Absolute Monarchs

ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE absolute monarchs – kings or queens who believed that all

their power within their state’s boundaries rested in their hands divine right = the idea that God created the monarchy and

that the monarch acted as God’s representative on earth

a. an absolute monarch answered only to God

NOT to his/her subjects

What Led to Absolutism?

a. decline of feudalism, the rise of cities, and the growth of national

kingdoms

b. Church authority broke down during the Middle

Ages and the Reformation

FRANCE

Religious Wars in France (1562-1598)- between Huguenots and Catholics

- 1572 = St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (Paris)- Thousands of Huguenots murdered

FRANCE

Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)– Edict of Nantes- Edict of Nantes (1598) = allows Huguenots to practice

Protestantism

Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu- Louis XIII = weak. Ruled 1610-1643- Cardinal Richelieu = takes over

1. Took steps against Protestants2. Gave more power to Monarch3. 30 Years War – (France v. Spain)

(Habsburg)

* End of war made France most powerful country

LOUIS XIV

•“The Sun King”

•increased the power and influence of France in Europe

•revoked the Edict of Nantes

•bankrupted France

•strengthened the power of the monarchy

THE THREE MUSKETEERS

FRANCE Louis XIV ruled1643-1715 = “L’état c’est moi” “I am the state”

1. weakened the power of the nobles by excluding them from his councils

2. required hundreds of nobles to live at Versailles with him

3. canceled the Edict of Nantes – many Huguenots fled from France

4. Mercantilism – colonies to support mother country and make self- sufficient

5. Palace of Versailles – built as a symbol of royal power

6. fought a series of disastrous wars - created huge debts and deep resentment over the royal abuse of power

PALACE OF VERSAILLES

Versailles StatisticsVersailles Statisticsf 2,000 acres of groundsf 12 miles of roadsf 27 miles of trellisesf 200,000 treesf 210,000 flowers planted every yearf 80 miles of rows of treesf 55 acres surface area of the Grand Canalf 12 miles of enclosing wallsf 50 fountains and 620 fountain nozzlesf 21 miles of water conduitsf 3,600 cubic meters per hour: water consumedf 26 acres of rooff 51,210 square meters of floorsf 2,153 windowsf 700 roomsf 67 staircasesf 6,000 paintingsf 1,500 drawings and 15,000 engravingsf 2,100 sculptures f 5,000 items of furniture and objects d'artf 150 varieties of apple and peach trees in the Vegetable

Garden

PALACE OF VERSAILLES

PALACE OF VERSAILLES

1688-1700

CENTRAL EUROPE

Peace of Augsburg (1555) - German Princes determined the faith practiced

(Lutheran or Catholic)- Peace is short lived = everyone is suspicious of everyone

else

Begin = the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1638)

(conflict over religion, territory, and power)

- Hapsburg (Austria/Spain) Catholics

vs.

German Princes Protestant

Peace of Westphalia (1648) = ends War1. weakens Hapsburg States of Spain and Austria

2. France gains German territory

3. German Princes = independent of HRE

4. End of Religious Wars in Europe

5. New method for peace – participants meet and decide on terms = treaty

IVAN IV (IVAN THE TERRIBLE)

The first Czar – “Caesar”

Early reign successful

•revised the law code

•expanded business

•Expanded his territory East

Later Reign:

•Bankrupted Russia

•Killed his only son

•raped his closest advisor’s wife (died two days later)

RUSSIA Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) was the 1st Russian ruler to use the title czar

- wife Anastasia – related to the Romanovs

- blamed boyars – (Russia’s landowning nobles) for death of his wife

- killed is eldest son

- ruled from 1533-1584

Peter the Great ( rule:1682-1725) - great reformer

- Westernization – using western Europe as a model to make Russia stronger

1. introduced potatoes

2. first newspaper

3. raised women’s status by having them attend

social gatherings;

4. changed fashions

5. reformed schools

- moved the capital of Russia from Moscow to St. Petersburg to gain a seaport that would make it easier to travel to the West

PETER THE GREAT

• absolute ruler

•westernization

Directions: Use the map on page 131 of your text to label the following countries and cities. Then color in the countries.

ENGLAND PORTUGALSPAIN FRANCEHOLY ROMAN EMPIRE ITALIAN STATESKINGDOM OF NAPLES AUSTRIABRANDENBURG-PRUSSIA EAST PRUSSIARUSSIA

London ParisVersailles MadridVienna Rome

EUROPE 1650

England Becomes Protestant

HENRY VIII

1. was a Catholic2. wanted the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon (they had a

daughter, Mary I, said it was Catherine’s fault he didn’t have a son)3. the pope refused because he did not want to offend Catherine’s nephew, the

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V4. Parliament legalized Henry’s divorce from Catherine and approved the Act of

Supremacya. made the English king, not the pope, the head of England’s Churchb. Henry married Anne Boleyn; gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth Ic. Henry seized all Church land and wealth in England

5. Henry had 6 wives in alla. beheaded two (Anne Boleyn included)b. had two daughters and one son, Edward VI with his third wife

Henry the VII Video:

MARY I (BLOODY MARY)

1. was Catholic and returned the English Church to the rule of the Pope

2. had many Protestants executed

3. Video:Part IPart IIPart III

ELIZABETH I

1. returned England to Protestantism2. Parliament declared Elizabeth the head of the Church of England, or Anglican Church

a. blended the Protestant and Catholic beliefs to accommodate everyone

b. encouraged religious tolerance for everyone

THE SPANISH ARMADA

1. Philip II, king of Spain (Catholic), planned to attack Englanda. Elizabeth had supported Protestant subjects who rebelled

against him2. bad weather and the English fleet easily

defeated the Spanish Armada

Parliament Limits the English Monarchy

Horrible Monarchs

What is happening in this picture?

Who do you think the man in the top left corner is?

What do you think could have led to the actions portrayed in this painting?

Elizabeth I

James I

Charles I

Cromwell

Charles II

James II

William and Mary

CHARLES I

believed in divine right to rule fights with parliament over money to fund wars began persecuting Puritans and turned religious issues on Scotland called Parliament into session again to ask for money, Parliament

refused and passed laws to limit royal power

Vs.

ENGLISH CIVIL WAR 1629 – Charles I dissolves parliament after they refuse to give him

money

Kings men (Royalists) or (Cavaliers) -- King Charles I

vs.

Parliament and Puritans (Roundheads) - Oliver Cromwell

Cromwell = defeats Charles and he is imprisoned, placed on trial, and sentenced to death!

- Never before has a King had a public trial - Execution of Charles I

English Civil War

CROMWELL’S RULE p. 041

abolished the monarchy and House of Lords

ruled as a military dictator

he and the Puritans promoted Puritan morality and abolished activities they found sinful, such as going to the theater

CHARLES II “THE MERRY MONARCH”

Restoration:- Cromwell dies and

Parliament restores the Monarchy to Charles II

1. did away with Cromwell’s

Puritan rules

2. accepted acts that limited the

king’s power

English Civil War Recap

1ST POLITICAL PARTIES p. 041

because Charles II had no legitimate children, his heir was his brother James II, a Catholic

1. Whigs – opposed James

2. Tories – supported James

James II becomes King

GLORIOUS REVOLUTION p. 041

James II became king and offended his subjects fearful of a line of Catholic kings, Parliament invited

Mary(James II’s daughter) and her husband, William to overthrow James II

James II realized he had no support so he fled this bloodless overthrow of King James II is called the

Glorious Revolution

WILLIAM AND MARY

“ to govern the people of this Kingdom of England…according to the statues, in Parliament, agreed on and the laws and customs of the same”

What type of government is this? Constitutional

Monarchy

WILLIAM AND MARY p. 041 William and Mary recognized Parliament as their partner in governing and established a:

- constitutional monarchy – laws limited the ruler’s power

Bill of Rights – further limited royal power

a. no suspending of Parliament’s laws

b. no levying taxes without a specific grant from Parliament

c. no interfering with freedom of speech in

Parliament

cabinet – group of government ministers who became the link between Parliament and the monarch

the leader of the majority party in Parliament heads the cabinet and is called the prime minister

David Cameron – current Prime Minister of England

ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS

Englishmen, as embodied by Parliament, possessed certain immutable civil and political rights. These included:

1. freedom from royal interference with the law (the Sovereign was forbidden to establish his own courts or to act as a judge himself)

2. freedom from taxation by royal prerogative, without agreement by Parliament

3. freedom to petition the Monarch (1st)4. freedom from a peace-time standing army, without agreement by

Parliament 5. freedom to have arms for their defense, suitable to their class status and

as allowed by law (2nd)6. freedom to elect members of Parliament without interference from the

Sovereign 7. the freedom of speech in Parliament, in that proceedings in Parliament

were not to be questioned in the courts or in any body outside Parliament itself(1st)

8. freedom from cruel and unusual punishments, and excessive bail (8th)9. freedom from fines and forfeitures without trial

AMERICAN AND FRENCH REVOLUTIONS

p. 046U.S. Constitution: An Enlightenment Document

Enlightenment Ideas U.S. Constitution

LockeA government’s power comes from the consent of the people

Preamble begins “We the People of the United States” creates a representative government limits government powers

MontesquieuSeparation of Powers

federal system of government powers divided among three branches system of checks and balances

RousseauDirect Democracy public election of president and Congress

VoltaireFree Speech, Religious Toleration

Bill of Rights provides for freedom of speech and religion

Beccariaaccused have rights; no torture

Bill of Rights protects the rights of accused and prohibits cruel and unusual punishment