but in air travel as well.

Te Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that aviation is responsible or about 2% o globemissions, but because o the special nature o ying high in the atmosphere aviation emissions are responsibor about 3.5% o warming.4 Emissions rom aviation are more harmul than ground-based greenhouse gemissions because aviation emissions and aerosols are emitted directly into the stratosphere, whereas a portion

Tere is no correlation between drilling at home and gaprices: we cannot drill our way to energy se


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ground-based emissions are absorbed by the earth and oceans, never making it into the high atmosphere whthe greenhouse eect takes place.

Passenger aviation is expected to continue growing at rates o up to 5% per year. 5 Tereore, any credgovernment or private sector plan that seeks to reduce climate emissions will have to nd ways to reduce aviatirelated emissions. Already, new models o airlines like Boeings 787 Dreamliner promise to reduce uel use byto 20% through use o lighter materials and more efcient engines. 6

Future Scarcity o Energy Supplies

In the short or medium terms, there is no probable scenario in which the United States is unable to get supplies o energy - and oil in particular - it needs to sustain our economy or or the American military to and win our wars.

A production boom o oil rom shale in deposits like North Dakotas Bakken and exas Eagle Ford has allowan increase in the production o oil within the United States. When combined with the reduction in demandoil ueled by the economic downturn and a move to more efcient automobiles the United States is alre

producing 60% o the oil it uses, and there are credible scenarios in which the U.S. is able to provide up to 10o its energy supply within the next two decades.7

However, Americas inrastructure, military acquisitions, and businesss durable goods orders are not made the short or medium term, meaning we are making and buying things (like airplanes) that will last 50 or myears. While an absolute shortage o oil is not oreseeable within the next decade or two, there are credscenarios in which domestic production alls in a period ater the current boom, and that could be coupled wan international decrease in production.

When the military buys new airrames, ships, or vehicles, the expected lietime o those o those vehicles lasts

decades. Te B-52, rst own in 1952, is still in service. Te largest military acquisition program in history,the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, is currently underway. Te military expects to be ying the F-35 or the next decades, and is planning to spend $1.45 trillion over that timerame. 8

Te Navys new petroleum-operated ships, similarly, are scheduled or a liespan o 35-40 years.9 Meanwhthe liespan o a commercial airliner has traditionally been between 25 and 30 years, and the newer models Boeings 787 have an expected liespan o 50 years.

While policymakers may be condent that Americas recent domestic boom in oil production will lead to enesecurity or our military and civilian aviation in over the next two decades, it is simply impossible to pre

whether there will be enough oil in 2050 or 2060 to operate these systems. What this boom has given us, howeis a little breathing room to invest in alternative technologies.

Building the capacity or alternative uel sources is an investment in the long liespan o the inrastructure acquisitions. Relying only on oil production which has a history o wild uctuations and deying prediction

would ensure that these acquisitions made or the long-term could end up as just expensive and wasted sunk co


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Background: What are Advanced Biouels?

For the purposes o this paper, this is how ASP denes Advanced Biouels:

A fuel made from a low-carbon, sustainable feedstock that can be blended into a fuel supply to provide a

drop-in replacement for traditional fuels.

Tis sentence includes many qualications, so it deserves someunpacking. When we say sustainable eedstock we mean auel that does not compete with ood or animal eed and can becultivated in a way that does not harm the environment or increaseood prices. Te uel should be low-carbon, with signicantly lessliecycle greenhouse gas emissions rom seed to tailpipe - than thepetroleum-based uel it replaces. Te term drop-in replacementmeans that the uel produced can act as a direct replacement,

without new equipment or inrastructure, or uels like gasoline,diesel, marine bunker uel, or jet uel. Tat means that ethanol oall sorts is excluded (see box: What is Ethanol?) because it has alower energy density than traditional uels.

Importantly, there is a dierence between ASPs denition andthe legal denition or Advanced Biouels, as dened in law to bevirtually any biouel other than corn-based ethanol.

Legal Defnition

Advanced Biouel is dened in American law in the Energy Independence and Security Act o 2007 as:Renewable fuel, other than ethanol derived from corn starch, that has lifecycle greenhouse gas emissionsthat are at least 50 percent less than baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions.

Te legislation then goes on to say that the uels eligible to be called advanced biouels may include:

i. Ethanol derived rom cellulose, hemicellulose, or lignin.

ii. Ethanol derived rom sugar or starch (other than corn starch).

iii. Ethanol derived rom waste material, including crop residue, other vegetative waste material,animal waste, and ood waste and yard waste.

iv. Biomass-based diesel.

Advanced Biofuels can come frommany sources


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v. Biogas (including landll gas and sewage waste treatment gas) produced through the convesion o organic matter rom renewable biomass.

vi. Butanol or other alcohols produced through the conversion o organic matter rom renew-able biomass.

vii. Other uel derived rom cellulosic biomass.

As discussed above, not all o these legally eligible types would meet ASPs denition o Advanced Biouel example, ethanol rom sugars or cellulose is not a drop-in replacement.

What is Ethanol?

Ethanol is pure alcohol, a volatile, ammable,colorless liquid. In its most basic orm, it isthe same as the alcohol that is wine, beer, or

liquors that we drink. Production o ethanoluel is very similar to the production o aspirit like vodka: the grain is rst ermented,like beer, then the liquid is distilled toseparate alcohol rom water, and ltered toremove solids. I you were making vodka, theprocess would end here. For uel, the distilledproduct must be dehydrated to remove anyremaining water. Ater this process, theethanol can be blended into uel.

As an additive to uel, ethanol increasesa uels octane rating and helps the uel toburn cleaner. In the United States, ethanolis predominantly ermented rom corncrops, and accounts or about 10% o theuel supply. In 2012, the U.S. produced over13.2 billion gallons o uel ethanol.10

Unortunately, ethanol has some drawbacks.It does not have the energy density thattraditional petroleum-based uels have,meaning that more volume is needed or thesame uel economy. Modern engines are notequipped to run at the high octane that pureethanol is. Finally, because o the way thatit interacts with water, it cannot use existingpipelines.

Corn is the primary feedstock forethanol produ


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Feedstocks or Advanced Biouels

Te most important, and usually the most expensive, portion o a rened uel is the eedstock which it ismade rom.

Crude oil is the eedstock or most o the liquid uel used today, but that term hides a great variety o oils: rom

sour (high sulur) to sweet (low sulur) and rom heavy (high carbon) to light (low carbon). Tere is an evengreater variety o potential eedstocks or alternative uels. In the end, with enough energy and time, almostanything, including water or air, can be rened into uel.11

Te eedstocks listed below are not an exhaustive list, then, but provide an example or what is used today.

Algae

Algae are single-celled plants, and are actually the original source othe earths crude oil. Over millions o years, dead algae on seaoors

were turned by a combination o heat, pressure, and time into crude

oil. Producing algae biouels recreates and speeds up this process.Algaes benets are that it grows and replicates quickly, and can begrown in areas that do not compete with other crops or use drinkable

water.

Animal Fats and Vegetable oils

Waste animal ats like bee tallow, chicken at, greases, and even post-consumer oils provide excellenteedstocks or renewable diesel or biodiesel because they have a chemical composition that is airlyclose to crude oils.

Grasses and Wood

Woody biomass is a widely available uel source or a biouels. rees and grasses are a lignocelluloseproduct that must be broken down via various processes beore it is converted into ethanol viaermentation or into a liquid uel via other processes.

Municipal Waste

Solid waste is garbage or reuse, including solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous materialresulting rom industrial, commercial, mining, ood, agricultural operations, and everyday activities.Tis non-recyclable waste destined or landlls is ull o carbon that can be chemically recycledinto biouels. Using a combination o heat, pressure, advanced chemistry, and special catalysts,

municipal solid waste can create second generation ethanol, and other biouels.

Sugars

Te vast majority o the biouel produced in the U.S. today is derived rom sugar or starch-basedeed stocks. For starch-based eedstocks like corn the starches are complex sugars that can be brokeninto simple sugars, and then ermented. Sugar eedstocks like sugar cane are easily ermented intoethanol, but other processes can turn them into other uels.

Algae are a type of single-celpla


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echnology or Creating Advanced Biouels

Te technology or advanced biouels is advancing rapidly, but much o the industry is still largely immatur

Tis means that there is not a dominant mode or producing uels. Te diversity o eedstocks and the manmethods o production are a benet: the variety will ensure that, over the long run, the United States does n

replace its single-source dependence on oil with another single commodity.

Catalysis

Catalysis is the process by which a certain chemical compound, called a catalyst, jumpstartschemical reaction that changes molecules o a variety o eedstocks into uel.

Fermentation

Fermentation is the process by which alcohol is created uel ethanol is a type o alcohol. Trequires a eedstock o a type o sugar, whether rom grains, sugar beets, or sugar canes. Fermentatioo cellulosic biomass is possible, but it requires an earlier step that will break the cellulose down insugars.

Synthetic Biology

One o the newest and most promising methods ocreating advanced biouels is a range o processesthat can be called Synthetic Biology. Tis reersto using cutting-edge biotechnology to designmicroorganisms that can replicate uels. Tis ismost active in algae.

Gasifcation

Gasication puts solid biomass under high temperature, high pressure conditions and convertsinto smaller molecules. Te resulting gas mixture, synthesis gas, or syngas, is a combustible uel wia number o useul applications including the production o renewable biouels.

Gasication has traditionally required high input costs to create the heat necessary or the process work, harming its greenhouse gas prole. Newer gasication processes promise to use concentratsolar energy to achieve the high temperatures necessary or gasication.

Hydroprocessing

Hydroprocessing is a chemical engineering process that breaks heavy hydrocarbons like ats or ointo lighter ractions by the addition o hydrogen. Tis is common in traditional rening processeor creating uels out o crude oil. Hydroprocessing is useul in advanced biouels or waste animats in producing uels like bio-diesel, renewable diesel or jet uels.


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Te Military and Alternative Fuels

Te U.S. military has an aggressive program to develop and deploy advanced biouels.

Te goal is that, by the end o the decade, a signicant portion o the U.S. militarys transportation uel willderive rom eedstocks other than oil, and obtained at prices cost-competitive to traditional petroleum-based

uels, without operational disadvantages.

Both the Air Force and Navy have plans to acquireup to 50% o their uel use rom alternative sources.Tey are very clear that all uel sources must be cost-competitive.

At this time, advanced biouels are not cost-competitive with petroleum-based uels. However,the national security need to reduce exposure to

oil is clear, and the government is moving orwardwith plans to directly invest in a domestic biouelsindustry.

Te Militarys Requirements

All uels, whether alternative or traditional, must meet mission requirements and not hinder operations. Tedepartment intends to evaluate all uels based on a series o requirements.

First, the uel should have the potential or drop-in compatibility and interoperability with existing equipment

and inrastructure across the Services. Second, there should be a large enough eedstock base to be able toprovide signicant volumes o uel to support an expeditionary, globally deployed orce, including CONUSoperations, at competitive cost.12 Te department also gives consideration to uel that could be produced ator near orward operating locations.

Te Deense Production Act

Over the next three years, the Department o Deense plans to invest $170 million to support advancedbiouels, with matching amounts rom both the Department o Agriculture and the Department o Energyor a total o $510 million in government unding.13 Tis investment will take place under the legal authority

o the Deense Production Act, which allows the government to directly invest in an industry that is deemedto be important or national security. Te unding will be matched with equal or more unding rom privateinvestment.

Te Department o Deense has instituted a policy to ensure rigorous, merit-based oversight o theseinvestments. Te military is clear that beyond testing, certication, and demonstration activities, the DeenseLogistics Agency, which buys uel or operations, will not acquire drop-in alternative uels unless they are costcompetitive with petroleum products.14

Te USS Princeton preparing to refuel with a 50/50 biofu


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Conclusion: An Industry that is Ready to Deploy

Te Department o Deense intends to reduce its exposure to the national energy security and evaluate a rano alternative uel sources. Advanced biouels could be an important part o that mix.

Already, in 2011, the Deense Logistics Agency procured 450,000 gallons o advanced drop-in biouels roDynamic Fuels and Solazyme Corp., the largest government procurement o biouels in history.

Biouels were used by the Navy in 2012 RIMPAC exercise, an annual multinational military exercise neHawaii. Te RIMPAC exercise successully demonstrated that an entire carrier battle group and its air wincan operate in an operational environment on a 50:50 blend o drop-in advanced biouels.15

Te military is an important rst market or advanced biouels. By 2020, i the services goals are attainethere would have to be at least 770 million gallons per year o new advanced biouels capacity added.16

Because o rapid advances in technology and the economies o scale that will come rom these investments, tlong-term potential or this industry means that it could become a key part o Americas entire uel supply. Twould reduce Americas dependence on oil and increase our national security over the long run.

Andrew Holland is a Senior Fellow for Energy and Climate at the American Security Project, a nopartisan think tank devoted to studying questions of Americas long-term national security.


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Further Reading

Fact Sheet: DoDs Biouels Program

ASP Slides: Biouels and National Security

Fact Sheet: Biouels or National Security

ASP Event: Biouels or National Security

LtGen John Castellaw, USMC (Ret.): Investing in Biouels: Strengthening Our Militarys

Energy Security

LtGen Don Kerrick, USA (Ret.): ime to Stop the Stranglehold o Oil on Our National

Security

BGen John Adams, USA (Ret.): Support Biouels Now or Pay the Price Later

LtGen Norman Seip, USAF (Ret.): Militarys Dependence on Oil is Putting Our Forces at

Risk

ASP Blog: Fueling the Future? Militarys Biouels Program at Risk

ASP Blog: Budgeting or Biouels: Te Militarys Dependence on Petroleum Must be

Mitigated

ASP Blog: Algae Biouel: A Promising Alternative Fuel
http://americansecurityproject.org/featured-items/2013/dods-biofuels-program/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/asp-slides-biofuels-and-national-security/http://www.scribd.com/doc/83114554/Bio-Fuels-Fact-Sheet-March-2012http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/asp-briefing-biofuels-for-national-security/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/special-guest-ltgen-john-castellaw-usmc-ret-investing-in-biofuels-strengthening-our-militarys-energy-security/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/special-guest-ltgen-john-castellaw-usmc-ret-investing-in-biofuels-strengthening-our-militarys-energy-security/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/guest-post-lt-gen-don-kerrick-usa-ret-time-to-stop-the-stranglehold-of-oil-on-our-national-security/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/guest-post-lt-gen-don-kerrick-usa-ret-time-to-stop-the-stranglehold-of-oil-on-our-national-security/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/support-biofuels-now-or-pay-the-price-later/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-militarys-dependence-on-oil-is-putting-our-forces-at-risk/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-militarys-dependence-on-oil-is-putting-our-forces-at-risk/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/fueling-the-future-militarys-biofuels-program-at-risk/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/budgeting-for-biofuelsthe-militarys-dependence-on-petroleum-must-be-mitigated/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/budgeting-for-biofuelsthe-militarys-dependence-on-petroleum-must-be-mitigated/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/algae-biofuel-a-promising-alternative-fuel/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/algae-biofuel-a-promising-alternative-fuel/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/budgeting-for-biofuelsthe-militarys-dependence-on-petroleum-must-be-mitigated/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/budgeting-for-biofuelsthe-militarys-dependence-on-petroleum-must-be-mitigated/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/fueling-the-future-militarys-biofuels-program-at-risk/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-militarys-dependence-on-oil-is-putting-our-forces-at-risk/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-militarys-dependence-on-oil-is-putting-our-forces-at-risk/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/support-biofuels-now-or-pay-the-price-later/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/guest-post-lt-gen-don-kerrick-usa-ret-time-to-stop-the-stranglehold-of-oil-on-our-national-security/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/guest-post-lt-gen-don-kerrick-usa-ret-time-to-stop-the-stranglehold-of-oil-on-our-national-security/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/special-guest-ltgen-john-castellaw-usmc-ret-investing-in-biofuels-strengthening-our-militarys-energy-security/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/special-guest-ltgen-john-castellaw-usmc-ret-investing-in-biofuels-strengthening-our-militarys-energy-security/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/asp-briefing-biofuels-for-national-security/http://www.scribd.com/doc/83114554/Bio-Fuels-Fact-Sheet-March-2012http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/asp-slides-biofuels-and-national-security/http://americansecurityproject.org/featured-items/2013/dods-biofuels-program/


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Endnotes

1. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Estimate Energy Use in 2011 Available at: https://owcharts.llnl.gocontent/energy/energy_archive/energy_ow_2011/LLNLUSEnergy2011.png (accessed January 25, 2013).

2. Foley, Catherine and Holland Andrew, Climate Security Report American Security Project. November, 2012.

3. Energy Inormation Agency, Greenhouse Gases, Climate Change, and Energy. Available at:http://www.eia.gooia/1605/ggccebro/chapter1.html (accessed January 25, 2013).

4. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Aviation and the Global Atmosphere. 1999. Available at:http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/aviation/index.htm (accessed January 25, 2013).

5. Boeing, Current Market Outlook, 2012-2031.Available at: http://www.boeing.com/commercial/cmo/ (accessedJanuary 25, 2013).

6. Boeing, 787 Dreamline Program Fact Sheet. Available at:http://www.boeing.com/commercial/787amily/programacts.html (accessed January 25, 2013).

7. Energy Inormation Agency, Annual Energy Outlook 2013 Early Release Overview, December 5,2012.

Available at:http://www.eia.gov/orecasts/aeo/er/index.cm (accessed January 25, 2013).

8. Shalal-Esa, Andrea Exclusive: U.S. sees lietime cost o F-35 ghter at $1.45 trillion Reuters, March 29, 2012Available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/29/us-lockheed-ghter-idUSBRE82S03L20120329

9. Cole, William, Navy ofcials seek ways to extend liespan o Pacic eet Honolulu Advertiser. Availableat:http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2009/Dec/20/ln/hawaii912200388.html (accessed January 25, 2013

10. Energy Inormation Agency, Petroleum & Other LiquidsAvailable at: http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeaHandler.ashx?n=PE&s=W_EPOOXE_YOP_NUS_MBBLD&=4 (accessed January 25, 2013).

11. Connor, Steve Exclusive: Pioneering scientists turn resh air into petrol in massive boost in ght against energy

crisis Te Independent, October 19,2012. Available at: http://www.newser.com/story/156102/scientists-turn-airinto-gas.html (accessed January 25, 2013).

12. Burke, Sharon. Memorandum to Deense Operational Energy Board Members July 5, 2012. Available at:httpenergy.deense.gov/2012-7-5_DoD_Alternative_Fuels_Policy_or_Operational_Platorms.pd(accessed January25, 2013).

13. Memorandum o Understanding between the Department o the Navy, and Te Department o Energy andTe Department o Agriculture, March 30, 2011. Available at:http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/SupportDocuments/DPASignedMOUEnergyNavyUSDA.pd(accessed January 25, 2013).

14. Blakeley, Katherine, DOD Alternative Fuels: Policy, Initiatives and Legislative Activity Congressional ResearcService, December 14, 2012. Available at: http://www.as.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42859.pd (accessed January 25,

2013).

15. Cunningham, Nick and Holland, Andrew, DoDs Biouels Program American Security Project, January, 2013

16. Yudken, Joel S. Te Economic Benets o Military Biouels Environmental Entrepreneurs. November 10, 201

Available at: http://www.e2.org/ext/doc/HRS-E2MiltaryBiouelsReporNov2012.pd(accessed January 25, 2013
https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/content/energy/energy_archive/energy_flow_2011/LLNLUSEnergy2011.pnghttps://flowcharts.llnl.gov/content/energy/energy_archive/energy_flow_2011/LLNLUSEnergy2011.pnghttp://www.boeing.com/commercial/cmo/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/29/us-lockheed-fighter-idUSBRE82S03L20120329http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=W_EPOOXE_YOP_NUS_MBBLD&f=4http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=W_EPOOXE_YOP_NUS_MBBLD&f=4http://www.newser.com/story/156102/scientists-turn-air-into-gas.htmlhttp://www.newser.com/story/156102/scientists-turn-air-into-gas.htmlhttp://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42859.pdfhttp://www.e2.org/ext/doc/HRS-E2MiltaryBiofuelsReporNov2012.pdfhttp://www.e2.org/ext/doc/HRS-E2MiltaryBiofuelsReporNov2012.pdfhttp://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42859.pdfhttp://www.newser.com/story/156102/scientists-turn-air-into-gas.htmlhttp://www.newser.com/story/156102/scientists-turn-air-into-gas.htmlhttp://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=W_EPOOXE_YOP_NUS_MBBLD&f=4http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=W_EPOOXE_YOP_NUS_MBBLD&f=4http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/29/us-lockheed-fighter-idUSBRE82S03L20120329http://www.boeing.com/commercial/cmo/https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/content/energy/energy_archive/energy_flow_2011/LLNLUSEnergy2011.pnghttps://flowcharts.llnl.gov/content/energy/energy_archive/energy_flow_2011/LLNLUSEnergy2011.png


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Building a New American Arsenal

Te American Security Project (ASP) is a nonpartisan initiative to educate the

American public about the changing nature o national security in the 21st

century.

Gone are the days when a nations strength could be measured by bombers

and battleships. Security in this new era requires a New American Arsenal

harnessing all o Americas strengths: the orce o our diplomacy; the might o

our military; the vigor o our economy; and the power o our ideals.

We believe that America must lead other nations in the pursuit o our common

goals and shared security. We must conront international challenges with

all the tools at our disposal. We must address emerging problems beore

they become security crises. And to do this, we must orge a new bipartisan

consensus at home.

ASP brings together prominent American leaders, current and ormer members

o Congress, retired military ocers, and ormer government ocials. Sta

direct research on a broad range o issues and engages and empowers the

American public by taking its fndings directly to them.

We live in a time when the threats to our security are as complex and diverse

as terrorism, the spread o weapons o mass destruction, climate change, ailedand ailing states, disease, and pandemics. Te same-old solutions and partisan

bickering wont do. America needs an honest dialogue about security that is as

robust as it is realistic.

ASP exists to promote that dialogue, to orge consensus, and to spur constructive

action so that America meets the challenges to its security while seizing the

opportunities the new century oers.

www.americansecurityproject.org
http://americansecurityproject.org/http://americansecurityproject.org/http://americansecurityproject.org/