Academic Focus

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~ . r n ~ d i i % a a $ i . r b ~ u w 1 . r n l 3 i l a l ~ l 5 c u ? ~ ~ . r ~ ~ d i

(the RepubLic of Singapore) baudszbwfluuinb6nianiw

~8u~niaa~Tn'niuaiyw5uai; 3ur~~iiai?nn'afYud5~~wfl -4 -4 -44' d

uibabiu ~fl%n'i?niafYu~u~nub~u u ~ u w d 5 z u i ~ 710

niai.riilat.uns f l n X ~ ~ u ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ i n ~ ~ ~ m " u a ~ d ~ ~ ~ w ~ 2 w u )

k n l d ~ 6 ? u i a n s i " 1 1 ~ i n 5 ~ n q w a ~ i ~ ~ ~ u w i ~ n i ~ ~ d a a " u ~ 9

3dvina1 w . f l . 2508 ~ n i w i i % ~ ~ u 5 1 " 1 1 1 3 4 niwiza

~ ~ p a i n i ~ . r r o s ~ ~ ~ ~ n i ~ ~ n ~ i ~ s w T , d f

ilsnld~5udss~wAdf~naiu$i<qn"unis$muiszuunis~nwi~d~~i16?u~ansiraind s z ~ w ~

f?dngwbdo w.A. 2508 ~o?f lu~ .m~d<~n isd~~ds~u~~n is~nwiu ibba"adszu i 4 nfd A< -4 4 w

- d&dsauad 1 d u i n n u ~ u u i u Education for Al l (ni=i~nwib$anu~duaa) 'dduanw~aslad w w

n i s ~ n w i d ~ ~ u a n n ~ i u u a a ~ ~ n q n s r ~ u a & d s z ~ s / l ~ ~ n u ~ i ~ u n ~ ~ ~ f f n ~ n ~ u ~ a ~ w i u n i s Z n w i ~ u 4 u ~ i u

nin9J"9<ub~ubaai 10 gdsunou6au5z~udsanuZnwi 6 3 bbaasaGuakuu~nwi 4 ~ d a u n i % $ u u ~ u w w w

san'uq~~u~u~uo~n"unaiuaiuisn"~~a~sd"nb~uu~b~aznu a ~ a a n a i u a i u i s n l u n i ~ ? u ~ n 8 n w i k a ~

aisliirid~~naauluanis~"unisZnwiCu ~ i n ~ ~ u a u l u u i u G ~ n d i a ~ ~ u ~ ~ u a w i ~ ~ ~ a n a i 8 1 a ~ s a n (Survivab

driven) u a s n i a o h d q ~ i n a i ~ 1 ~ ~ b 9 " J u ~ ~ u u ~ i~uuuaan iw i61~~nnd idn '~ id~d~~~a f i ua i6~d i f i nu~ i . l u , w ad4 n1~3a~~uu~anauiiuauuin~a~?udszrins~~n 4 rinwu?wuayludsr~wAZa $u u i ~ a $ OubAu bbaz

baL$uL&aiuubsd (Eurasians)

- dj2dssurd 2 D w.a. 2520 s a ~ i i ~ d 2 ~ n ~ d < u ' a ~ s w ~ 6 0 ~ ~ 5 q n " i a ~ s d " i u i n n a ' i ~ a u a 9 i a D

~ ~ u d o z ~ i ~ n ~ A ~ w ~ 6 o n ~ ~ a ~ ~ u ~ w . A . 2528 1 6 u ' n i s d ~ 5 d n i ~ ~ n w i a ~ i ~ ~ ~ u s ~ u u u i n ~ u b n u ~ ? u

rdduuoinnis~rjulu~%dd5uiad~~dq6~ds\i~ nis~Gufufi-lqsuniwiad<~5unis~riu9uraddsailw~wn

(Efficiency-driven) ~ ~ n w ~ a d b ~ u n ~ i s ~ u u n i s ~ n w i n i u n a i u a i u i s n f ? u ~ 9 a i n ~ a i u s l a d ~ b ~ u u

(Ability-Driven Education System) ~ ~ d s ~ ~ n ~ a w i d n i s ~ n w 1 6 a u ~ u y u d b ~ u i z a u Znsdniswid

n i s ~ n w i d ~ i w i u n a i u a i u i ~ n <nuniw ~~a -na iuau~~donnd i~n"u I~s la~~Suu iimsan.uuin~u"uisu

l u n i ~ ~ w u i q a n i w n i s ~ ~ u ~ n i s a a u i i ln lan ia lC~ni~uuI6~~uu~~~azw"muin" ia Idniunaiu~iu isn

r%~ns-uaunis~uunisaaunau~ldn"u~a~~~wi~ni~~nwi~~alC~i~~isnnauaua~ianaiuaiuisnf?u

~ a i n ~ a i u s l a ~ ~ ~ ~ u u u i n 6 ~ ~ u d s z n a u n " u n i s ~ s d " u ~ n 8 i ~ n ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l o l u n i s l d ~ ~ u u ~ 6 a u ~ a i i ~ g w d

~%na1u8lriow1dnis~nwislad~b~uubbiaznu6auni5~u ~ w n ? w u i n s ~ i u ~uyuwidnisZnwiuin(u d inisasd"uniau5wisCnni~~~u1~~auqui u'rnZnansnis$uunisaaud~~uiu~~azinis~dauu~innis

dsz~iiuainniuuan~ni~d~zbiuoinniufu~~ia~ls~Suu~~azanis~"uni~8nwi6aunaiu~uin$u~~alss"

a n i u R n w i ~ C n m u r a ~ u i n $ u 6 a u ~ ~ s ~ a ~ u a ~ u a ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . u " u 0 i n n ~ a u ~ ? a " ~ a ~ ~ ~ u u n i ~ ~ m u i ~ i a " ~ n u 6 i u

unainawi~msaauT,nu~Gunis~nausu~~alG$muiniswi~nis8nwin"ia~da~i~~un~uin~u

- d i ~ ? u l u ~ a ~ r j , ~ ~ u n i ~ d ~ ~ d s ~ u z d 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ a i u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i w i ~ 6 i u n i ~ w ~ n w 5 ~ u i n ~ u ~ w 6 ~ ~ a w c i v

silil?u~nasswd 21 d ~ I ~ n " i a ~ n i s d s ~ ~ w n w " m u i ~ ~ a a w ~ u u ~ ~ n i n n i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i u ~ n a i ~ 4 n ~ s u ~ a a n i n n i s

u ~ n i s ~ ~ ~ r w n ~ u ~ a ~ s z ~ u q ~ w " ~ ~ u n i ~ u n s z ~ u n a i u ~ ~ u a r i ~ n i s w t m ~ a z n i s u ~ n i s ~ a u ~ ~ u a ~ n d ~ ~

~i;uwi~~Wusladrwnlulai7 (Technology Corridor) nist9"Ju~mzuLi~diaaisia;a (Intelligent Island) fu d

n i s a i i ~ n a i u ~ a i n ~ a i u w i ~ ~ ~ s l i ~ 6 ~ 6 a u ~ ~ u G m u i u a " n n s s u d i ~ ~ u ~ n a s s ~ ~ 21 ~ ~ a n a i u ~ : a u l u

nisr~~i~.u"ulunainIanlunisuss~~~i~uiudn"i~~~n~a" l~nldS1Gnaiudi<yn"uni~a~yu61uRi~~nu

~ ' f a m s ~ w u i ~ u u ~ w i v a ~ d ~ ~ r ~ w ~ 5 u a i i ~ u i n u i l m u n a a m i n i s ~ u r ~ n i a a ~ y u l u n i ~ ~ m ~ a u u

n i s ~ n w i ~ r a ~ s a ~ u d s ~ ~ w " 5 n i ~ ~ i ~ n i ~ 8 n w i ~ s d ~ n ~ ~ G u ' l u C n w ~ ~ ~ ~ u i u i u a h ~ n a i u r 8 u a a a u r r a a

n a i u r ~ u ~ u " u ~ d ~ ~ u ~ ~ u a n " u ~ i ~ ~ ~ n u ~ ~ ~ w ~ i i ~ r r a s n i s ~ ~ a a ria~a.riiuiiy"uMinaiu~~nn~run'lu8dnuuas

~ a u n a i u d ~ i ~ n u i ' l f i ~ ~ n ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ n a i ~ ~ m u ~ n w i s a G u a 1 n a o ~ ~ n i n ~ u r a r 8 u ~ ~ d % ~ nniu'lu

w.R. 2543 ~ r u a ~ i ~ n i ~ d ~ ~ d n i s ~ n w i ~ u ~ ~ ~ s J " u " ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ n ~ d < r ~ u n i ~ ~ ~ u ' l f i s a u u m s ~ n w i ~ i u a u ~ ~

~ n ~ u u y n n u ~ u w u d j n i ~ n a ~ u a ~ u i ~ ~ ~ a ~ m u ~ a ~ r ~ a n " i a ~ ~ n u n i w r ~ u $ u v a ~ m u ~ r a ~ ~ ~ m ~ ~ u n a i u

~a~'l"uMailn'lillun1sduu$~~il~~a'bdmaamda8?n

~og<u~dnld~6n"i~u~?~uw"wsd"a'i "Thinking Schools, Learning NationJ1 ~9u?~uGwJwi.1

rn.jinwilrili"uM?u~nawwd 21 ~ d ~ ~ l ~ 8 d ~ l ~ ~ ~ d ~ 1 d f 6 ~ d ~ i 5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ' l $ b 6 ~ ~ ~ ' l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ w d 0 ~ ~ ~ ' l ~ 96

'2nl"uMi 7 L ~ O L L ~ " ~ ~ M I T " ~ M ~ 7 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ h d 1 ~ ~ l ~ ' l ~ ~ L ~ n ' ~ ~ i ~ ~ 6 ~ ~ d ~ " 1 1 ~ i ~ i d ~ 5 8 ~ ~ 1 M d ~ l ~ l 5 ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ i l w w

" u ~ ~ i M d 2 d ~ ~ n i ~ ~ a w " w u i ~ ~ r ~ n ~ ~ d ~ a a % G w a ~ ~ a ~ i n i ~ 8 n w i w"9%naiu~na?i~ar~~6Gnw~%unis

~m?bnsiaM'naiu?u~m"11aubba~~iu~~~$u5"~ubr~~rbn~~dansaun?a~u"11ub~a~ds~bww"11i?b~u~a'l0di~y

b ~ u n a 7 u ~ i ~ i u " ~ d d s ~ b~f l ' lun i~ i~s$muibbasa~id ba~u'l~~dnsd"nb~uu~~nuniw~uni5fimai1da556

oaaun isdndna iun1d ' lun is~uu~a~ i~dabda~~u~una iua iu i~nbbaad~n i~"11admubad~6 ima

a i u i s o ~ ~ u ~ ? w u ~ n s d i X y v a ~ d s s b ~ w " ~ ~ i G i a u nj~unaiu~u'lulunaiuaiuisn"ua~nu~a~6auni~d~~d w

d 4 w ~ s u u n i s i n ~ i o ~ u a n w ~ s r ~ u a p 1 i ~ i i ~ ~ u n i s Gd%

1) ni5~iudab~ua~1d~iu~uni~b~m~ania'l~b6n~nnu~u~dn~d~6~unisinwi6a'bd (General

education) rbunaiadwljau 10 ~ n u i ~ a ' n ~ n s a s n ' u ~ i i ? ~ ~ a a n i s a a u a " m ~ a ~ a k u " ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ a u n i s i n w i

'LussGudssnu8nwiG5uuinwi~~as~m~uu~mu8nwi (Junior college) n i u s ~ u u n i s i n w i d ~ ; l a ~ i ~

w ? w u i n s y n n a q ~ n i w ~ m a i m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u

2 ) n i ~ 3 ~ ~ u ~ ~ u a ~ i ~ " u ~ ~ ~ m u n i s ~ ~ ~ i n i ~ ~ a ~ u d ~ 1 ~ ~ 1 ' b d ' l u ~ ~ u a ~ i ~ ~ i u . u " 1 ~ 6 s d ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ l a n i a l p s " ~ 6 n

s d " n i ~ u u ~ i u i s n ~ ~ a n a n i < u n i ~ i n w i n i u ~ m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ n a i u a u ' l ~ w d ~ ~ n n d i ~ n " u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i n w d ~ u n i ~ i n w i ' l u w

ss~udssouZnwi~ra"aGd~

" 2.1) sauunis~nwidinaiuim"uM~u (Flexible) kar"uMain"uMaiu (Diverse) uiniudsid

l$Gnduuiwisrdan (Choice) uiniurraa~naiudur~ivad (Ownership) nsauaums~uu$vadnut.ad .

uinvu A- 2

2.2) ~nsdnis~sNlni5widni5~nwi (Integrated Programme) ~ ~ u ~ ~ s a n l ~ ~ 5 b ~ u ~ u

'lu w . ~ . 2548 ' luEinw~sva~n15Rnwil?~au (Seamless) M 4 a a m $ u m a u ~ % ~ l n ~ s a i i d w i ~ n i a i n w i

i i iw?ur in~4uusan 'u~ i3uuZnwi~6a~n i~~~~u"u~ i~~u i~u lmu~awia lmur induu ' lu Ins~n is6a iu isn

i i i a ~ ~ r t i u ~ n ~ u u q m u i n w i ~ ~ m u ~ i ~ a ~ i i u Q u m a u ~ n ~

2.3) li;iinis$mi~ls-lEuubduavi4bawiz6iuadi~b3u2aszb$aw"wuiGnb~uudi w r l pl naiuaiui=in~t.ww~awiz bdu 6iunis?iwi nGmwiam5 ?wuiniam5 ?ads 1~9uwn1uinist.6u

naiu~iu15n 1 ~ d ~ u u b ~ a l ~ a ~ 1 u ~ d n " m " ~ a 9 n 5 ~ ~ 3 a d ~ u u a n 9 i n n s ~ w s a 9 8 n w i " s n i s ~ 9 ~ a b ~ u d a u ~ ~ 9 " ~ a d

anirj,ni~3n~nsaGu;dwdia~~~6a aiti nis~idls~ifuuiiwi (Singapore Sports ~chooU

2.4) 19mlanialGil~~~nisl~9d 7 luls9Euu aiMl~s~nis~miudu~Bmluls~Suus~~u

elsunuZnwi bSuKu

2.5) lfiinaiu~m~iu~anis8nwi ba'i~uu~mu~us~$udssnu~nwi~ mbnia%Z ninpuinis a a v i d i d 7 ~ G i 6 a u h d a u ~ u s ~ t i ~ ~ ~ u u 8 n ~ i ~ n ~ u u ~ ~ ~ ~ u u u i ~ ? v i ~ ~ n 1 s ~ ~ m a a u ~ u s z ~ u ~ ~ ~ n . d i ~

Psu~a~~?ouaiiia+1u'be1if~~3vilu~uwd;~niir~u'b6 w

2.6) ~ $ ~ n a i u ~ n w ~ d u n i ~ ~ ~ u n i s a a u 6 a u s l i w i ~ i v n i ~ w " ~ 4 uadsnTd< ;a u iay

Zunaid waiw raaaniwiiGnqw ~da~9mlanial$GnEuu~~inaiuaiuisn~ain~9aiuw"~ui1d'b~nad~m

~ 1 ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 ' 5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w

2.7) nis<mG~l~~Euu~anvusz$u~auu8nwi~~a~~m?uu~mu3nwi n4iam"aninaanvu w

a iu isn l$ f iu~u.ua~mu<mG~aniu8nwi "1 ]a~mu~a~16~~inaad~a~d~Gi~ iu .u"aG~~u,~~a~u luu1u~ i~n i~

~ n ~ i ~ d i ~ ~ u i ~ d ~ a n i ~ r ~ u u ~ u u ~ ~ u n i ~ a a u a a ~ n i w i n i s d i ? v i n i s ~ n w i r 6 u a ~ u e l s z ~ w ~ v i i

(National Education) b.u"iui'ba"bu~~n;~isni~~u~dni~aau

2.8) G U ~ ~ L L ~ w.n. 2550 ~ ~ u t ; u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u u ~ ~ a a z ~ u n i ~ ~ u u n i w i ~ m s l i w i ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~ l ~ l I k l 9 ~ ~

2.9) szuuni~8nwiidd;iiunjla (Broad-based education) uinfub$a~wui~n~suu

a$idb~uad6~au (Holistic) $?d~ut.bazuaniub?uu

2.10) ls~ifuu~~rtdsz$udsznuZnwi~~~mu8nwiinaiulimp9~uuindulunis?u~nEuu

l m u m s ~ m i u ~ n ~ " j i l s ~ E u u ~ i ~ u m f u ~ a ~ ~ ~ a i ~ ~ ~ a i n ~ 9 a i u ~ ~ m n d i ~ ~ u 1 d

2.1 I) i 4 t . d w.n. 2551 t.?Jui?iu'bd ~~dn1sI$~zuud~~nindupJ"m~~uni~8nwi"ua~Is~~?upd

(School Graduation Certification) 1 n u 1 $ a s ~ ' a u 8 d ~ u ~ w ~ w a ~ d n i ~ b ~ u u b ~ d ? v i n i ~ b b a z d ~ ~ b 6 u a ~ u

nisSuu~5s"aini3

2.12) n i s u a u ~ u ~ ~ n s s u ~ b ~ u n a i u ~ m ~ b ~ u " ~ a d ~ n ~ u u b b a 3 i i 9 n 3 3 u n i s b ~ u u ~ u ~ n w ~ z

wdi.auvu~~u;iiu (qvimi ysaz~mvi<u, 2556)

2) s r ~ u d s m u i i n u ~ d5snaudiauniz8uu~ud~snunou~u (Foundation Stage) 4 9 i dbbd

uYiidsrnu8nwidd 1-4 ~ ~ a s $ u d s s n u ~ n w m a u d a i u (Orientation Stage) 2 D l u $ u d s m u A n w 4 d

~ dn 5-6 ~~am1u~a"so inn isoun i~8nwi~u$ud~~nu~nwi~wd 6 Gnduuynnuils6a.reiiun~3aau~da d " wiu%s~ud3sou?nvi (Primary School Leaving Examination-PSLE) b ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ d % % ~ 8 ] 8 n t t i

3) sri%sJ"suulnwi s?iLZan 3 ~ i ingn3 i ia

3.1) ~ a " n t p n a i s k (Express Course) esl$~aai~;uu~4u.r 4 3 i i u ~ 8 u ~ n ~ ; u u d m ' w

nsuuugdqn?auas 10 aa-anuasni=iaau PSLE QiGnPsuuluuwuni~Suufi~fittos6a~aau Singapore

Cambridge General Certificate of Education - ~ r d i n a i y Level (GCE '0' Level) rdaifuun3u 4 9 3.2) bbwuni%b:uudnG (Normal Academic Course) %$baarlb;uu 5 qbbas0~6adaau

Singapore-Cambridge General Certificate of Education -Normal Level (GCE 'N' Level) ~ d a ~ ? u u

n%u 4 3 bbasaau GCE '0' Level bdaduu~su 5 9 3.3) bbwun~%zuuaiubwnGn (Normal Technical Course) %$baaclduu 4 3 Lbasaau

GCE 'N' Level w w

uanoin%~dbt.d W.W. 2549 ~ 8 u 6 u u i ~ ~ G u ~ ~ u u A n v i ~ ~ G w 1 ~ ~ ~ a n % w a i ~ ~ u ~ n 3 bbwui?a

3.4) I ~ ~ ~ b b u u f i b v (Specialized Schools) b ~ u n i ~ ~ u ~ w a u w ~ ~ u ~ i u b n n ~ ~ ~ b b a ~

a i ~ a Z n w i d ~ C u n i s K i u ~ ~ n C ~ ~ ~ a s n i ~ a i ~ a Z n v i a ~ i ~ ~ i u < u d a i u i ~ n d ~ s J " G I K o ~ ~ ~ d a ~ ~ ~ a i u a i B w

3.5) is; l~uuuuufi~f iwd~naiu~8u~a5s (Specialized Independent Schools) b?Ju

~ ~ ~ u n i ~ ~ ? u u d i ~ ~ u G n ~ ? u u d ! n a i u a u ~ o ~ ~ ~ i s n i K i u n u m ? i i a d s ~ ~ a s i l ~ ~ .os%$t.aai~?uu 4 3

bbasos6adaau GCE 'N' Level

3.6) I5.rduuwu;s~inis (Integrated Programme) ~8uuwudsaslrn3~suu3s~u$u

G~uu6u~ms~sGuaduu~muZnwi'ba"~aun"u l$~aa18uu 4 - 6 0 abasilr6adaau GCE '0' Level daau

ni3Znvi

4) s a ~ u ~ n % y n u A n w i i i l ~ ~ Z a n z d i u 3 aawueiauluanisJ"udI.r 7 E;a

4.1) bbwunis~uulu~nuia"u$u6u (Junior College) ~ % a n i h n a i d (Centralized

institute) bda~nL?uuaau GCE '0' Level ' b ~ ~ ~ b ~ o b b ~ a ~ n b ? u u a i u i ~ n a ~ n ~ b i i ~ n v i i a ~ u ? ~ ~ ~ a " ~

iYu6urbunai 2 ~vifaZnwidanisJ"unai~ni5Znvi~3u~a~1 3 D ~da~n?uuZnw~iassGuuprli"anu~a"u

InuGflb;uuo~ 6addau Singapore-Cambridge General Certificate of Education-Advance Level

(GCE 'A' Level) bdaaaub<~uprli?wuia"u -

4.2) uwuni~duululs~duuFw~~nnCn (Polytechnics) d a ~ ~ u u a a u GCE '0' Level

~ ~ i ~ f o L L ~ a ~ n ~ u u ~ i u i s n ~ ~ s L i i ~ n w i i a ~ u b 3 d b ? u u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ u ~ 7 ~ l 3 3 1 j ~ ~ C u l M V ~ i u i ~ n I d

d=isnauai~w'Luauinm ~ l j u r j f ian~~uu5prl is~s~oni~~aa1~uaa.auni~aanrauu2i~ru' inn1u1a~

a i ~ a u ~ n ~ u a ~ w ~ i n ~ m ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ i ~ a ~ i ~ ~ d u n i ~ a " n a i u n ~ " a ~ a n ~ ~ u ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ a n 1 s 8 n t t i ~ ~ u a n " u n i 3 ~ ~ u ~ ~ a

wuiuiani3r~udnb~n~auabazni5w"iniwuuni Cnisuudounis~nwilua1nbw~rwm0n~Sud~uu"11~~

u~~wei i~~daeuuz 'b6~4~zGua~d5qq i (Diploma) aaa~aiuisnb~i'l9uun'a~usz$uu~9i?~uia"~'b6

4.3) bb~~ni3b?uduanisJ"ubwm~m8nwi (Institute of Technical Education - ITE)

~3u~nw%~wi~~~an"11a~Gn~uu~ouoin$uG~uu8nwimau6u~~az6a~nis$wuiw"nwz6iu~wmbuba~a~az

n ? i u j w i d q n ~ i ~ n 5 5 ~ ~ ~ " 1 1 u d d i d 7 ~ a n i l 1 n 1 d ~ ~ ~ n ~ u a n a u 3 u ~ i ~ ~ a a 1 d l w ~ u ~ n ~ ? ~ ~ d ~ ~ 0 1 n $ u

GauuAnwi~~h (sly 16-19 8) ozlG~aaiZuu 1-2 Ti 5) ~ZCUXIMI?~WCJ~~YCJ (Universities) uwi?wuia"ulu2~mId<i 4 bbid 'b6bbri

1) National University of Sinyapore (NUS)

2) Nanyany Technoloyical University (IVTU)

3) Sinyapore Management University (SMU)

4) Singapore University of Technology and Design (SCm3) (~zuuni~znwimd8~mTdi, 2559)

y~~mlnns'~u~naiu8i~i~lpdni~el~~elni~~n~i"110a~a~bel~

8 ~ d f l 6 G g i l u " b ~ a n ~ ~ u ~ ~ a " a a ' i n i s d ~ ~ d n i ~ ~ n v i ~ a n a ' b n d i ~ ~ ~ o ~ a i i ~ < n u n i w " ~ a ~ " 1 1 i i ~ ~

a1uisn i i ia~ua~udsz~w~.u"u i i "~a~ban~~az~3udsz~w~daiu isn~u~~ma ~ $ 6 a d i ~ i u m s l u ~ m~w3w~iio ad F:

nnnauslasaa~5h Inuuwduunisd j~dnis~nwi"~~a~ds~bww~dmbdsw~duds~bwwb~n 7 diiw?wuins

a d i ~ i i n ' n o e i ~ a u n a i u ~ ~ a ~ u a ' i w ? w u i n s y m m a ~ i ~ a n i ~ Z a ~ s d ~ ~ ~ l u n i s ~ ~ u i d s : r w w ( i i ~ a d

8dm~d~6~umdud5zu iN 1 l u 4 v a ~ d s z r w n u i l ~ u n i s w " w u i n i ~ 8 n w i ~ ~ a z R i ~ ~ u n i ~ d ~ ~ d n i s 8 n w i

ad i~darda~~~ara~uah~na iua iu isn%unisus i~Gun"ua jnu lan waoinnisd j2dn isbnwiv i i l i i

ms8nwivi~2~n~d+~~uduau?ua'i~maiu~o5qn"ia~9~iw"m~w"uun"ud~~~w~mza"unn lu<iuaudszvins d e w pl

wuanslnl3jP9lid8a?auas 91.3 Cu ivuaz 47.2 o z ~ a a d n i w i ~ ~ a u i n n a ' i ~uEi iu<nuniwnisoid~u w e d

Gn~~uuG5uuZnwi"11a~~~mId+~iu isnw"i~ :~~uu 'bn~d~~ I " 1 1 ~ b a n l u 6 i u 5 w ~ i ~ i a n i ~ ~ a z m ~ n ~ i a n <

( n i ~ d ~ ~ d n i s ~ n w i v a ~ a i 1 ~ i ~ a ~ ~ 8 ~ m b d i , udd.) d e w

8 . r n b d ~ ~ i a ~ n i s d ~ 5 d n i s ~ n w i ~ u n n u n i w ~ u n i s a ~ ~ ~ u u i n ~ u ~ n u f l i ~ u n ~ ~ u % l d r ~ r a z cd d a d o w w w c i

yws~ l ian . jw~nua6~n"un isd~~dn i~~nwi "11a~2~m~dswaim~ 'ban~~

1) ninlj~dell~1dpdba~lni3lnpd~wfl kmbdfl%i~un3Zuw"wJ "~wmbubaiiai5au~w~

2000 : ?~uw"fl~ni3~3u~ni:bb~d~ila?u:~~ (IT 2000 : A Vision of an Intelliyent Island) bnuflipsunbbwu

qwsnianf IT 2000 w?a IT 2000 Masterplan ~ d f i i w u m b i l i w ~ i ~ ~ w u i ~ d ~ b d ~ ~ b ~ u ~ u d n a i d s ~ ~ u

Ian d ? u d i ; ~ ~ a n i ~ ~ ? n d ~ ~ a 5 u n a ' b n w i ~ r ~ ~ w 2 i i o ~ ~ a u b u ~ ~ ~ m u ~ ~ l u s s G u ~ i i a ~ a ~ ~ z G u ~ a n ~ ~ a z d ~ ~ a 5 u

Anuniwvasy nmabmu~n61azn~suni3aw~1buba~aisaubwwbbid"117~ (National IT Committee) !,bas

nsusnz~unismauG~ana<~~p4d"11iG (National Computer Board) 14% NCB ~~uad6nsZi<qlunisd~;d

Gdniia

bb~dnaiubfhb%l (Center of Excellence) wid&iu?~uiniam<bbazbwn%ulaz ~mu6ivumbbwub~11nlulai v ' i d C

bbvisVii (National Technology Plan : NTP) adaa5.r "Singapore Technology Corridor1' I~~duwmd

~ n i ~ u r r a s u l u u ' n i a ? < u a a s $ m u i r a v d ~ q n a i v n s s u M d i n a i u ~ i a ~ ~ i ~ ~ w i ~ ~ ~ n l u l a i ~ ~ a z

aaiuirqmuRnwidis 7 ~ m u a i i ~ l n a ~ a h ~ ~ u ~ i u ~ ~ a z a n i w ~ ~ a m ~ ~ u ~ a u ~ a & ~ ~ u u l u n i a i i s ~ ~ ? m Plcl dl

Science Park bdaddba~unis?~ubba~~mui&iu?wuiniam<bba~bwn~uba~<m%vu bmaubb~ljdbw~%u6ai

~ 3 u ? w u i R i ~ m < (Technology Month) ~ ~ a ~ a ~ u a ~ i d ~ m u ~ s s u ~ u n i ~ ? < u b b a z 9 ; u " m u i bm~i in lsuau PI

a i ~ ? a ~ 1 L i i u s ~ u ~ s ~ G u v i i 6 i u ? w u i ~ i a m < ~ ~ a z ~ w n l ~ ~ a ~ % f i ~ ~ l l n l ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ a z n i n q a f i ~ ~ a n v u u a n ~ i n l j u G ~

R i v u m ~ ~ ~ u ~ m u i Z ~ n u % m u ~ ~ u n i a ~ ~ m R i ~ ~ ~ u 6 ~ u ~ ~ u i ~ i a m i ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ l u l a i ~~a~a51dnaiu~daulud

6iu?nui~ianiua~~w~lulai~s~uuiuivii%uniad~~d?~uiniami~~az~w~lulai dnwzns3unis

? w u i f l i a ~ < b L a ~ b w ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ b b ~ d " ( ~ i i (National Science and Technology Board NSTB) b~uod6n5ii<y

3) nisdFj~dla&nwu I~nlds?6d~aa5uGnuTmnsau~dad5s~wf?m~u~~~vi 7

Rivum bawu~muiuTm naau (Innovation Development Scheme) bbaz L L W u%Gnaiu"Ij bbs/la w w

GnuTmnaau (Innovator's Assistance Scheme : IAS) %uniaomwzb~uu?iv~w$ sauGd<mi?dauiwu

ljnu?Ynnaau(lnnovators' s Club) uazguu'uYmnsaua?d;w5niam< (Center for Strategic Process

Innovation : CSPI) ~~~u~uiwh<y~un%<m~nauaubmu~i~da"mnsaudi~ 7 ' b d ~ ~ W d a i l ~ 6 n a d ? u d ~ ~

dszIw'sniwlunisii~iuluniad~~aTuu?mnssui NSTB ~5u~ai~awuiia~u~iu~~asl~nisal jualyu

4) n i s ~ m ~ i v i n a d ~ s c c ~ ~ ~ i l a I f i6 ivumowuai idrra~;dI~i i~ 7 ~ d ~ ~ l ~ n i ~ ~ a f i ~

~ a n ~ u $ ~ ~ ~ n a u s u ~ ~ r i a ~ s ~ ~ i u ~ d a ~ n s z G u w " n w z 9 i a ~ ~ s ~ ~ i u l m u ? ~ l ~ ~ a i u a l j u a ~ u u a z d 2 u ~ v l a 6 i u

dudazu i~abaz%~anisJ"un ia~nwiwid bw n;n (Institute of Technical Education : ITE) <aun"u d

ninqsiiq W i a u s u ~ ~ n q m s d i ~ ~ ~ ~ l l n l R i ~ ~ a a a ~ ~ i u ~ ~ a u n s z G u n a i u ~ ~ ~ a z w " n w z 9 i a ~ a a ~ ~ i u

5) nisdFj~dqmuinai ~muuMiiwui&urdwii~dnld< (National University of Singapore)

v?a NUS 'b&~mui~wnlula~aiaau~wnlmu~~aulu~~n~ad7unia?<u~alan~aasl6~~~di~uiuji%u

w.R. 2543 (n.n.2000) ~ ~ b ~ u u v i ? ~ u i b M d ~ ~ 6 ~ d n i w ~ b a z u i m a ~ i u ~ ~ u u b ~ i u v i ~ w u i ~ u ~ u ~ d ° i v a d ~ a n

r~az~9u~uGnai~n~iu~3u~in&iunia?$u u ~ i ? ~ u i b a v i . r v i i I d n l d i (NUS) 16Junis$m5uGiilG~3u d

1 %u 10 u v i ? ~ ~ i ~ u u a m a u u u a ~ ~ ~ a a 1 ~ u ~ ~ a z w a ~ i u ~ < u ~ i ~ 6 i u ? ~ u i w i a m ~ ? n a n a a u n i a m < ~ ~ a z ~ ~ w w ~

nianiua~uvi?wui~u'b~Cuniauau?ul~szGulanlmu'b6?unia<m5uGu%Ga;~un~ukuaa 5 5uGu~~an

401 d d aiuaguwanuadaa~us:uunis3nwi"11aa3anldi

Jessie Ee bbaz Tan Oon Seng ~nwi r laa Bw'swawiai~ussru~in1anli;l:a"uaan~aaslan

l i; lz~urn~unid~~dnis~nwili;l iuu?uw"11aadsz~~~3an~d (Cultural influences of the East and West :

Implications on the educational reforms in the Sinqapore context) W ~ < I %dbbuuni%8nwi

lu iJagu i ra iu isn~re i~~~unaan~9uaa~d iu lw~ 7 ;a Tiiun~Tumn (Western style) ~~asdiumzjUaan

(Eastern style) l u ~ r ~ ~ n i s 8 n v i n u u m ~ a " u m n a ~ ~ C u n i ~ n ~ ~ a i u d i l n ~ t i i u n i s Q r ~ n ~ m s n i ~ # n w i

ni~i idau~wwi~naiu~nua~b6n1d"n~uu n i~ l imavszw i i~n~~~az~6nsd "n~uu luGa~~~uun i~w" in ' ans~u

n"i;a ~ ~ n ~ n s n i s i f u u n i s a a u d ~ u ~ C u n a i u ~ 3 u " ~ i ~ f i u u ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ a ~ n a i u ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ u u i a u " 1 1 a ~ Z ~ n ~ 1 ~ ~ u w ~ n

(IV,ationalism and Social order) lmunaiuiasniawiqZqnu (Social goals) ~auuidaunaium"aqni5

uadaronynnabaua (Individualistic goal) ~q:u n i s d & d n i s i i n w i u a ~ e I ~ ~ ~ w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l d < m i u u l u u i u

6 5 ~ ~ ? u u b b ~ ~ n i s ~ m b b a z d % s r w f l " ~ i ~ b b ~ ~ n i s b ~ u u ~ (Thinking Schools, Learning Nations) ?haieru

~ u 2 i u y ~ i ~ i r r n f 4 6 i;a

I. n i - a a a u ~ d a ~ ~ ~ r ~ i r i i n f i n w ~ ~ u n i s ~ m ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ a i ~ a y i a ~ ~ a ~ n a i u ~ m a I i ~ a ~ ~ ~ Crhe explicit

teaching of critical and creative thinking skills) A'

2. niaamruami%umgn~n5?"tlidiq "(he reduction of subject content)

3. ni5d?ud~d~t.uawidni5qJ5s~iuwa (The revision of assessment modes)

4. niaTi inaiudi~qdrruawi~ni~aauniu~a"n~n~"ua~n uinni iwadir4i lwi~ni~8nwi"ua~

t.AnGnt.?uu a d a d m s d ~ s t . i u ~ ~ n i w l ~ ~ ~ u u (A greater emphasis on processes instead of

outcomes when appraising schools) w w w 4 4 Y

w d u u"uakt.nnwiYn Aa "15.rt.?uut.t.dsnisan" igndasa~n ' r~aw"muiw"nvsna iu~na~ i~a~~n '

naiun~-i ia~aTurdanist.~uu5 t.t.a~naiu~m8uTusi~~uu"ua~ruiapiu T U " ~ N I ~ [ l ~ = i ~ ~ ~ n s i i t . ~ ~ ~ n i s

duuqJ' i gnda~a~n ' t . dad i l~ t . i ima"mu~~~~~ t . t . d~n i~ t .?uu~ud~~~w~s iZ aGuayunaiuflma5"ida356

t.rasni~aTi~uinn~5uTuyn~sKu"ua~~~nu d~iiia~ulnr~s~Psuu~t.a~ani~uni~Znwi

ariidsffniu niswuiuiuCibi~a~nis3nwit.~uunsa"unnrra~n~a"uaanuiwauwiu ~dad&d

5 % ~ ~ ~ l 5 ~ ~ p i l " u ~ d d 5 % t . ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ d ~ ~ i ~ ~ 6 ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ . u " i d 6 ~ 6adt.~5q~da~~ndiCc~~6ad'bi?uni5r~n"b"u

4 dssni5 :a

1. na iuQr t .~~as~ i i~na iuwa inwa iu (Diversity) t . t .asna iu~~u~d. r~ iua (Uniformity) %~t.fiii

~ u 5 % u u ~ ~ i r i n r ? u u a s i ~ a 5 % u i n ~ u ~ u n 1 5 ~ ~ a n ~ s i ~ ~ u u rrd~iYngnsdi.r 7 "uaawidlaaduuCd6ad'bi?u 9 4 w nisoyyineinna%w~ad8nwi"5ni5 t . t . a r d ~ % t . ~ u w a ~ a u . u " a a a u ~ ~ ~ u s i n ~ ~ n w " i b n u ~ ~ u i a n a i d $d%

GnEuuynls.rr?uu6adr?uu " is ina iurquwaGor " (Citizenship education) 4d rSu3~1~dn~udd

g n ~ d w u i u d a a a u ~ M ' d s ~ s i n ~ ~ ~ m n a i u ~ ~ a u ~ u d r ~ u w d d ~ ~ u a n i u ~ 6 ~ a " n n i ~ " ~ i ~ ~ u u i ? y . a i i y i ~ "uad

ni=ia+an na iu~ ia l j u~uau inn ~ ~ a r . ~ i ~ i ~ u i ~ q ~ n i ~ ~ u ~ n ~ a u r ~ a ~ s ; ~ " m u i r ~ ~ w ~ i i e " u a ~ ~ ~ ~ t . w ~ s i i

2. n ? i u h r r ~ d ~ - w i i d n a i u b ~ u ~ a s % (Autonomy) rrasnisnauqu (Control) 8 ~ ~ ~ f i i i u l u u i u

nl58nwir~m~anla~M'n"ub5d~~uu~unisu~~i5<mniiliii~st.~uiiuynains nisu&is.rudssui~ w?a

niauiwis<mnis~a"n~n~niat . ' iuuniaaau avi?2uian~idiuiew~~~auTuni~Gut.nada~~daruu

n i s i n w i " u a ~ l s ~ d u u d i ~ 7 TMrtlPuQnwi.rriuanir Aun i~n ' iwunq~n imr"ua~ l~~t .~upd nisn' iaun

2duuunisd=i::t.riu uaru'aya$u;iut.~ani5w"mui ci~u~drruuniailssr~iu~saduuddnaiurqut~~

(School Excellence Model-SEM) ?h1iCiuiT3&t.t.d w.W. 2543

3. na iu<m t.t.g~sr.~iidua"nn=i5u (Innovation) bt.ar.ay?nGG uu (Conservatism) i?9 t . b f i i i ua"nn=i=iulwd 7 i i r ~ u 6 a ~ ~ n i s t . d ~ u u t . t . d a ~ ~ i n a " m u 5 ~ ~ u n i ~ w ~ n ~ ~ u ~ ~ a i u t . ~ u ~ ~ a " m u ~ ~ ~ u t . ~ d ~ n a i u

dud t.msniawnaadd~wai 7 1s.rduudauTwqlud-ist.w~?dn1d~ Gdndaiknisds-rBiuwaaau"11adr6n

Gnduu rdst.au~a$a"mnaiudibie"uadl3db?uua~t.iut.5u 6'd&~ ~o~ iesd8a~n iw~un is f lm~uu~wi5 0 w

Manpa a ~ a u ~ w i s b n i ~ f i ~ l n i 5 ~ i d q niuTuluifuu udtiplwi.r"uadn2~~a~Gn~uuyn 7 lasPsuuGd~3u

biu b5u

4. naiu~nbt.~d5%wiidnaiubauanin (Equity) bbasafi"11~uu (Elitism) LbfiTdi5%uun15~nwi9s

'b~t.~uaiisuGuu~~asTM'd~~sin~~nnui~w"5t.auaninlunis1i?uni~Znwidt.w'w'1~~uu~u udnia8nai i

~9una iu r8usdnWf ~ l 9 ~ i ~ M ' ~ l 5 8 ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ a " ~ ~ 5 5 5 ~ " u ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a % b a t.iu

dsr.ain=i~$asiZuiai~ t.guh (Jessie Ee oar. Tan Oon Seng, 2008, p. 49 - 59)

Pak Tee Ng 8 ~ ~ i ~ i / ~ ~ ~ ~ l 5 d ~ ~ d ~ i 5 ~ ~ ~ i " 1 1 ~ d d 5 ~ ~ 9 / 1 ~ ~ d ~ ~ , d &~~?la.ILdilh6ipdq~611~

~ p d s r u u n i s ~ n w w a ~ d s r ~ ~ n ~ ~ n ~ d ~ ~ u ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ p d a " ~ n a a 8 1 ~ ~ a ~ n a i a . I p r ( a i u i (Quality assurance

in the Sinqapore education system in an era o f diversity and innovation) wuii IUPIN:~

au~a5%wi iddaunaidn"u5auuan~u~nw616~~~8u~ana"n~d~a~i~"11adszuunia~n~i~d~bd~mu~duuu

niadsra~ub3~r?uudain~iua5ut~~ (SEMI abuan$a~iiadQnJiuil~~dad~zaCuwad~znsuniapla~

b~duun'id 7 huai~uniadsraCu~in~aiu 7 i l a j u ~ ~ b ~ ~ d u u ~ i i w a d ~ ~ n a u n i ~ a 8 u a i w ~ u Bia.ra8u

~~~Euut fa iu i~nusaqas~~i~uiu ~~a~~iu ian~~aniun iwnaiun" ia~~ i 'ba"b ia8uaaa i~a iu~ cl clv

=izuuniae]5%aiuaauu SEM ; u ~ ~ 6 i ~ u m u i n a ~ i u ~ i ~ i w ~ ~ ~ u n i ~ a " m ~ ~ ~ u a ~ 9 $3 ;a

1. naiua~u@.h (Leadership) [ ~ i ~ ~ d a i u u r r a r ~ z u u ~ ~ i " ~ 1 a d ~ ~ d a ~ u u d d b a 3 u a u ~ ' d ~ u z n i ~

a~uu$va~~6nrinduuaiu~Im a a a z l a ~ i f u u m a u a ~ a ~ ~ a n ~ i u ? u ~ m " ~ ~ a u ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ u a ~ i ~ ' b ~

2 . niaai.~~wuqws~~ia& (Strategic Planning) n i ~ a i ~ ~ a ~ u y w ~ ~ ~ i a ( i l < ~ n i a s z y ~ d ~ ~ d a u ' b ~ 9 019 cl ~iaua~uMd<ma~u i i ~ ~ w u n i ~ ~ U u ~ Y ; a i u i a n a ~ u a U u y n ~ ~ ~ i ~ a i u i ~ n i m m i u ~ ~ a ~ n a a i 3 ~ a u ~ a n i ~

GirQuni~'biodi~iielaz3w"sniw

3. niau?uisynaina (Staff Management) n i ~ u ~ m i a u a e ~ w u i ~ n a i n 5 " ~ a d w i d f i a d b ~ u u ~ ~ PIC: d

aiuisn~~finuniw'bnanuv rii'bddn~cla?i~l~d~uu~inaiurbua~w

4. w?wuins (Resources) niau~~i~~~wuinsniu~u~~a~a?idnaiu~uw"u~n"u~u~auniuuan 9 w e 4

ariidiidszWw"sniw ~ d a a ~ a P a u n i s a i ~ a r ~ u ~ w s ~ i ~ ~ ~ a r a z n i ~ G i ~ Q ~ ~ i u n i ~ ~ a a u a ~ i ~ e ] ~ u m 9 / ; a i ~ ' b a "

5. i.rnaiuaula'bdd~6nGna?uu (Student-Focused processes) l3dr?uua5u~oonaruu

GiaGuniau~mia<mni~ am~~wui raumi td~~idr5u~- i lauotn i~~a:a iun i~dnwia~uua~A~au arar

ms~1~iur~a~dd~ni~d?ue]~~aa"a~niw"11a~a6nGnGupdlfi~~u 9 w 9

6. w a d a s n a u n i a n i ~ u ~ ~ i ~ a d d n ~ b ~ a z ~ a e ] a z n a u n i a r ~ d e ] ~ u m n i ~ (Administrative and

Operational Results) b 5 d ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ l 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d i ~ % ] i E 1 ~ R ~ i d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d " U ~ d e ] ~ 5 ~ ~ " s ~ i ~ bba%da%~w"swa"~ad

lasEuu

7. wanisGiaQu~iuua~ynains (Staff Results) ~s~a?uua iu i~nu~~~a~ imu iu~msJ" id~ub~ad

va~~i-dw"muiarazniaa~~~uynaina aauZdni~a?id"d~Aigdl~uadynainsGau

8. wauinnisa8ufudaubbazwa~w5"wi~~dnu (Partnership and Society Results) badifuu

aiuisnuasqa~i~uiulmsJ"i~lu~a~ua~ni~a5u~udau~aa~ni~mauaua~ia~~nuluniw~~u

9. warns&lbfiunisvgn (Key Performance Results) ~. jdi fuuaiui~nuss~a~i~uiu~nsJ"id~u

waa"ws"miunaiunin~a"d~iunis8nwi (Desired Outcomes o f Education) w w

luni5d "UY~i~umdi~ 7 6adiv:niiud.jznau Gdd

1. n i ~ ~ a i u a i u a ~ u a w i ~ i i ~ 7 adidatIuszuu aiui5aG~uiiauanl6 ~ b a z ~ i u i 5 m a ~ ~ a w ~

iiurlNnlwniu~dkuui~i~u~'ba"

8. nis~zyaib~~"IIadwa~w5"~iuuanbbaz~iuau

iqd SEM ~~uszuunisdsz~fiuwabbuud~zbfiunubad (self-assessment system) ddrtIu pl4- e a~6dsznauvu'~~unisw~n~u~iil~~Suulfiw"mu-~ls~~uul~n~~~u lnunsz~sa~8nwi~niaazw"ivGiw"

~8uc;'nsaa~auwanisdsz~~ua'i~n6a~niu.u"an"ivunuims~iudai~'ba"~8uszu~Yn 1 5 3 ik?uadrt.uu

.jzuuni.j8nwua~1~nld< a ' ~ ~ 8 u S n w s u z n i a n s z a i u ~ i u i a l ~ s ~ ~ i u u d i ~ 7 d3as:lunisQ~Snps

u5visynains b r a ~ b i i a n s s u b W d a ~ i d ~ a ~ u n i s ~ i ~ u f ~ 1 a d ~ 6 n l d ~ n ~ ~ u u ~ . u . u ~ ~ d ~ ~ u i a ~ ~ n i l n a u ~ u

q~snians 'n iw. jau i iun ia8nwi l n u n i z ~ ~ u ~ m s ~ i u i i u ~ s u n i p n l ~ ~ n l s ~ a i u u ~osdilddiif a

(Pak Tee Ng, 2007, p. 235-243)

Pak Tee Ng 8ncn ~ilani~d~~dz:uuniz~n~i"11il~dz~~~~~~n'Fdf : ~indiarioa8dqoaniw

(Educational reform in Sin3apore : from quantity to quality) ~$abauail u~~'lJl~6'7db?~~bbid

n i 5 ~ n b m a d a u b ~ f l p l i ~ b b ~ ~ n i . j ~ u u ~ (Thinking Schoois, Learning Nations-TSLN) a8udaudigqiw"i

'L~nisd~~dnis8nwi.uadds~bwfl~dn~ds'aiui5nn"ia$iu~n~in"~'b~~'b~ u d $ u i n ~ r i ' b i v q n ~ ~ i ~ z d ~ ~ d

~ i i u n i s 8 n w i l ~ ~ n a i u n " i a ~ G i u i n ~ ~ ~ u ~~iinisrii~auulvduilGniul6~~ua~naaulGGaua~~~az~uu~ pl

16iniu (Teach Less, Learn More-TLLN) wuiidni5~d$uubrdaddid 7 k d I. ~i inn i5ah. r imusssu~~ i~n i5~ iuu$ Inuni~~ni i l f i~6nGn~~uudnaiuaiu isn luni~w"mui

nubad dnaiuinnJida55n' ~ ~ ~ i u n ~ ~ ~ a ~ a ~ u M " a z " ~ ~ a u . u a i u v i n a i u ~ ~ a a n d a a i q n u aaazwJauda-GI

~p l in~ iu f~ iu i~~u idauanb~a~dnubba~na iun" ia~~ i "~~add~zb~f lp l i i ~uau inmda~d

2. ~ s u u n i ~ 8 n w i ~ u ~ n ~ a u l n u ~ i ~ ~ G ~ n a i u a i u i ~ n " 1 1 a ~ ~ n ~ u u a 8 u v S n

miwrnn~auda~~i rauTuni~a iuu~aaa~ni~ i i in~an~i~pS" i i~ 7 n2iinaina<i1oiiaraaua~I~ nasaau

dd~n amraauadaarI> 1usl~zda6n~nr iuuaiui~na<i~~ra~usla~naiu~ a~nnaiu~nTuni>8nwi~una"i

inaiuwiauMdarduu$Kaunuaad dnaiur$ila8s$sdis 7 daiuuui aaa-aiuisnGiuidss;nlrcl"%~~u

aniunissu'o';d r~uni~ad~uuada~~~uuni~8nwiaauuR~~u (passive Learninq) v?aazuuniaduuaauu

viasii d n ~ a r a : r i n ~ u u d a u T v ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ a r i n i ~ l K u i ~ ~ ~ a n i ~ E u u ~ u a n a ~ u u a i u ~ a i i ~ a Z u a w w

Mjii ni~~?ua~duu5~rruuni~a~uu~sla~a6nGnEuuia~kuR~aadni~a<i~uul~~a~uua~uia

adasain riiQuuaaa:aauawi~n1~8nwiaauul~ai iia9u6adKyuni>e1~nddRdaadauia"a"u lnu@~u'snisKiu

n i a 8 n ~ i l . r ~ u l ~ i i l ~ ~ a ~ u u y n l ~ ~ a ~ u u a a a : ~ ~ y n ~ u l K d ? u a d ~ u u a r u a ~ i ~ n i ~ ~ i a ~ u ~ i u n i u a n ~ a ~ e i ~ ~ w

Klu?omlw Gdii

1. nisaa5uahsnaiu~ (Construction of Knowledge) r 6 n ~ a ~ u u ~ a s ~ n a i u a i u i ~ n ~ u n i ~

aiis;iunaiu$~aunuaas aiu1snsausau$aclyaainvaiuaa~a~aaa~Giui?an~i~pS"ra~lKlnuGnifuu6a~

l d d s ~ i a i u ~ t i ~ i % u p s " a ~ a ~ u u ~ n d a l d

2. nisahdnaiur$ila (Understanding) a6nrina?uu$iiwanaslin"iKd8nwia~l3ad aaa:8nwi

daa-I> ra~~Mda-via~~iraduwa~uuaw"u~aii~aZuarrdldaiu~~na<iTaTuv~nni~di~ 7 ~ ~ ~ u u u i l K

3. nisdiud~.raauawisua~7"sni~aau (Pedagogy) n26addiudsdauawidni3aauTfia6n w

~ ~ u u a i u i s n a ~ i w a i u $ ~ ~ a ~ n a i u ~ $ i ~ a ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ u d n i ~ a a u m i u ~ i ~ i ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ a n ~ ~ ~ i ~ u

4. nisa~is&nuravisni3a:uu$ (social constructivism) nisaa9ua~ilsnaiu$daiui~nw"i~au

nuaaslK aadia.ruioinaniwaaana"auda~a~iuauTps"riinni~a~uu$ <d&~ ps"aaa'suuGWnasaSuatju9

aniud&miuiida:uu a~~~aSuaoiutl i i~~~~na~uuaaa:n~Tuni~raana~tuunaiu~iau<uKau

5. nisduu$Kaumuaas (Self-directed learninq) a 6 n ~ a ~ u u ~ a a a d ~ d ~ o ~ u n i ' d 8 n w i ~ i n a i u $

6. nisd3saiunuraa (Formative and self-assessment) Gnduuaiui3ndsaaGu3~Gunaiu$ d -4

~ ~ a 8 a 1 ~ 1 5 n 3 1 d l l W ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 5 3 ~ ~ 9 ~ ~ ~ 1 5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ 1 ~ 7 3 6 1 ~ ~ ~ 1 3 i f ~ ~ $ s l ~ 9 ~ ~ ~ ~ 9 ~ ~

7. ~uu$ai(ua<unisa?uu$ (Learninq about learning) ~ ~ d r ~ u a n i s a ~ u u ~ ~ u a n " u u v ~ b ? u u v w 94

3 i u i v i InuGnr4uu2ana~nis~i$a;a n15nkun~ad<aclya ni5?~~5izpS" ~ ~ a z n i i i a a d i 7

uid5:;nd adaaGuayunisa~uufsla~nura~ r5unia~nTfia6nGnduu$~nni~u~vi~naiu~uni~w"i~iu

aaa%Tu!?nd-ds~ia"Pd (Pak Tee Nq, 2008, p. 5-11)

Saravanan Gopinathan !,la:: Zonqyi Denq 8 n ~ 1 1 ~ 0 d ~ I ~ ~ ~ u ~ u I ~ u ~ I ~ ~ I H U ~ W ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

n i ~ l n m b n v 6 ~ a R u u 9 u ~ 3 ~ ~ " 1 1 a a 5 z ~ ~ n i 5 l n v i ~ d s s ~ ~ ~ ~ a i " 1 1 a a d 5 z s ~ ~ ~ a ~ 6 d (Fostering school-

based curriculum development in the context o f new educational initiatives in w

Singapore) W U ~ I n i ~ G i ~ r u u m ~ ~ i ~ u n ~ ~ ~ n ~ m s n i ~ 8 n w i I m u b s ~ E u u u i ~ I u ~ d a ~ 6 u ; ~ * 1 u i l q ~ i d i ~ 7 w

Gdi

1. v l n n a i (lack of time) ~unisaiauwu ni~n~u"una.r ~ a a a n i s ~ m u ~ ~ < n c m

2. uinn?iuaduasirl( (lack of expertise) 61un2iuf ~ ~ I U L $ I ~ P ~ h a : $ n w z l u n i s f l i ~ m

wa"flips

3. u i n f i i ~ q 6 i u n i s a ~ u (lack of finance) dim?uqdnsd aba-di~%Tuw;n$neiauvadn? (aia

~ n a ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ u l u n i s w " i ~ i s d a a ~ ~ a a i )

4. n15daEiiuainaniwuan6a~~ (threateninq school climate) sindna';uu (dnnsas ua-

@J?M15I59 b%Pd%~~1910fl l~

5. na iuWrv i i~Ruusz~ i i~w~wuinsua~baPsuud ia q M'ilAa'lnnairraaslnd~~ti~u~nm~u

n i ~ 8 n w i l u ~ ~ d a a a n i f 7 " '~

G d u isda~niu~usruunis~nwiusqdssLw~2dnIdf ~ ~ l ~ l d n i ~ n 5 z a i u d i u 1 a l A n ~ a ~ a : :

I saEuua0u~EnE;u~~n~m~nisZnwi~a~~ iuW"~Zua u d a 3 u n 1 s ~ ~ m l a n i a l ~ ~ ~ S u u ~ ~ d a ~ ~ ~ p 4 ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 5 ~ ~ 1

~gn~nsdaunaidd~n~'ibnun5rw5ad8nwidn1suid5r ; n i T A ~ b & n ~ ~ a f i i ~ ~ ~ a n ~ a u ~ ~ a z u ? ~ ~ v a d

Is.ra4uudi.r 7 adunisaiYuauayulAy n a i n s n i s ~ n w a i u i s n w ' ~ u i d a u a n ~ ~ n ~ m s d ~ a d ~ f u l ~ ~ d 4-4 ~ ~ a i l ~ % n i w u i n ~ ~ u d.~uMuiMva~n~lud~~~~diuuain~aaumiuus/Ia?uu ~ 3 u i a a u ~ u a ~ n i s a m

d d.4 s8uve.rmut.a~ a i u i ~ n d ? u a d d u u ~ ~ n ~ m ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ u i ~ a u m i u n a i u 6 a ~ n i ~ u a ~ ~ n ~ ~ u u ~ ? a z n e w w n n a

sruunisa ' ;uunisaau"~~~dd~~bw~~dnbd~~~~db~u'bd( i ; l iu~~n{m~~ib~~~d~nda"bddubad (Saravanan

Gopinathan bbav Zonyyi Denq, 2006, p. 93-100)

n a i u 6 a ~ n i ~ w i ~ ~ ~ n i ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 n G n ~ ~ u u l ~ m a a n ~ a a i 3~oiid156m1u <a~md5zuuni5Finvibiuu

mrTuaunM"d-115utia;rnala'~iia ~ ~ n ~ s n i s G u u n i s a a u $ ~ u ~ G u n a i u ~ ~ u " ~ ~ i ~ ~ u u ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ a r ~ a i u a ~ u

srb~uu?au"11d$dnua~u~~n (Nationalism and Social order) %nun;laiu6adniswid$dnu (Social D)

yoa!s) dauuif iaunaiu6~dni5vad~a~anynna~aua (Individualistic yoaU gd$u n7sdijgdfIi-d8flWi 91 w

va.rdsraw~lv1u~~naaa~uu4uziu Ail

- n i s a s u ~ d a I G ~ i i n ~ n w r ~ u n i s 2 n ~ ~ u u i ? ~ i ~ a ~ i a ~ ~ a r n a i u ~ n a ? i ~ a s ~ d w

- n i s a n ~ i a ~ i l u ~ g n q n s S " ~ ~ i i i d 7

uidszqnm%94"ahiiuaniwuana'aua~a~u<uwva~'i:~~~?uuii~ 7 15unisaCuayulGynainsnii8nvi

n iu i~n~wu i iauenM~n~nsnd ia~~~u1ds" idaz2w5n iwu in~~~u $.runuiwva.rng ar~d$uuaineaau

niuuwduu bbu jaauM"ii~nisaaub~uvadnubad a i u i s n d ~ u ~ d ~ u u ~ ~ n q n ~ ~ ~ a ~ u i z a u m i u n a i u d d d

n'a-rmsva~u'nduu ~ ~ a ~ n % ~ u . r n n a s r u u n i s ~ u u n i s a a u a z ~ i ~ ~ u I d n i u ~ ~ n q m a ~ i ~ ? a ~ d D)

3. nas~!iszuuaaulds"Gauad baa% a~uu$SA"ui n7u (Teach Less, Learn More-TLLN) uil; 6 - 4

lnuwuliims~d$uuaadadiid 7 TuBsnIds n.i;

- ~iinnisaiidTwusssuuvisni-aduui lnunis~nGil~aGnGnduuiinaiuaiuia~luni~s;u"mui

nuis4 dnaiuGna?i;rassd inaiunszi;a4a?uduzvauvaiu~inaiuimaanraai uarwisundsuiiisli

n a i u ~ d ~ ~ u i ~ w u i ~ a u a n ~ ~ a ~ ~ n u ~ a a r n a i u i i i a ~ G i v ~ ~ d ~ z ~ w ~ " ~ ~ i ~ l u a u i n m i a ~ d

- ~zuun is~nwi .u"uan~aubnu6 i~~~~n~1ua iu i~n~~GnEuua~u~a"n

- ~ii'nqnsii;r 7 16?unisdfufls~r~aaGuayulGbiinni~2nuannsauuin~u bnunislfiania

~8nPd"n~:uul6iSa5rwidnaiu2n inaiuaiuisn%unia?anai~99" ~ ~ a ~ i n i s ~ ~ 6 i n i u sau%nislimoun"u

n3~uds"asEuuuind;r$u

- nguauGnduu0uujiaun"uluGa~~?uu ~ m u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i t / ~ ~ d i d ~ n w ~ b b f i ~ n b ~ u u aaazaiid

aniunisdG4 ~ ~ u n i ~ a d ~ u u a ~ d a ~ ~ z u u n i ~ 8 n w i ~ a u ~ ~ k ~ ? u (passive learning) ~%~suumsGuuaruu

viadji n d n 2 ~ ~ a z p j n i s u u $ a d ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ a a i n i ~ l 6 u i ~ ~ w a n i 5 a i u u n d u a n a ~ u u ~ 4 u ~ d i Z u

4. ~ d a ~ f i n i s d j Z ~ n i s ~ n w i a ~ u ~ ~ n i u ~ m 9 ~ ~ z a ~ ~ ~ a ~ a a u a n a i u i i i ~ a a u ~ ~ ~ a u ~ u u ? h i n i u w w 2'

? 2 u i a n a ~ ~ i a u a w i ~ n i ~ ~ i a ~ u d i u m i u a n ~ a d ~ d ~ 6 i u ~ ~ s l i w n i ~ i ; l " n w i u i ~ ~ ~ d u

- nisaaSu~hsnaiu$ (Construction of Knowledge) affnrinduu6a;a.riinaiuaiui5nIuni5

ah.r~iunaiu$62unuaea a i u i ~ n ~ a u s a u 6 y a i l i n ~ a i u ~ ~ ~ a ~ a a a ~ ~ i u i i a n ~ i ~ p s " a a ~ l 6 l n u l j n d u u 6 a ~

~ i~~w ia i~~ i i 5 i%upS"a~a~uu~nda1d

- nisa~idn?iuaci~lla (Understanding) affnCnGuu~iiwana"11iRia"~Znwiazl5a~ ~!,as8nwir!a

azl5 ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ z ~ i a ~ ~ i ~ ~ i u w ~ i u u ~ ~ u ~ a i i ~ a Z u a a a i l i ~ i u i ~ n a ~ i l ~ l u ~ a " n n i ~ d i 7 ~GUUUI~R

- nlad?ud~daau~wldb~azi"sni5aau (Pedagogy) nn2b~d?udl.r~~uawi~ni~aaulfia6nGnaiuu w

a i u i a n a ? i ~ n a i u j a a a ~ n a i u a . u " i % ~ l ~ i l i ~ i u ~ n i ~ a a u n i u ~ i ~ i ~ a a ~ ~ ~ a n ~ ~ w ' i G u

- n i~a? i~cTsnuud~n i~a iuu$ (social constructivism) n i - a a a ~ u a h d n a i u ~ ~ a i u i 5 ~ w " i ~ a u

n u m l 6 aaain'a~ui~inani~aaana"aunda~a6iuaulpS"aii~ni~aiuu$ k z u pS"a~riuu$dinasa3ua4u~

anidhw?uridi iuu aaitia~a5uaniuddips?u~n~uuaaazn~luni~aaanad~uunaiu$~aun"u6au

- nis~?uu$6aumuaad (Self-directed learning) a f f n ~ n a ~ u u ~ a r a d ~ d ~ o ~ u n i ~ ~ n w i w i n a i u $

uanfiasduua~azuanuwGuuuiniu lnuGnaiuuaiuisnai~aa~uni~w"muinaiu~"~~a~mu~a~l~ raazli

6in'nnaiu$a~~w'u~"uau~~1n"11a~~a"n~m~ni~8nw-1apli i~u

- ni5dszLiiunuaa.r (Formative and self-assessment) ~nb?uuaiui5ndszb~u5z~unaiu$ d 94 ~~azaiuian~i~aa~u.u"u~au ~ a u n ~ ~ ~ n i ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ a i u a i u i ~ n l ~ d n i ~ ~ ? u u ~ " ~ ~ a ~ n u a a ~ l ~

- duu$anduan"unisduu$ (Learning about learning) 1i1dnis~suu$ai(uan"uuwbiuu5iu?"IIi Y w 94 a4usaii~aZua aadGna"sun"a~~sna~ni5psi.U"aya ni~na"un5adGaya nisianaizm' oazni=iJiBaya

did 7 uidazy nn' a~aariuauunisiiuu$~admuaad a?Junis'i3nIl6nPin8uu $ < n n i ~ u 3 ~ i ~ n a i u ~ u n i ~

w"i~iuaaazlulind5z6ia"u

a $ i d s ~ n i u d ~ z ~ ~ ~ ~ w ~ n " u d ~ z ~ w ~ ~ ~ n ~ d ~ ~ u S u w w i ~ 6 i u n i ~ ~ ~ a ~ msw2iillaknudunndi.riiuu

w"~unisJisd~auuaaaz~zuuni5Znwi"ua~2~nldiuid?u~~n"ud~zavw'bwu~u $.rn'a.r!niswnaau

~waa~JiuilBamzd?ud~~aa~"~lfia~ui~arun"uu3uw"11a~d~~aw~lwu~ald

<~w"l%flu uiuq3u1 Ga;rt.auiz n~u~ iuu3n i5?a in i5 3 i iGn?vini5

bw5 0 2244 2070

lm5ai5 0 2244 2058

Email :sapagroup3@gmail.com

ni-adijzdni-ailnwibvlu : aRn ilagGu auinn. (?ainu 2557). %i~h 12 wqwninu 2559 oin

http://Library.senate.yo.th/document/Ext8665/8665l80 - 0002.PDF

n i s d i j ~ d m ~ 5 f i w i l s a t ~ i ~ i ~ m ~ ~ 3 ~ a l d ~ . (~.d.d.). Au6u 4 LUWIUU 2559 o i n

http://actoversee.bLo~spot.com/2015/09/bloy-post - 2l.html

nislib~d~uudvuni~d~~dni~4nwi"11add~%~wa~unquai~~uu. (!uni%d 2549).

~ u 6 u 16 buwi~u 2559 o i n http://admin.e-library.onecapps.or~/Book/l49.pdf

n i ~ ~ n w i b & u u b ~ u u n i % u ~ p r l i % n i ~ ~ n w r ~ ~ u d ~ % b w f i ~ ~ u uibabgu bba%adnld$. (2550). Ju6u 30

buwi~u 2559 o1n http://kb.psu.ac.th/psukb/bitstream/2553/5124/2/292717.pdf

~ a u u w ~ a i u d a ~ n i ~ G n n i ~ n i s ~ n w i ~ u ~ ~ ~ " ~ ~ i ~ u a i ~ ~ u u ua:@a=iai : 39nld5 u22u 9iidYlud

lubnijdu r~unnnu wPii bbnraia: $u 3uaffu t&u uasfiaquaun'. (23 wq~l?niuu 2556).

Ju6u 26 LUWIUU 2559 o i n www.dpu.ac.th/ces/downLoad.php?filename=l39314189O.pdf

~ruuni-aiinwislsa3dnbdf. (2559). Ju6u 16 wqwninu 2559 o i n

http://www.bic.moe.yo.th/newth/index.php?option=com - kZ&view=itern&id=4232:siny

apore-education-system&ltemid=332

http://www.thapra.Lib.su.ac.th/objects/thesis/fulLtesnamcn/Suchada - Buranadechac

hai - Doctor/fulltext.pdf

Department o f statistics Sinyapare. (2558). Latest key indicatiors. Retrieved 2 May 2016 from

http// : www.sinystat.yov.sq

Jessie Ee and Tan Oon Seny. (2008). Cultural influences of East & West: implications on

t h e educational reforms in t h e Singapore context. Journal. of Educational. Policy, '> 561) 49-62

Pak Tee Ny. (2007). Quality assurance in t h e Singapore education system in an era of

diversity and innovation. Education Research for Policy and practice, 6. 235-247

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