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Mr. Taylor | teamHISTORY
Absolute Monarchs
Scientific Revolution
Enlightenment
Revolutions
Chapter 21
absolute monarchs
divine right
Decline of feudalism, rise of
cities helps monarchs gain
power
Decline in Church authority also
increases power
Queen Elizabeth I
Renaissance spreads to England in mid-1500s Known as the Elizabethan Age, after Queen Elizabeth I Reigned from
1558 to 1603
constitutional monarchy
Gun carriages – no reload
English knew they were coming
Bad plan – Two fleets arrive at the same spot, time. Two days late.
When did the storm arrive? Disputed.
England 197 ships. Spain 130 larger. Hard to maneuver in channel
English were not well trained, under-paid.
Spain emerged stronger?
Trade
Church
Marriage
Alternative History
How might history have
changed if the Spanish
Armada had defeated the
English fleet?
I am the state.
Louis XIV most powerful ruler in French history Luxury
Patron of the arts
Versailles
youtu.be/CjsmqmSNnHU
Cut off geographically
Culturally isolated Goal of
westernization— using western Europe as model for change
Brings Orthodox Church under state control
Modernizes army Introduces potatoes Russia’s first
newspaper Raises women’s
status, fashion, education
Absolute Monarchs
Scientific Revolution
Enlightenment
Revolutions
In the mid-1500s, scientists begin to question accepted beliefs and make new theories based on experimentation.
Old way
• knowledge in Middle Ages comes from Bible, Greek/Roman
New way
• Renaissance prompts new ways of thinking
Scientific Revolution
• viewing natural world based on observation, inquiry
Examples
• discoveries, overseas exploration open up thinking • developments in astronomy, mathematics
• heliocentric Copernicus
Kepler
Galileo
Newton
No one noticed, even himself.
He thought he’d be famous for “Theory of Circularity” except it isn’t true.
He didn’t think the Earth going around Sun was a big deal. Didn’t tell anyone and didn’t publish until just before he died.
There were not any astronomers to tell anyways.
Mathematician Kepler finds him years later.
Albert Einstein called Galileo “the father of modern physics – indeed of modern science altogether,” because Galileo realized, and made the rest of the scientific world realize, that “all knowledge of reality starts from experience and ends in it.”
youtu.be/M7A-cJGlDgA
Didn’t invent telescope. In 1609 was build the
first proper telescope. He saw landscape on
the moon. He saw phases of Venus. He saw four moons around Jupiter, inexplicable “handles” on Saturn, and sunspots. He saw an endless vista of stars in the Milky Way.
Galileo Church attacks Galileo’s work, fears it will weaken people’s faith Pope forces Galileo to declare his and other new findings are wrong
Old: Scholars relied on ancient authorities, church teachings and
common sense to explain the world
New: Scholars used observation and
experimentation to gather knowledge and
draw conclusions
theory of motion Same forces rule
motion of planets, matter in space, earth
Motion in space, earth linked by the law of universal gravitation
Newton views universe as a vast, perfect mechanical clock
1. Aristotle’s earth-centered theory of the universe
2. A new way of thinking about the natural world based on observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs
3. Copernicus’s sun-centered theory of the universe
4. Italian scientist whose findings in astronomy supported Copernicus’s theory
5. A logical procedure for gathering and testing scientific ideas
6. English scientist who explained the law of gravity
A. Scientific Revolution
B. Galileo C. Scientific
method D. Geocentric
theory E. Isaac
Netwon F. Heliocentric
theory
Absolute Monarchs
Scientific Revolution
Enlightenment
Revolutions
Chapter 22
Compare the views of Hobbes and Locke on government. Write a paragraph about how their ideas reflect their understanding of human behavior.
1) Topic sentence
A.
2) Hobbes
A.
B.
3) Locke
A.
B.
THOMAS HOBBES
Social Contract
distrusts humans, favors strong
government to keep order
social contract — getting order by giving
power to monarch
ROUSSEAU
Champion of Freedom
individual freedom, direct democracy
social contract an agreement by free
people to form government
JOHN LOCKE
Natural Rights
government gets power from the
people
people have a right to overthrow an unjust
government
Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains. The government is created by a contract among the people and receives its powers from them. The government exists to serve the people, and when it no longer does so, the people may change it.
All men have certain
natural rights: the right to life, liberty, and property. The purpose of government is to protect these rights. If it fails to do so, the people may set up a new government.
It is to him who masters our minds by the force of truth, not to those who enslave men by violence ... that we owe our reverence. Popular government is in itself, therefore, less [unjust], less [hated] than despotic power.
There is no liberty if the judicial power is not separated from the legislative and executive branches.
MONTESQUIEU
Separation of Powers
More conservative than peers
He did not believe in government by the people and was willing to protect the
privileges enjoyed by nobles.
VOLTAIRE
Against Intolerance
Believed in tolerance, reason, and freedom of
thought, expression, and
especially religious beliefs
BECCARIA
Criminal Justice
Called for speedy trials, greater
rights for criminal defendants
According to the theories of Locke and Rousseau, how did government originate?
According to Locke and Rousseau, what is the purpose of government?
How does this theory compare with the “divine right” theory of government?
What is Voltaire’s attitude toward government?
What kind of government would Voltaire like to see?
What was Montesquieu’s opinion of the French government under Louis XIV?
King’s rule is justified by divine right.
Government’s power comes
from consent of the goverened.
Declaration of Independence —letter to King George justifying colonial rebellion
Thomas Jefferson writes Declaration, uses ideas of Locke
When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.
LOCKE: “No one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.”
ROUSSEAU: “Sacred and absolute,
reflecting the common interests of the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of the sovereign powers.”
MONTESQUIEU: “Liberty is the right to do what the law permits.”
Constitution creates three branches of government
checks and balances ensures groups share power
federal system — power divided between national and
state governments
First Amendment: Press, speech, religion, petition,
assembly
Bill of Rights #2-10: Protects, especially in trials
Constitution creates three branches of government
checks and balances ensures groups share power
federal system — power divided between national and
state governments
First Amendment: Press, speech, religion, petition,
assembly
Bill of Rights #2-10: Protects, especially in trials BECCARIA
MONTESQUIEU
VOLTAIRE
ROUSSEAU
HOBBES
How did the U.S. Constitution
reflect the ideas of the
Enlightenment?
Enlightenment style is neoclassical, based on Greek/Roman themes
Classical music emerges; lighter, more elegant than earlier style
led by composers such as Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven
Novel emerges; works of fiction with detailed plots and characters
Pre-Enlightenment art style is baroque — grand, ornate design
Absolute Monarchs
Scientific Revolution
Enlightenment
Revolutions
Chapter 23
goo.gl/QceTk
What were the three classes of French society?
What three factors led to revolution?
Why did the national assembly form?
What happened during the Great Fear?
goo.gl/OkLSC
1. How do you think Louis XVI’s qualities as a leader led tot the French Revolution?
2. Why was Marie Antoinette such a target for anger?
3. How does the “Declaration of the Rights of Man” relate to the U.S. Constitution?
goo.gl/Zuiep
youtu.be/wXsZbkt0yqo
http://goo.gl/QceTk http://goo.gl/QceTk
1. Why do you think the initial goals of the Revolution became so distorted during the “Reign of Terror?”
2. One historian called the French Revolution “the crossroads of the modern world.” What do you think this means? Do you agree with the claim?
3. What do you predict were the most important long-term effects?
goo.gl/ABnPq
coup d'état military genius, but had
peacetime success too.
economy
education
reinstated Catholicism
Napoleonic Code (jobs must be given to the most qualified.
Popular: elected counsel for life, emperor
Marie Antoinette never said, “Let them eat cake.”
Voltaire never said, “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”
Napoleon wasn’t that short. 5’6”
His famous pose due to stomach pains.
Russian winter was mild. Disease. Valley Forge was worse. Army too big.
Weaken France Put Europe
back the way it was before the Enlightenment (kings on thrones)
Balance power
Examined in an in-class activity later this week.
